Add fundamentals example for Python

Signed-off-by: Marc Duiker <marcduiker@users.noreply.github.com>

tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/README.md

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+# Workflow Basics
+
+This tutorial covers the fundamentals of authoring Dapr Workflows. For more information about the fundamentals of Dapr Workflows, see the [Dapr docs](https://docs.dapr.io/developing-applications/building-blocks/workflow/workflow-features-concepts/).
+
+## Inspect the code
+
+Open the `basic_workflow.py` file in the `tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/basic` folder. This file contains the definition for the workflow.
+
+The workflow consists of two activities: `activity1` and `activity2`, which are called in sequence, where the result of `activity1` is used as an input for `activity2`. You can find the activity definitions below the workflow definition.
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR
+   SW((Start
+   Workflow))
+   A1[activity1]
+   A2[activity2]
+   EW((End
+   Workflow))
+   SW --> A1
+   A1 --> A2
+   A2 --> EW
+```
+
+## Run the tutorial
+
+1. Use a terminal to navigate to the `tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/basics` folder.
+2. Install the dependencies using pip:
+
+    ```bash
+    pip3 install -r requirements.txt
+    ```
+
+3. Navigate one level back to the `fundamentals` folder and use the Dapr CLI to run the Dapr Multi-App run file
+
+    <!-- STEP
+    name: Run multi app run template
+    expected_stdout_lines:
+    - 'Started Dapr with app id "basic"'
+    expected_stderr_lines:
+    working_dir: .
+    output_match_mode: substring
+    background: true
+    sleep: 15
+    timeout_seconds: 30
+    -->
+    ```bash
+    dapr run -f .
+    ```
+    <!-- END_STEP -->
+
+4. Use the POST request in the [`fundamentals.http`](./fundamentals.http) file to start the workflow, or use this cURL command:
+
+    ```bash
+    curl -i --request POST http://localhost:5254/start/One
+    ```
+
+    Note the `instance_id` property in the response. This property contains the workflow instance ID. You can use this ID to get the status of the workflow instance you just started.
+
+    The input for the workflow is a string with the value `One`. The expected app logs are as follows:
+
+    ```text
+    == APP - basic == activity1: Received input: One.
+    == APP - basic == activity2: Received input: One Two.
+    ```
+
+5. Use the GET request in the [`fundamentals.http`](./fundamentals.http) file to get the status of the workflow, or use this cURL command:
+
+    ```bash
+    curl --request GET --url http://localhost:3554/v1.0/workflows/dapr/<INSTANCEID>
+    ```
+
+    Where `<INSTANCEID>` is the workflow instance ID you received in the `Location` header in the previous step.
+
+    The expected serialized output of the workflow is:
+
+    ```txt
+    "\"One Two Three\""
+    ```
+
+6. Stop the Dapr Multi-App run process by pressing `Ctrl+C`.

tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/basic/app.py

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+from fastapi import FastAPI, status
+from dapr.ext.workflow import DaprWorkflowClient
+from basic_workflow import wf_runtime, basic_workflow
+import uvicorn
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+@app.post("/start/{input}", status_code=status.HTTP_202_ACCEPTED)
+async def start_workflow(input: str):
+    """
+    The DaprWorkflowClient is the API to manage workflows.
+    Here it is used to schedule a new workflow instance.
+    """
+    wf_client = DaprWorkflowClient()
+    instance_id = wf_client.schedule_new_workflow(
+            workflow=basic_workflow,
+            input=input
+        )
+    return {"instance_id": instance_id}
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    wf_runtime.start()
+    uvicorn.run(app, host="0.0.0.0", port=5254)

tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/basic/basic_workflow.py

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+
+from dapr.ext.workflow import DaprWorkflowContext, WorkflowActivityContext, WorkflowRuntime
+
+wf_runtime = WorkflowRuntime()
+
+@wf_runtime.workflow(name='basic_workflow')
+def basic_workflow(ctx: DaprWorkflowContext, wf_input: str):
+    result1 = yield ctx.call_activity(activity1, input=wf_input)
+    result2 = yield ctx.call_activity(activity2, input=result1)
+    
+    return result2
+
+@wf_runtime.activity(name='activity1')
+def activity1(ctx: WorkflowActivityContext, input):
+    print(f'activity1: Received input: {input}.')
+    return f"{input} Two"
+
+@wf_runtime.activity(name='activity2')
+def activity2(ctx: WorkflowActivityContext, input):
+    print(f'activity2: Received input: {input}.')
+    return f"{input} Three"

tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/basic/requirements.txt

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+dapr>=1.15.0
+dapr-ext-workflow>=1.15.0

tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/dapr.yaml

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+version: 1
+common:
+  resourcesPath: ../../resources
+apps:
+  - appID: basic
+    appDirPath: basic
+    appPort: 5254
+    daprHTTPPort: 3554
+    command: ["python3", "app.py"]
+    appLogDestination: console
+    daprdLogDestination: console

tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/fundamentals.http

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+@apphost=http://localhost:5254
+
+### Start the basic workflow
+# @name startWorkflowRequest
+@input=One
+POST {{ apphost }}/start/{{ input }}
+
+
+@instanceId={{startWorkflowRequest.response.body.instance_id}}
+@daprHost=http://localhost:3554
+### Get the workflow status
+GET {{ daprHost }}/v1.0/workflows/dapr/{{ instanceId }}

tutorials/workflow/python/fundamentals/makefile

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+include ../../../../docker.mk
+include ../../../../validate.mk