Merge pull request #932 from metalivedev/docs20130614

+ Documentation: Add terminology section

docs/sources/terms/fundamentals.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+:title: Image & Container
+:description: Definitions of an image and container
+:keywords: containers, lxc, concepts, explanation, image, container
+
+File Systems
+============
+
+.. image:: images/docker-filesystems-generic.png
+
+In order for a Linux system to run, it typically needs two `file
+systems <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem>`_:
+
+1. boot file system (bootfs)
+2. root file system (rootfs)
+
+The **boot file system** contains the bootloader and the kernel. The
+user never makes any changes to the boot file system. In fact, soon
+after the boot process is complete, the entire kernel is in memory,
+and the boot file system is unmounted to free up the RAM associated
+with the initrd disk image.
+
+The **root file system** includes the typical directory structure we
+associate with Unix-like operating systems: ``/dev, /proc, /bin, /etc,
+/lib, /usr,`` and ``/tmp`` plus all the configuration files, binaries
+and libraries required to run user applications (like bash, ls, and so
+forth). 
+
+While there can be important kernal differences between different
+Linux distributions, the contents and organization of the root file
+system are usually what make your software packages dependent on one
+distribution versus another. Docker can help solve this problem by
+running multiple distributions at the same time.
+
+.. image:: images/docker-filesystems-multiroot.png
+
+Layers and Union Mounts
+=======================
+
+In a traditional Linux boot, the kernel first mounts the root file
+system as read-only, checks its integrity, and then switches the whole
+rootfs volume to read-write mode. Docker does something similar,
+*except* that instead of changing the file system to read-write mode,
+it takes advantage of a `union mount
+<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_mount>`_ to add a read-write file
+system *over* the read-only file system. In fact there may be multiple
+read-only file systems stacked on top of each other.
+
+.. image:: images/docker-filesystems-multilayer.png
+
+At first, the top layer has nothing in it, but any time a process
+creates a file, this happens in the top layer. And if something needs
+to update an existing file in a lower layer, then the file gets copied
+to the upper layer and changes go into the copy. The version of the
+file on the lower layer cannot be seen by the applications anymore,
+but it is there, unchanged.
+
+We call the union of the read-write layer and all the read-only layers
+a **union file system**.
+
+Image
+=====
+
+In Docker terminology, a read-only layer is called an **image**. An
+image never changes. Because Docker uses a union file system, the
+applications think the whole file system is mounted read-write,
+because any file can be changed. But all the changes go to the
+top-most layer, and underneath, the image is unchanged. Since they
+don't change, images do not have state.
+
+Each image may depend on one more image which forms the layer beneath
+it. We sometimes say that the lower image is the **parent** of the
+upper image.
+
+Base Image
+==========
+
+An image that has no parent is a **base image**.
+
+Container
+=========
+
+Once you start a process in Docker from an image, Docker fetches the
+image and its parent, and repeats the process until it reaches the
+base image. Then the union file system adds a read-write layer on
+top. That read-write layer, plus the information about its parent and
+some additional information like its unique id, is called a
+**container**. 
+
+Containers can change, and so they have state. A container may be
+running or exited. In either case, the state of the file system and
+its exit value is preserved. You can start, stop, and restart a
+container. The processes restart from scratch (their memory state is
+**not** preserved in a container), but the file system is just as it
+was when the container was stopped.
+
+You can promote a container to an image with ``docker commit``. Once a
+container is an image, you can use it as a parent for new containers.

docs/sources/terms/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+:title: Terms
+:description: Definitions of terms used in Docker documentation
+:keywords: concepts, documentation, docker, containers
+
+
+
+Terms
+=====
+
+Definitions of terms used in Docker documentation.
+
+Contents:
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   fundamentals
+

docs/sources/toctree.rst

@@ -18,5 +18,6 @@ This documentation has the following resources:
    contributing/index
    api/index
    faq
+   terms/index
 
 .. image:: concepts/images/lego_docker.jpg