---
title: Denials and White/Black Listing
description: Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing.
weight: 20
keywords: [policies, denial, whitelist, blacklist]
aliases:
    - /docs/tasks/basic-access-control.html
    - /docs/tasks/security/basic-access-control/index.html
    - /docs/tasks/security/secure-access-control/index.html
---

This task shows how to control access to a service using simple denials, attribute-based white or black listing, or IP-based white or black listing.

## Before you begin

* Set up Istio on Kubernetes by following the instructions in the
  [Installation guide](/docs/setup/kubernetes/).

* Deploy the [Bookinfo](/docs/examples/bookinfo/) sample application.

* Initialize the application version routing to direct `reviews` service
  requests from test user "jason" to version v2 and requests from any other
  user to v3.

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-all-v1.yaml@
    {{< /text >}}

    and then run the following command:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-reviews-jason-v2-v3.yaml@
    {{< /text >}}

    > If you are using a namespace other than `default`,
    > use `kubectl -n namespace ...` to specify the namespace.

## Simple _denials_

Using Istio you can control access to a service based on any attributes that are available within Mixer.
This simple form of access control is based on conditionally denying requests using Mixer selectors.

Consider the [Bookinfo](/docs/examples/bookinfo/) sample application where the `ratings` service is accessed by multiple versions
of the `reviews` service. We would like to cut off access to version `v3` of the `reviews` service.

1.  Point your browser at the Bookinfo `productpage` (`http://$GATEWAY_URL/productpage`).

    If you log in as user "jason", you should see black rating stars with each review,
    indicating that the `ratings` service is being called by the "v2" version of the `reviews` service.

    If you log in as any other user (or logout) you should see red rating stars with each review,
    indicating that the `ratings` service is being called by the "v3" version of the `reviews` service.

1.  Explicitly deny access to version `v3` of the `reviews` service.

    Run the following command to set up the deny rule along with a handler and an instance.

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-deny-label.yaml@
    Created config denier/default/denyreviewsv3handler at revision 2882105
    Created config checknothing/default/denyreviewsv3request at revision 2882106
    Created config rule/default/denyreviewsv3 at revision 2882107
    {{< /text >}}

    Notice the following in the `denyreviewsv3` rule:

    {{< text plain >}}
    match: destination.labels["app"] == "ratings" && source.labels["app"]=="reviews" && source.labels["version"] == "v3"
    {{< /text >}}

    It matches requests coming from the service `reviews` with label `v3` to the service `ratings`.

    This rule uses the `denier` adapter to deny requests coming from version `v3` of the reviews service.
    The adapter always denies requests with a preconfigured status code and message.
    The status code and the message is specified in the [denier](/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/)
    adapter configuration.

1.  Refresh the `productpage` in your browser.

    If you are logged out or logged in as any user other than "jason" you will no longer see red ratings stars because
    the `reviews:v3` service has been denied access to the `ratings` service.
    In contrast, if you log in as user "jason" (the `reviews:v2` user) you continue to see
    the black ratings stars.

## Attribute-based _whitelists_ or _blacklists_

Istio supports attribute-based whitelists and blacklists. The following
whitelist configuration is equivalent to the `denier` configuration in the
previous section. The rule effectively rejects requests from version `v3` of
the `reviews` service.

1.  Remove the denier configuration that you added in the previous section.

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/policy/mixer-rule-deny-label.yaml@
    {{< /text >}}

1. Verify that when you access the Bookinfo `productpage` (`http://$GATEWAY_URL/productpage`) without logging in, you see red stars.
   After performing the following steps you will no longer be able to see stars unless you are logged in as "jason".

1.  Create configuration for the [`list`](/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/)
    adapter that lists versions `v1, v2`.
    Save the following YAML snippet as `whitelist-handler.yaml`:

    {{< text yaml >}}
    apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
    kind: listchecker
    metadata:
      name: whitelist
    spec:
      # providerUrl: ordinarily black and white lists are maintained
      # externally and fetched asynchronously using the providerUrl.
      overrides: ["v1", "v2"]  # overrides provide a static list
      blacklist: false
    {{< /text >}}

    and then run the following command:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f whitelist-handler.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

1.  Extract the version label by creating an instance of the [`listentry`](/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/) template.
Save the following YAML snippet as `appversion-instance.yaml`:

    {{< text yaml >}}
    apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
    kind: listentry
    metadata:
      name: appversion
    spec:
      value: source.labels["version"]
    {{< /text >}}

    and then run the following command:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f appversion-instance.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

1.  Enable `whitelist` checking for the ratings service.
Save the following YAML snippet as `checkversion-rule.yaml`:

    {{< text yaml >}}
    apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
    kind: rule
    metadata:
      name: checkversion
    spec:
      match: destination.labels["app"] == "ratings"
      actions:
      - handler: whitelist.listchecker
        instances:
        - appversion.listentry
    {{< /text >}}

    and then run the following command:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f checkversion-rule.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

1. Verify that when you access the Bookinfo `productpage` (`http://$GATEWAY_URL/productpage`) without logging in, you see **no** stars.
Verify that after logging in as "jason" you see black stars.

## IP-based _whitelists_ or _blacklists_

Istio supports _whitelists_ and _blacklists_ based on IP address. You can
configure Istio to accept or reject requests from a specific IP address or a
subnet.

1. Verify you can access the Bookinfo `productpage` found at
   `http://$GATEWAY_URL/productpage`. You won't be able to access it once you
   apply the rules below.

1.  Create configuration for the [list](/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/)
    adapter that lists subnet `"10.57.0.0\16"`.
    Save the following YAML snippet as `whitelistip-handler.yaml`:

    {{< text yaml >}}
    apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
    kind: listchecker
    metadata:
      name: whitelistip
    spec:
      # providerUrl: ordinarily black and white lists are maintained
      # externally and fetched asynchronously using the providerUrl.
      overrides: ["10.57.0.0/16"]  # overrides provide a static list
      blacklist: false
      entryType: IP_ADDRESSES
    {{< /text >}}

1. After saving the snippet, run the following command:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f whitelistip-handler.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

1.  To extract the source IP, create a [list entry instance](/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/)
    from the template. You can use the request headers `x-forwarded-for` or
    `x-real-ip` as needed. Save the following YAML snippet as
    `sourceip-instance.yaml`:

    {{< text yaml >}}
    apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
    kind: listentry
    metadata:
      name: sourceip
    spec:
      value: source.ip | ip("0.0.0.0")
    {{< /text >}}

1. After saving the snippet, run the following command:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f sourceip-instance.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

1.  Enable `whitelist` checking for the ratings service. Save the following
    YAML snippet as `checkip-rule.yaml`:

    {{< text yaml >}}
    apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
    kind: rule
    metadata:
      name: checkip
    spec:
      match: source.labels["istio"] == "ingressgateway"
      actions:
      - handler: whitelistip.listchecker
        instances:
        - sourceip.listentry
    {{< /text >}}

1. After saving the snippet, run the following command:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl apply -f checkip-rule.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

1. Try to access the Bookinfo `productpage` at
   `http://$GATEWAY_URL/productpage` and verify that you get an error similar
   to: `PERMISSION_DENIED:staticversion.istio-system:<your mesh source ip> is
   not whitelisted`

## Cleanup

* Remove the Mixer configuration for attribute-based white- and blacklisting:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl delete -f checkversion-rule.yaml
    $ kubectl delete -f appversion-instance.yaml
    $ kubectl delete -f whitelist-handler.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

* Remove the Mixer configuration for IP-based white- and blacklisting:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl delete -f checkip-rule.yaml
    $ kubectl delete -f sourceip-instance.yaml
    $ kubectl delete -f whitelistip-handler.yaml
    {{< /text >}}

* Remove the application routing rules:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-all-v1.yaml@
    {{< /text >}}

* Remove the application destination rules:

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/destination-rule-all.yaml@
    {{< /text >}}

    If you enabled mutual TLS, please run the following instead

    {{< text bash >}}
    $ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/destination-rule-all-mtls.yaml@
    {{< /text >}}

* If you are not planning to explore any follow-on tasks, refer to the
  [Bookinfo cleanup](/docs/examples/bookinfo/#cleanup) instructions
  to shutdown the application.
