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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card25 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card25-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card25 role=region id=card25-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card25><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture, and its design goals." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's policy management functionality." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/policies/>Policies</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card52 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." aria-controls=card52-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card52 role=region id=card52-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card52><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Download, install, and learn how to evaluate and try Istio’s basic features quickly." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Customizable Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/standalone-operator/>Standalone Operator Install [Experimental]</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Multicluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/simplified/>Simplified Multicluster Install [Experimental]</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with replicated control plane instances." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/>Replicated control planes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with a shared control plane and VPN connectivity between clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-vpn/>Shared control plane (single-network)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters using a shared control plane for disconnected cluster networks." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-gateways/>Shared control plane (multi-network)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the upgrade guide that corresponds to the approach you previously used to install Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio using the istioctl upgrade command." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/upgrade/istioctl-upgrade/>Upgrade Istio using istioctl [Experimental]</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade the Istio control plane, and optionally, the CNI plug-in using Helm." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/upgrade/cni-helm-upgrade/>Upgrade using Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card83 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card83-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card83 role=region id=card83-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card83><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using file-mounted certificates." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-mount/>Secure Gateways (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using the secret discovery service (SDS)." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-sds/>Secure Gateways (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to obtain Let's Encrypt TLS certificates for Kubernetes Ingress automatically using Cert-Manager." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-certmgr/>Kubernetes Ingress with Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A simplified workflow to adopt mutual TLS with minimal configuration overhead." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/auto-mtls/>Automatic mutual TLS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/https-overlay/>Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Citadel Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Customizing the Citadel certificate authority." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/>Citadel Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in External CA Key and Certificate</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/health-check/>Citadel Health Checking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable SDS (secret discovery service) for Istio identity provisioning." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/auth-sds/>Provisioning Identity through SDS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure which namespaces Citadel should generate service account secrets for." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/ca-namespace-targeting/>Configure Citadel Service Account Secret Generation</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tutorial on how to configure the groups-base authorization and configure the authorization of list-typed claims in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/rbac-groups/>Authorization for groups and list claims</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Authorization Policy Trust Domain Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/dns-cert/>Istio DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to manage webhooks in Istio through istioctl." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/webhook/>Istio Webhook Management [Experimental]</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access log to their standard output." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Fluentd</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to LightStep." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>LightStep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card104 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card104-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card104 role=region id=card104-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card104><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application across a multicluster mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/bookinfo-multicluster/>Bookinfo Application - Multicluster</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Virtual Machines"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples that add workloads running on virtual machines to an Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Virtual Machines</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your single network Istio mesh.">Virtual Machines in Single-Network Meshes</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Setup a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Setup a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform-specific Examples (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples for specific platform installations of Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/>Platform-specific Examples (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/endpoints/>Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Set up a multicluster mesh over two GKE clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Example multicluster mesh over two IBM Cloud Private clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/icp/>IBM Cloud Private</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card125 title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card125-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card125 role=region id=card125-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card125><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how Citadel determines whether to create service account secrets." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/secret-creation/>Service Account Secret Creation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for server-side configuration validation." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/validation/>Configuration Validation Webhook</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable in-proxy generation of HTTP service-level metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/in-proxy-service-telemetry/>Generate Istio Metrics Without Mixer [Alpha]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve Galley configuration problems." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Galley Configuration Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Pilot</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card160 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card160-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card160 role=region id=card160-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card160><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration options for Istio control plane installation using istioctl." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha12.pb/>Installation Options (istioctl)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using Helm charts." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options (Helm)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC (deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/constraints-and-properties/>RBAC Constraints and Properties (deprecated)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policies and Telemetry"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the configuration model for Istio's policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer Configuration Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Adapters><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Adapters</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apache-skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to enforce authentication and authorization policies for web apps and APIs." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/app-identity-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An Istio Mixer adapter to send telemetry data to New Relic." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/newrelic/>New Relic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configurarion analysis." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0104/>GatewayPortNotOnWorkload</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0105/>IstioProxyVersionMismatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0119/>JwtFailureDueToInvalidServicePortPrefix</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.4/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.4/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.4/docs/examples/ title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with.">Examples</a></li><li><a href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/ title="Examples that add workloads running on virtual machines to an Istio mesh.">Virtual Machines</a></li><li>Virtual Machines in Single-Network Meshes</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Virtual Machines in Single-Network Meshes</h1><p class=byline><span title="1672 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>8 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label=Prerequisites><a href=#prerequisites>Prerequisites</a><li role=none aria-label="Installation steps"><a href=#installation-steps>Installation steps</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for VMs"><a href=#preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-vms>Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for VMs</a><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the VM"><a href=#setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services"><a href=#send-requests-from-vm-workloads-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services</a><li role=none aria-label="Running services on the added VM"><a href=#running-services-on-the-added-vm>Running services on the added VM</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label=Troubleshooting><a href=#troubleshooting>Troubleshooting</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>This example shows how to integrate a VM or a bare metal host into a single-network
|
||
Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes.</p><h2 id=prerequisites>Prerequisites</h2><ul><li><p>You have already set up Istio on Kubernetes. If you haven’t done so, you can
|
||
find out how in the <a href=/v1.4/docs/setup/getting-started/>Installation guide</a>.</p></li><li><p>Virtual machines (VMs) must have IP connectivity to the endpoints in the mesh.
|
||
This typically requires a VPC or a VPN, as well as a container network that
|
||
provides direct (without NAT or firewall deny) routing to the endpoints. The
|
||
machine is not required to have access to the cluster IP addresses assigned by
|
||
Kubernetes.</p></li><li><p>VMs must have access to a DNS server that resolves names to cluster IP
|
||
addresses. Options include exposing the Kubernetes DNS server through an
|
||
internal load balancer, using a <a href=https://coredns.io/>Core DNS</a> server, or
|
||
configuring the IPs in any other DNS server accessible from the VM.</p></li><li><p>Install the <a href=https://docs.helm.sh/using_helm/>Helm client</a>. Helm is needed to
|
||
support adding VMs to your mesh.</p></li></ul><p>The following instructions:</p><ul><li>Assume the expansion VM is running on GCE.</li><li>Use Google platform-specific commands for some steps.</li></ul><h2 id=installation-steps>Installation steps</h2><p>Setup consists of preparing the mesh for expansion and installing and configuring each VM.</p><h3 id=preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-vms>Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for VMs</h3><p>The first step when adding non-Kubernetes services to an Istio mesh is to
|
||
configure the Istio installation itself, and generate the configuration files
|
||
that let VMs connect to the mesh. Prepare the cluster for the VM with the
|
||
following commands on a machine with cluster admin privileges:</p><ol><li><p>Ensure that the <code>mesh expansion</code> option is enabled for the cluster. If you
|
||
didn’t use the <code>--set global.meshExpansion.enabled=true</code> flag when
|
||
installing Helm, you can use one of the following two options depending on
|
||
how you originally installed Istio on the cluster:</p><ul><li>If you installed Istio with Helm and Tiller, run <code>helm upgrade</code> with the new option:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cd install/kubernetes/helm/istio
|
||
$ helm upgrade --set global.meshExpansion.enabled=true istio .
|
||
$ cd -
|
||
</code></pre><ul><li>If you installed Istio without Helm and Tiller, use <code>helm template</code> to update your configuration with the option and reapply with <code>kubectl</code>:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create namespace istio-system
|
||
$ helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio-init --name istio-init --namespace istio-system | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
$ cd install/kubernetes/helm/istio
|
||
$ helm template --set global.meshExpansion.enabled=true --namespace istio-system . > istio.yaml
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f istio.yaml
|
||
$ cd -
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>When updating configuration with Helm, you can either set the option on the command line, as in our examples, or add
|
||
it to a <code>.yaml</code> values file and pass it to
|
||
the command with <code>--values</code>, which is the recommended approach when managing configurations with multiple options. You
|
||
can see some sample values files in your Istio installation’s <code>install/kubernetes/helm/istio</code> directory and find out
|
||
more about customizing Helm charts in the <a href=https://helm.sh/docs/intro/using_helm/>Helm documentation</a>.</div></aside></div></li><li><p>Define the namespace the VM joins. This example uses the <code>SERVICE_NAMESPACE</code>
|
||
environment variable to store the namespace. The value of this variable must
|
||
match the namespace you use in the configuration files later on.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export SERVICE_NAMESPACE="default"
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Determine and store the IP address of the Istio ingress gateway since the VMs
|
||
access <a href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/security/>Citadel</a> and
|
||
<a href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/#pilot>Pilot</a> through this IP address.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export GWIP=$(kubectl get -n istio-system service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')
|
||
$ echo $GWIP
|
||
35.232.112.158
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Generate a <code>cluster.env</code> configuration to deploy in the VMs. This file contains the Kubernetes cluster IP address ranges
|
||
to intercept and redirect via Envoy. You specify the CIDR range when you install Kubernetes as <code>servicesIpv4Cidr</code>.
|
||
Replace <code>$MY_ZONE</code> and <code>$MY_PROJECT</code> in the following example commands with the appropriate values to obtain the CIDR
|
||
after installation:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=$(gcloud container clusters describe $K8S_CLUSTER --zone $MY_ZONE --project $MY_PROJECT --format "value(servicesIpv4Cidr)")
|
||
$ echo -e "ISTIO_CP_AUTH=MUTUAL_TLS\nISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=$ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR\n" > cluster.env
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the contents of the generated <code>cluster.env</code> file. It should be similar to the following example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat cluster.env
|
||
ISTIO_CP_AUTH=MUTUAL_TLS
|
||
ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=10.55.240.0/20
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>If the VM only calls services in the mesh, you can skip this step. Otherwise, add the ports the VM exposes
|
||
to the <code>cluster.env</code> file with the following command. You can change the ports later if necessary.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ echo "ISTIO_INBOUND_PORTS=3306,8080" >> cluster.env
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Extract the initial keys the service account needs to use on the VMs.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
||
-o jsonpath='{.data.root-cert\.pem}' |base64 --decode > root-cert.pem
|
||
$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
||
-o jsonpath='{.data.key\.pem}' |base64 --decode > key.pem
|
||
$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
||
-o jsonpath='{.data.cert-chain\.pem}' |base64 --decode > cert-chain.pem
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h3 id=setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</h3><p>Next, run the following commands on each machine that you want to add to the mesh:</p><ol><li><p>Copy the previously created <code>cluster.env</code> and <code>*.pem</code> files to the VM. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export GCE_NAME="your-gce-instance"
|
||
$ gcloud compute scp --project=${MY_PROJECT} --zone=${MY_ZONE} {key.pem,cert-chain.pem,cluster.env,root-cert.pem} ${GCE_NAME}:~
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install the Debian package with the Envoy sidecar.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ gcloud compute ssh --project=${MY_PROJECT} --zone=${MY_ZONE} "${GCE_NAME}"
|
||
$ curl -L https://storage.googleapis.com/istio-release/releases/1.4.6/deb/istio-sidecar.deb > istio-sidecar.deb
|
||
$ sudo dpkg -i istio-sidecar.deb
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Add the IP address of the Istio gateway to <code>/etc/hosts</code>. Revisit the <a href=#preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-vms>preparing the cluster</a> section to learn how to obtain the IP address.
|
||
The following example updates the <code>/etc/hosts</code> file with the Istio gateway address:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ echo "35.232.112.158 istio-citadel istio-pilot istio-pilot.istio-system" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install <code>root-cert.pem</code>, <code>key.pem</code> and <code>cert-chain.pem</code> under <code>/etc/certs/</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo mkdir -p /etc/certs
|
||
$ sudo cp {root-cert.pem,cert-chain.pem,key.pem} /etc/certs
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install <code>cluster.env</code> under <code>/var/lib/istio/envoy/</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo cp cluster.env /var/lib/istio/envoy
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Transfer ownership of the files in <code>/etc/certs/</code> and <code>/var/lib/istio/envoy/</code> to the Istio proxy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo chown -R istio-proxy /etc/certs /var/lib/istio/envoy
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify the node agent works:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo node_agent
|
||
....
|
||
CSR is approved successfully. Will renew cert in 1079h59m59.84568493s
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Start Istio using <code>systemctl</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo systemctl start istio-auth-node-agent
|
||
$ sudo systemctl start istio
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=send-requests-from-vm-workloads-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services</h2><p>After setup, the machine can access services running in the Kubernetes cluster
|
||
or on other VMs.</p><p>The following example shows accessing a service running in the Kubernetes cluster from a VM using
|
||
<code>/etc/hosts/</code>, in this case using a service from the <a href=/v1.4/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo example</a>.</p><ol><li><p>First, on the cluster admin machine get the virtual IP address (<code>clusterIP</code>) for the service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get svc productpage -o jsonpath='{.spec.clusterIP}'
|
||
10.55.246.247
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Then on the added VM, add the service name and address to its <code>etc/hosts</code>
|
||
file. You can then connect to the cluster service from the VM, as in the
|
||
example below:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ echo "10.55.246.247 productpage.default.svc.cluster.local" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
|
||
$ curl -v productpage.default.svc.cluster.local:9080
|
||
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||
< content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
|
||
< content-length: 1836
|
||
< server: envoy
|
||
... html content ...
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><p>The <code>server: envoy</code> header indicates that the sidecar intercepted the traffic.</p><h2 id=running-services-on-the-added-vm>Running services on the added VM</h2><ol><li><p>Setup an HTTP server on the VM instance to serve HTTP traffic on port 8080:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ gcloud compute ssh ${GCE_NAME}
|
||
$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8080
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Determine the VM instance’s IP address. For example, find the IP address
|
||
of the GCE instance with the following commands:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export GCE_IP=$(gcloud --format="value(networkInterfaces[0].networkIP)" compute instances describe ${GCE_NAME})
|
||
$ echo ${GCE_IP}
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Configure a service entry to enable service discovery for the VM. You can add VM services to the mesh using a
|
||
<a href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>service entry</a>. Service entries let you manually add
|
||
additional services to Pilot’s abstract model of the mesh. Once VM services are part of the mesh’s abstract model,
|
||
other services can find and direct traffic to them. Each service entry configuration contains the IP addresses, ports,
|
||
and appropriate labels of all VMs exposing a particular service, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-outputis=yaml data-repo=istio>$ kubectl -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: ServiceEntry
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: vmhttp
|
||
spec:
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- vmhttp.${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}.svc.cluster.local
|
||
ports:
|
||
- number: 8080
|
||
name: http
|
||
protocol: HTTP
|
||
resolution: STATIC
|
||
endpoints:
|
||
- address: ${GCE_IP}
|
||
ports:
|
||
http: 8080
|
||
labels:
|
||
app: vmhttp
|
||
version: "v1"
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>The workloads in a Kubernetes cluster need a DNS mapping to resolve the domain names of VM services. To
|
||
integrate the mapping with your own DNS system, use <a href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/istioctl#istioctl-register><code>istioctl register</code></a> and creates a Kubernetes <code>selector-less</code>
|
||
service, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl register -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} vmhttp ${GCE_IP} 8080
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Make sure you have already added the <a href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/istioctl><code>istioctl</code></a> client to your path, as described in the <a href=/v1.4/docs/setup/getting-started/#download>download page</a>.</div></aside></div></li><li><p>Deploy a pod running the <code>sleep</code> service in the Kubernetes cluster, and wait until it is ready:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.4/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
|
||
$ kubectl get pod
|
||
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
||
productpage-v1-8fcdcb496-xgkwg 2/2 Running 0 1d
|
||
sleep-88ddbcfdd-rm42k 2/2 Running 0 1s
|
||
...
|
||
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Send a request from the <code>sleep</code> service on the pod to the VM’s HTTP service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec -it sleep-88ddbcfdd-rm42k -c sleep -- curl vmhttp.${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}.svc.cluster.local:8080
|
||
</code></pre><p>You should see something similar to the output below.</p><pre><code class=language-html data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"><html>
|
||
<title>Directory listing for /</title>
|
||
<body>
|
||
<h2>Directory listing for /</h2>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href=".bashrc">.bashrc</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href=".ssh/">.ssh/</a></li>
|
||
...
|
||
</body>
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><p><strong>Congratulations!</strong> You successfully configured a service running in a pod within the cluster to
|
||
send traffic to a service running on a VM outside of the cluster and tested that
|
||
the configuration worked.</p><h2 id=cleanup>Cleanup</h2><p>Run the following commands to remove the expansion VM from the mesh’s abstract
|
||
model.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl deregister -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} vmhttp ${GCE_IP}
|
||
2019-02-21T22:12:22.023775Z info Deregistered service successfull
|
||
$ kubectl delete ServiceEntry vmhttp -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}
|
||
serviceentry.networking.istio.io "vmhttp" deleted
|
||
</code></pre><h2 id=troubleshooting>Troubleshooting</h2><p>The following are some basic troubleshooting steps for common VM-related issues.</p><ul><li><p>When making requests from a VM to the cluster, ensure you don’t run the requests as <code>root</code> or
|
||
<code>istio-proxy</code> user. By default, Istio excludes both users from interception.</p></li><li><p>Verify the machine can reach the IP of the all workloads running in the cluster. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get endpoints productpage -o jsonpath='{.subsets[0].addresses[0].ip}'
|
||
10.52.39.13
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl 10.52.39.13:9080
|
||
html output
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the status of the node agent and sidecar:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo systemctl status istio-auth-node-agent
|
||
$ sudo systemctl status istio
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check that the processes are running. The following is an example of the processes you should see on the VM if you run
|
||
<code>ps</code>, filtered for <code>istio</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ ps aux | grep istio
|
||
root 6941 0.0 0.2 75392 16820 ? Ssl 21:32 0:00 /usr/local/istio/bin/node_agent --logtostderr
|
||
root 6955 0.0 0.0 49344 3048 ? Ss 21:32 0:00 su -s /bin/bash -c INSTANCE_IP=10.150.0.5 POD_NAME=demo-vm-1 POD_NAMESPACE=default exec /usr/local/bin/pilot-agent proxy > /var/log/istio/istio.log istio-proxy
|
||
istio-p+ 7016 0.0 0.1 215172 12096 ? Ssl 21:32 0:00 /usr/local/bin/pilot-agent proxy
|
||
istio-p+ 7094 4.0 0.3 69540 24800 ? Sl 21:32 0:37 /usr/local/bin/envoy -c /etc/istio/proxy/envoy-rev1.json --restart-epoch 1 --drain-time-s 2 --parent-shutdown-time-s 3 --service-cluster istio-proxy --service-node sidecar~10.150.0.5~demo-vm-1.default~default.svc.cluster.local
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the Envoy access and error logs:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ tail /var/log/istio/istio.log
|
||
$ tail /var/log/istio/istio.err.log
|
||
</code></pre></li></ul><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes</a></p><p class=desc>Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></p><p class=desc>Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></p><p class=desc>A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></p><p class=desc>De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></p><p class=desc>Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></p><p class=desc>Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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<button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',0)">No</button></div><div id=feedback-comment>Do you have any suggestions for improvement?<br><br><input id=feedback-textbox type=text placeholder="Help us improve..." data-lang=en></div><div id=feedback-thankyou>Thanks for your feedback!</div></div><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label=Prerequisites><a href=#prerequisites>Prerequisites</a><li role=none aria-label="Installation steps"><a href=#installation-steps>Installation steps</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for VMs"><a href=#preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-vms>Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for VMs</a><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the VM"><a href=#setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services"><a href=#send-requests-from-vm-workloads-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services</a><li role=none aria-label="Running services on the added VM"><a href=#running-services-on-the-added-vm>Running services on the added VM</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label=Troubleshooting><a href=#troubleshooting>Troubleshooting</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.4.6 now" href=/v1.4/docs/setup/getting-started/#download aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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