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<span class="current" title="Mixer Q & A">Mixer</span>
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<main aria-labelledby="title">
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<h1 id="title">Mixer</h1>
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<h4 id="why-mixer">Q: Why does Istio need Mixer?</h4>
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<p>Mixer provides a rich intermediation layer between the Istio components as well as Istio-based services,
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and the infrastructure backends used to perform access control checks and telemetry capture. This
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layer enables operators to have rich insights and control over service behavior without requiring
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changes to service binaries.</p>
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<p>Mixer is designed as a stand-alone component, distinct from Envoy. This has numerous benefits:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><em>Scalability</em>.
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The work that Mixer and Envoy do is very different in nature, leading to different scalability
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requirements. Keeping the components separate enables independent component-appropriate scaling.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><em>Resource Usage</em>.
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Istio depends on being able to deploy many instances of its proxy, making it important to minimize the
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cost of each individual instance. Moving Mixer's complex logic into a distinct component makes it
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possible for Envoy to remain svelte and agile.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><em>Reliability</em>.
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Mixer and its open-ended extensibility model represents the most complex parts of the
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data path processing pipeline. By hosting this functionality in Mixer rather than Envoy,
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it creates distinct failure domains which enables Envoy to continue operating even if Mixer
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fails, preventing outages.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><em>Isolation</em>.
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Mixer provides a level of insulation between Istio and the infrastructure backends. Each Envoy instance can be configured to have a
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very narrow scope of interaction, limiting the impact of potential attacks.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><em>Extensibility</em>.
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It was imperative to design a simple extensibility model to allow Istio to interoperate
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with as widest breath of backends as possible. Due to its design and language choice, Mixer is inherently
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easier to extend than Envoy is. The separation of concerns also makes it possible to use
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Istio policy and telemetry processing with different proxies, just as a mix of Envoy and NGINX.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Envoy implements sophisticated caching, batching, and prefetching, to largely mitigate the
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latency impact of needing to interact with Mixer on the request path.</p>
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<h4 id="seeing-mixer-config">Q: How do I see all Mixer's configuration?</h4>
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<p>Configuration for <em>instances</em>, <em>handlers</em>, and <em>rules</em> is stored as Kubernetes
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<a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/api-extension/custom-resources/">Custom Resources</a>.
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Configuration may be accessed by using <code>kubectl</code> to query the Kubernetes
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API server for the resources.</p>
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<h2 id="rules">Rules</h2>
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<p>To see the list of all rules, execute the following:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl get rules --all-namespaces
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NAMESPACE NAME KIND
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default mongoprom rule.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system promhttp rule.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system promtcp rule.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system stdio rule.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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</code></pre><p>To see an individual rule configuration, execute the following:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl -n <namespace> get rules <name> -o yaml
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</code></pre><h2 id="handlers">Handlers</h2>
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<p>Handlers are defined based on Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/api-extension/custom-resources/#customresourcedefinitions">Custom Resource
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Definitions</a>
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for adapters.</p>
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<p>First, identify the list of adapter kinds:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl get crd -listio=mixer-adapter
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NAME KIND
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deniers.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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listcheckers.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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memquotas.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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noops.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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prometheuses.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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stackdrivers.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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statsds.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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stdios.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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svcctrls.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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</code></pre><p>Then, for each adapter kind in that list, issue the following command:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl get <adapter kind name> --all-namespaces
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</code></pre><p>Output for <code>stdios</code> will be similar to:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">NAMESPACE NAME KIND
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istio-system handler stdio.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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</code></pre></div><p>To see an individual handler configuration, execute the following:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl -n <namespace> get <adapter kind name> <name> -o yaml
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</code></pre><h2 id="instances">Instances</h2>
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<p>Instances are defined according to Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/api-extension/custom-resources/#customresourcedefinitions">Custom Resource
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Definitions</a>
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for instances.</p>
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<p>First, identify the list of instance kinds:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl get crd -listio=mixer-instance
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NAME KIND
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checknothings.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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listentries.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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logentries.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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metrics.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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quotas.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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reportnothings.config.istio.io CustomResourceDefinition.v1beta1.apiextensions.k8s.io
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</code></pre><p>Then, for each instance kind in that list, issue the following command:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl get <instance kind name> --all-namespaces
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</code></pre><p>Output for <code>metrics</code> will be similar to:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">NAMESPACE NAME KIND
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default mongoreceivedbytes metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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default mongosentbytes metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system requestcount metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system requestduration metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system requestsize metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system responsesize metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system tcpbytereceived metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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istio-system tcpbytesent metric.v1alpha2.config.istio.io
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</code></pre></div><p>To see an individual instance configuration, execute the following:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl -n <namespace> get <instance kind name> <name> -o yaml
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="attribute-expressions">Q: What is the full set of attribute expressions Mixer supports?</h4>
|
|
<p>Please see the <a href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/">Expression Language
|
|
Reference</a> for
|
|
the full set of supported attribute expressions.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="mixer-self-monitoring">Q: Does Mixer provide any self-monitoring?</h4>
|
|
<p>Mixer exposes a monitoring endpoint (default port: <code>9093</code>). There are a few
|
|
useful paths to investigate Mixer performance and audit
|
|
function:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>/metrics</code> provides Prometheus metrics on the Mixer process as well as gRPC
|
|
metrics related to API calls and metrics on adapter dispatch.</li>
|
|
<li><code>/debug/pprof</code> provides an endpoint for profiling data in <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/pprof/">pprof
|
|
format</a>.</li>
|
|
<li><code>/debug/vars</code> provides an endpoint exposing server metrics in JSON format.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Mixer logs can be accessed via a <code>kubectl logs</code> command, as follows:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl -n istio-system logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -listio=mixer -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') mixer
|
|
</code></pre><p>Mixer trace generation is controlled by the command-line flag <code>traceOutput</code>. If
|
|
the flag value is set to <code>STDOUT</code> or <code>STDERR</code> trace data will be written
|
|
directly to those locations. If a URL is provided, Mixer will post
|
|
Zipkin-formatted data to that endpoint (example:
|
|
<code>http://zipkin:9411/api/v1/spans</code>).</p>
|
|
<p>In the 0.2 release, Mixer only supports Zipkin tracing.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="writing-custom-adapters">Q: How can I write a custom adapter for Mixer?</h4>
|
|
<p>Learn how to implement a new adapter for Mixer by consulting the
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Adapter-Dev-Guide">Adapter Developer's Guide</a>.</p>
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Archived on July 31, 2018
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