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href=/v1.0/help/faq/general/>General</a></li><li><a title="Setup Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/setup/>Setup</a></li><li><a title="Security Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/security/>Security</a></li><li><span class=current title="Mixer Q & A.">Mixer</span></li><li><a title="Telemetry Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></li><li><a title="Traffic Management Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.0/help/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-10"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/help/faq/ title="Frequently Asked Questions about Istio."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i>&nbsp;FAQ</a></p></div><h1 id=title><img src=/v1.0/img/faq.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
Mixer FAQ</h1><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none" style=display:block!important><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlineTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#why-mixer>Why does Istio need Mixer?</a></li><li><a href=#seeing-mixer-config>How do I see all Mixer's configuration?</a></li><li><a href=#attribute-expressions>What is the full set of attribute expressions Mixer supports?</a></li><li><a href=#mixer-self-monitoring>Does Mixer provide any self-monitoring?</a></li><li><a href=#writing-custom-adapters>How can I write a custom adapter for Mixer?</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><div class=faq><h5 id=why-mixer class=question>Why does Istio need Mixer?</h5><div class=answer><p>Mixer provides a rich intermediation layer between the Istio components as well as Istio-based services,
and the infrastructure backends used to perform access control checks and telemetry capture. This
layer enables operators to have rich insights and control over service behavior without requiring
changes to service binaries.</p><p>Mixer is designed as a stand-alone component, distinct from Envoy. This has numerous benefits:</p><ul><li><p><em>Scalability</em>.
The work that Mixer and Envoy do is very different in nature, leading to different scalability
requirements. Keeping the components separate enables independent component-appropriate scaling.</p></li><li><p><em>Resource Usage</em>.
Istio depends on being able to deploy many instances of its proxy, making it important to minimize the
cost of each individual instance. Moving Mixer's complex logic into a distinct component makes it
possible for Envoy to remain svelte and agile.</p></li><li><p><em>Reliability</em>.
Mixer and its open-ended extensibility model represents the most complex parts of the
data path processing pipeline. By hosting this functionality in Mixer rather than Envoy,
it creates distinct failure domains which enables Envoy to continue operating even if Mixer
fails, preventing outages.</p></li><li><p><em>Isolation</em>.
Mixer provides a level of insulation between Istio and the infrastructure backends. Each Envoy instance can be configured to have a
very narrow scope of interaction, limiting the impact of potential attacks.</p></li><li><p><em>Extensibility</em>.
It was imperative to design a simple extensibility model to allow Istio to interoperate
with as widest breath of backends as possible. Due to its design and language choice, Mixer is inherently
easier to extend than Envoy is. The separation of concerns also makes it possible to use
Istio policy and telemetry processing with different proxies, just as a mix of Envoy and NGINX.</p></li></ul><p>Envoy implements sophisticated caching, batching, and prefetching, to largely mitigate the
latency impact of needing to interact with Mixer on the request path.</p></div><h5 id=seeing-mixer-config class=question>How do I see all Mixer's configuration?</h5><div class=answer><p>Configuration for <em>instances</em>, <em>handlers</em>, and <em>rules</em> is stored as Kubernetes
<a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/>Custom Resources</a>.
Configuration may be accessed by using <code>kubectl</code> to query the Kubernetes
API server for the resources.</p><h2 id=rules>Rules</h2><p>To see the list of all rules, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get rules --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME AGE
istio-system kubeattrgenrulerule 20h
istio-system promhttp 20h
istio-system promtcp 20h
istio-system stdiohttp 20h
istio-system stdiotcp 20h
istio-system tcpkubeattrgenrulerule 20h</code></pre><p>To see an individual rule configuration, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl -n &lt;namespace&gt; get rules &lt;name&gt; -o yaml</code></pre><h2 id=handlers>Handlers</h2><p>Handlers are defined based on Kubernetes <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/#customresourcedefinitions>Custom Resource
Definitions</a>
for adapters.</p><p>First, identify the list of adapter kinds:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get crd -listio=mixer-adapter
NAME AGE
adapters.config.istio.io 20h
bypasses.config.istio.io 20h
circonuses.config.istio.io 20h
deniers.config.istio.io 20h
fluentds.config.istio.io 20h
kubernetesenvs.config.istio.io 20h
listcheckers.config.istio.io 20h
memquotas.config.istio.io 20h
noops.config.istio.io 20h
opas.config.istio.io 20h
prometheuses.config.istio.io 20h
rbacs.config.istio.io 20h
servicecontrols.config.istio.io 20h
signalfxs.config.istio.io 20h
solarwindses.config.istio.io 20h
stackdrivers.config.istio.io 20h
statsds.config.istio.io 20h
stdios.config.istio.io 20h</code></pre><p>Then, for each adapter kind in that list, issue the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get &lt;adapter kind name&gt; --all-namespaces</code></pre><p>Output for <code>stdios</code> will be similar to:</p><pre><code class=language-plain>NAMESPACE NAME AGE
istio-system handler 20h</code></pre><p>To see an individual handler configuration, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl -n &lt;namespace&gt; get &lt;adapter kind name&gt; &lt;name&gt; -o yaml</code></pre><h2 id=instances>Instances</h2><p>Instances are defined according to Kubernetes <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/#customresourcedefinitions>Custom Resource
Definitions</a>
for instances.</p><p>First, identify the list of instance kinds:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get crd -listio=mixer-instance
NAME AGE
apikeys.config.istio.io 20h
authorizations.config.istio.io 20h
checknothings.config.istio.io 20h
edges.config.istio.io 20h
instances.config.istio.io 20h
kuberneteses.config.istio.io 20h
listentries.config.istio.io 20h
logentries.config.istio.io 20h
metrics.config.istio.io 20h
quotas.config.istio.io 20h
reportnothings.config.istio.io 20h
servicecontrolreports.config.istio.io 20h
tracespans.config.istio.io 20h</code></pre><p>Then, for each instance kind in that list, issue the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get &lt;instance kind name&gt; --all-namespaces</code></pre><p>Output for <code>metrics</code> will be similar to:</p><pre><code class=language-plain>NAMESPACE NAME AGE
istio-system requestcount 20h
istio-system requestduration 20h
istio-system requestsize 20h
istio-system responsesize 20h
istio-system tcpbytereceived 20h
istio-system tcpbytesent 20h</code></pre><p>To see an individual instance configuration, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl -n &lt;namespace&gt; get &lt;instance kind name&gt; &lt;name&gt; -o yaml</code></pre></div><h5 id=attribute-expressions class=question>What is the full set of attribute expressions Mixer supports?</h5><div class=answer><p>Please see the <a href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language
Reference</a> for
the full set of supported attribute expressions.</p></div><h5 id=mixer-self-monitoring class=question>Does Mixer provide any self-monitoring?</h5><div class=answer><p>Mixer exposes a monitoring endpoint (default port: <code>9093</code>). There are a few
useful paths to investigate Mixer performance and audit
function:</p><ul><li><code>/metrics</code> provides Prometheus metrics on the Mixer process as well as gRPC
metrics related to API calls and metrics on adapter dispatch.</li><li><code>/debug/pprof</code> provides an endpoint for profiling data in <a href=https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/pprof/>pprof
format</a>.</li><li><code>/debug/vars</code> provides an endpoint exposing server metrics in JSON format.</li></ul><p>Mixer logs can be accessed via a <code>kubectl logs</code> command, as follows:</p><ul><li>For the <code>istio-policy</code> service:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl -n istio-system logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -lapp=policy -o jsonpath=&#39;{.items[0].metadata.name}&#39;) -c mixer</code></pre><ul><li>For the <code>istio-telemetry</code> service:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl -n istio-system logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -lapp=telemetry -o jsonpath=&#39;{.items[0].metadata.name}&#39;) -c mixer</code></pre><p>Mixer trace generation is controlled by command-line flags: <code>trace_zipkin_url</code>, <code>trace_jaeger_url</code>, and <code>trace_log_spans</code>. If
any of those flag values are set, trace data will be written directly to those locations. If no tracing options are provided, Mixer
will not generate any application-level trace information.</p></div><h5 id=writing-custom-adapters class=question>How can I write a custom adapter for Mixer?</h5><div class=answer><p>Learn how to implement a new adapter for Mixer by consulting the
<a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Compiled-In-Adapter-Dev-Guide>Adapter Developer's Guide</a>.</p><blockquote><p>Istio 1.0 introduces initial support for out-of-process adapters. This will
be the recommended approach moving forward for integrating with Mixer. Initial documentation on
how to build an out-of-process adapter is provided by the
<a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Out-Of-Process-Adapter-Dev-Guide>Out Of Process Adapter Dev Guide</a>
and the <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Out-Of-Process-Adapter-Walkthrough>Out of Process Adapter Walk-through</a>.</p></blockquote></div></div></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"><p><a title="Security Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/security/><i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-left"></i>Security</a></p></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="Telemetry Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/telemetry/>Telemetry
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