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Need Help?</div></div><div role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header0><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-down"></i><a title="Hints, tips, tricks about running an Istio mesh." href=/v1.0/help/ops/>Operations Guide</a></label><ul class=tree><li><a title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.0/help/ops/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.0/help/ops/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li><a title="How to do low-level debugging of Istio components." href=/v1.0/help/ops/component-debugging/>Component Debugging</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-down"></i><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></label><ul class=tree><li><a title="Demonstrates how to debug Pilot and Envoy." href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Pilot</a></li><li><a title="Provides specific deployment and configuration guidelines." href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/>Deployment and Configuration Guidelines</a></li><li><span class=current title="An introduction to Istio networking operational aspects.">Introduction to Network Operations</span></li><li><a title="Describes tools and techniques to observe traffic management or issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/observing/>Observing Traffic Management</a></li><li><a title="Describes tools and techniques that can be used to root cause networking issues." href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/troubleshooting/>Troubleshooting Networking Issues</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/>Security</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Demonstrates how to debug authorization." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/debugging-authorization/>Debugging Authorization</a></li><li><a title="What to do if Citadel is not behaving properly." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/repairing-citadel/>Repairing Citadel</a></li><li><a title="What to do if you suspect problems with Istio keys and certificates." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/keys-and-certs/>Keys and Certificates</a></li><li><a title="What to do if mutual TLS authentication isn't working." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS</a></li><li><a title="How to get health checks working when mutual TLS is enabled." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/health-checks-and-mtls/>Health Checks and Mutual TLS</a></li><li><a title="Authorization is enabled, but requests make it through anyway." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/authorization-permissive/>Authorization Too Permissive</a></li><li><a title="Authorization is enabled and no requests make it through to the service." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/authorization-restrictive/>Authorization Too Restrictive</a></li><li><a title="What to do if end-user authentication doesn't work." href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/end-user-auth/>End User Authentication</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.0/help/ops/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a href=/v1.0/help/ops/telemetry/missing-metrics/>Missing Metrics</a></li><li><a title="Dealing with Grafana issues." href=/v1.0/help/ops/telemetry/grafana/>Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Helps you diagnose and repair Istio installations." href=/v1.0/help/ops/setup/>Installation and Setup</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.0/help/ops/setup/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li><a title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for server-side configuration validation." href=/v1.0/help/ops/setup/validation/>Configuration Validation Webhook</a></li><li><a title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.0/help/ops/setup/injection/>Sidecar Injection Webhook</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Advice on tackling common problems with Istio." href=/v1.0/help/ops/misc/>Miscellaneous</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Frequently Asked Questions about Istio." href=/v1.0/help/faq/>FAQ</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="General Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/general/>General</a></li><li><a title="Setup Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/setup/>Setup</a></li><li><a title="Security Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/security/>Security</a></li><li><a title="Mixer Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/mixer/>Mixer</a></li><li><a title="Telemetry Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></li><li><a title="Traffic Management Q & A." href=/v1.0/help/faq/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.0/help/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/ title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i> Traffic Management</a></p></div><h1 id=title>Introduction to Network Operations</h1><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlinedTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#key-istio-concepts>Key Istio Concepts</a></li><li><a href=#network-layers-beneath-the-mesh>Network Layers Beneath the Mesh</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><p>This section is intended as a guide to operators of an Istio based
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deployment. It will provide information an operator of a Istio deployment
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would need to manage the networking aspects of an Istio service mesh. Much
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of the information and many of the procedures that an Istio operator
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would require are already documented in other sections of the Istio
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documentation so this section will rely heavily on pointers to that
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other content.</p><h2 id=key-istio-concepts>Key Istio Concepts</h2><p>When attempting to understand, monitor or troubleshoot the networking within
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an Istio deployment it is critical to understand the fundamental Istio
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concepts starting with the service mesh. The service mesh is described
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in <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/#architecture>Architecture</a>. As noted
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in the architecture section Istio has a distinct control plane and a data
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plane and operationally it will be important to be able to monitor the
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network state of both. The service mesh is a fully interconnected set of
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proxies that are utilized in both the control and data plane to provide
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the Istio features.</p><p>Another key concept to understand is how Istio performs traffic management.
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This is described in <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/traffic-management>Traffic Management Explained</a>.
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Traffic management allows fine grained control with respect to what external
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traffic can enter or exit the mesh and how those requests are routed. The
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traffic management configuration also dictates how requests between
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microservices within the mesh are handled. Full details on how to
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configure the traffic management is available
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here: <a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management>Traffic Management Configuration</a>.</p><p>The final concept that is essential for the operator to understand is how
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Istio uses gateways to allow traffic into the mesh or requests originating
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in the mesh from accessing external services. This is described with a
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configuration example here:
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<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#gateways>Istio Gateways</a></p><h2 id=network-layers-beneath-the-mesh>Network Layers Beneath the Mesh</h2><p>Istio's service mesh runs on top of the networking provided by the
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infrastructure environment (e.g. Kubernetes) on which the Istio mesh
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is deployed. Istio has certain requirements of this networking layer.
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This guide will not attempt to provide any operational insight to this
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networking layer as many options exist. In the case of Kubernetes a
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good reference to understand the container networking layer is
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<a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-journeys/users/cluster-operator/foundational/>Kubernetes Cluster Operator</a>.
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Istio has the following requirements of the networking infrastructure
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underneath it:</p><ul><li><p>The mapping of a service name to workload IP is discoverable by Pilot (this is more a service discovery requirement than a networking requirement)</p></li><li><p>The Pilot discovery process can reach the environment specific API server for service discovery.</p></li><li><p>Service endpoints have L3 reachability to all endpoints for services in the Istio mesh.</p></li><li><p>Any firewall or ACL rules at the infrastructure networking layer don't conflict with any of the Istio layer 3-7 traffic management rules</p></li><li><p>Any firewall or ACL rules at the infrastructure networking layer don't conflict with any of the ports used for Istio control traffic</p></li></ul></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"><p><a title="Provides specific deployment and configuration guidelines." href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/><i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-left"></i>Deployment and Configuration Guidelines</a></p></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="Describes tools and techniques to observe traffic management or issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.0/help/ops/traffic-management/observing/>Observing Traffic Management
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<i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-right"></i></a></p></div></div></div><div class="d-none d-print-block" aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-2 d-none d-xl-block d-print-none"><nav class=toc><div class=spacer></div><div id=toc class=directory role=directory><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#key-istio-concepts>Key Istio Concepts</a></li><li><a href=#network-layers-beneath-the-mesh>Network Layers Beneath the Mesh</a></li></ul></nav></div></nav></div></div></div><footer class="d-print-none container-fluid"><div class=row><div class="col-5 col-lg-4" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=icon><span>discuss</span>
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1.0<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on March 19, 2019</p></div><div class="col-6 col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-flex" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class="row justify-content-end"><div class=icon><span>github</span>
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<a title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg viewBox="0 0 478.165 478.165"><path d="M349.22 55.768c6.136 14.046 10.241 37.556 4.224 54.69 24.426 20.999 33.073 71.904 21.079 113.704 35.006 2.73 76.666-1.235 103.642 9.484-25.183-3.248-59.651-9.563-91.987-7.431-6.136.458-15.361-.239-14.903 8.408 37.735 3.008 75.092 6.117 105.894 15.779-30.702-4.981-67.74-12.552-105.894-13.668-15.54 30.921-47.239 46.262-90.991 49.49 4.682 10.261 13.847 14.066 15.879 30.702 3.267 24.406-4.881 60.328 3.208 76.686 4.064 7.89 10.579 8.009 14.863 14.604-10.699 12.871-37.257-1.395-40.186-14.604-5.14-22.852 7.89-58.256-6.415-73.737.996 24.865-5.718 59.85.996 82.145 2.789 8.806 10.659 12.113 8.647 20.063-49.809 5.08-28.989-64.373-37.177-105.356-7.471.697-4.204 11.197-4.224 15.76-.199 40.106 8.189 94.836-34.846 89.556-1.315-8.348 5.838-11.217 8.467-19.007 7.91-22.434-1.454-56.045 2.112-83.161-16.417 12.512 1.793 55.666-8.428 77.961-5.838 12.671-24.785 18.27-39.19 12.651 1.873-9.464 11.695-7.989 15.879-16.875 5.818-12.452.02-30.244 2.092-48.494-30.423 6.097-53.993-.877-65.608-20.023-5.12-8.507-6.356-18.708-12.632-26.219-6.117-7.551-16.098-8.507-19.087-18.808 37.755-9.185 39.17 38.771 73.06 39.807 10.44.418 15.799-2.909 25.402-5.16 2.749-12.113 8.428-21.039 16.875-27.494-42.078-5.658-76.865-18.788-93.023-50.466-38.293 1.893-73.339 7.013-105.894 14.843 29.547-10.679 65.807-14.604 104.778-15.819-2.351-13.807-22.434-10.022-34.866-9.543C47.677 227.17 18.449 230.138.0 233.645c26.817-9.543 64.233-8.348 100.454-8.428-11.038-34.767-7.232-90.014 17.015-110.615-6.854-17.254-4.722-45.346 4.184-58.834 27.036 1.175 43.374 12.891 60.388 24.247 21.019-6.017 43.035-9.045 71.904-7.451 12.133.677 24.705 6.097 33.731 5.32 8.906-.877 18.728-10.898 27.534-14.843C326.507 58.099 336.17 56.206 349.22 55.768z"/></svg></a></div><div class=icon><span>drive</span>
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<a title="Access our team drive if you'd like to take a look at the Istio technical design documents" href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-team-drive-access aria-label="team drive"><svg viewBox="0 0 207.027 207.027"><path d="M69.866 15.557.0 138.919l28.732 52.552 143.288-.029 35.008-59.588L136.39 15.735 69.866 15.557zM17.166 139.046 74.268 38.205 91.21 67.783 33.24 168.447 17.166 139.046zM99.841 82.851l23.805 41.558-47.732-.006L99.841 82.851zM163.434 176.443l-117.332.024 21.53-37.065 64.606.008.067.119 52.865-.085L163.434 176.443zM140.932 124.411 90.157 35.767l-2.966-5.178 40.751.121 57.003 93.706L140.932 124.411z"/></svg></a></div><div class=icon><span>working groups</span>
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<a title="If you'd like to contribute to the Istio project, consider participating in our working groups" href=https://github.com/istio/community/blob/master/WORKING-GROUPS.md aria-label="working groups"><svg viewBox="0 -45 439.833 439.833"><polygon points="246.048,195.833 299.966,235.085 319.497,227.296 276.278,195.833"/><polygon points="193.786,195.833 163.556,195.833 120.33,227.3 139.862,235.089"/><path d="M219.927 11.558c-23.854.0-37.057 12.362-36.814 36.182.348 32.623 14.211 52.414 36.814 52.068.0.0 36.802 1.492 36.802-52.068C256.729 23.918 244.294 11.558 219.927 11.558z"/><path d="M285.017 124.567l-36.77-14.659-8.608-7.256c-2.274-1.922-5.636-1.78-7.741.317l-11.973 11.904-12.008-11.907c-2.109-2.094-5.465-2.229-7.736-.313l-8.611 7.256-36.77 14.661c-11.842 4.715-11.83 46.647-12.848 50.497h155.93C296.866 171.228 296.862 129.28 285.017 124.567z"/><path d="M77.976 228.568s36.801 1.492 36.801-52.068c0-23.82-12.434-36.182-36.801-36.182-23.854.0-37.057 12.362-36.814 36.182C41.509 209.124 55.372 228.915 77.976 228.568z"/><path d="M143.065 253.329l-36.77-14.658-8.609-7.256c-2.275-1.923-5.635-1.781-7.742.315l-11.971 11.904-12.008-11.908c-2.109-2.094-5.465-2.229-7.736-.312l-8.611 7.256-36.77 14.66C1.006 258.045 1.018 299.977.0 303.827h155.93C154.915 299.988 154.911 258.042 143.065 253.329z"/><path d="M361.878 228.568s36.801 1.492 36.801-52.068c0-23.82-12.434-36.182-36.801-36.182-23.854.0-37.057 12.362-36.812 36.182C325.411 209.124 339.274 228.915 361.878 228.568z"/><path d="M426.968 253.329l-36.77-14.658-8.609-7.256c-2.273-1.923-5.635-1.781-7.742.315l-11.971 11.904-12.008-11.908c-2.109-2.094-5.465-2.229-7.736-.312l-8.61 7.256-36.771 14.66c-11.842 4.715-11.83 46.646-12.848 50.497h155.93C438.817 299.988 438.812 258.042 426.968 253.329z"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="tag row justify-content-end text-right">for developers</div></div></div></div></footer><div class="d-xl-none d-print-none"><button id=scroll-to-top aria-hidden=true onclick=scrollToTop() title="Back to top"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div><script src=https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.slim.min.js integrity=sha384-KJ3o2DKtIkvYIK3UENzmM7KCkRr/rE9/Qpg6aAZGJwFDMVNA/GpGFF93hXpG5KkN crossorigin=anonymous></script><script src=https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/js/bootstrap.min.js integrity=sha384-JZR6Spejh4U02d8jOt6vLEHfe/JQGiRRSQQxSfFWpi1MquVdAyjUar5+76PVCmYl crossorigin=anonymous></script><script src=https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/clipboard.js/1.7.1/clipboard.min.js></script><script src="https://www.google.com/cse/brand?form=search_form"></script><script src=/v1.0/js/all.min.js data-manual></script></body></html> |