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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card19 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card19-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card19 role=region id=card19-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card19><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces performance and scalability for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how a service mesh can be configured to include services from more than one cluster." href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/multicluster-deployments/>Multicluster Deployments</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card39 title="How to deploy and upgrade Istio in various environments such as Kubernetes and Consul." aria-controls=card39-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card39 role=region id=card39-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card39><li role=treeitem aria-label=Kubernetes><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes and adding virtual machines into the mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Prepare><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Getting ready for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/>Prepare</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker For Desktop for use with Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/docker/>Docker For Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Minikube for use with Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Download the Istio release and prepare for installation." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/download/>Download</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the flows that best suit your needs and platform." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install and configure an Istio mesh in a Kubernetes cluster for evaluation." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/kubernetes/>Quick Start Evaluation Install</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio using a Helm chart." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/multicluster/>Multicluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters using Istio Gateway to reach remote pods." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/multicluster/gateways/>Gateway Connectivity</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with direct network access to remote pods." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/multicluster/vpn/>VPN Connectivity</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform-specific Instructions"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Additional installation flows for the supported Kubernetes platforms." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/platform/>Platform-specific Instructions</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio using the Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes Container Service." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/platform/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio using the Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/platform/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio using IBM Cloud Public or IBM Cloud Private." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/platform/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Information on upgrading Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Important changes operators must understand before upgrading to Istio 1.1." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/upgrade/notice/>1.1 Upgrade Notice</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade the Istio control plane and data plane independently." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/upgrade/steps/>Upgrade Steps</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes.">Mesh Expansion</span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Nomad & Consul"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane in a Consul based environment, with or without Nomad." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/consul/>Nomad & Consul</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Quick Start instructions to setup the Istio service mesh with Docker Compose." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/consul/quick-start/>Quick Start on Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane in a Consul-based environment, with or without Nomad." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/consul/install/>Installation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card57 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card57-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card57 role=region id=card57-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card57><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Configuring Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Setting Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Control Ingress Traffic</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Securing Ingress Gateway"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Secure ingress gateway controllers using various approaches." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/secure-ingress/>Securing Ingress Gateway</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/secure-ingress/mount/>Securing Gateways with HTTPS With a File Mount-Based Approach</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh, over TLS or Mutual TLS, using secret discovery service." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/secure-ingress/sds/>Securing Gateways with HTTPS Using Secret Discovery Service</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Control Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for HTTP services." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for TCP services." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tutorial on how to configure the groups-base authorization and configure the authorization of list-typed claims in Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/rbac-groups/>Authorization for groups and list claims</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use Authorization permissive mode." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/authz-permissive/>Authorization permissive mode</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to integrate a Vault Certificate Authority with Istio for mutual TLS." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/vault-ca/>Istio Vault CA Integration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in External CA Key and Certificate</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/health-check/>Citadel Health Checking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable SDS (secret discovery service) for Istio identity provisioning." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/auth-sds/>Provisioning Identity through SDS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/security/https-overlay/>Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Telemetry><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/>Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access log to their standard output." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Fluentd</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to LightStep." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>LightStep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/telemetry/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card72 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card72-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card72 role=region id=card72-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card72><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/endpoints/>Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Illustrates how to use Istio to control a Kubernetes cluster and raw VMs as a single mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/integrating-vms/>Integrating Virtual Machines</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Edge Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="A variety of advanced examples for managing traffic at the edge (i.e., ingress and egress traffic) of an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/>Edge Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/egress-tls-origination/>TLS Origination for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/egress-gateway/>Configure an Egress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateway with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Configure Egress Traffic using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>SNI Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/http-proxy/>Connect to an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to obtain Let's Encrypt TLS certificates for Kubernetes Ingress automatically using Cert-Manager." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/advanced-gateways/ingress-certmgr/>Securing Kubernetes Ingress with Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Service Mesh"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="A variety of fully working multicluster examples for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/multicluster/>Multicluster Service Mesh</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring remote services in a gateway-connected multicluster mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/multicluster/gateways/>Gateway-Connected Clusters</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Set up a multicluster mesh over two GKE clusters." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/multicluster/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Example multicluster mesh over two IBM Cloud Private clusters." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/multicluster/icp/>IBM Cloud Private</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Multicluster mesh between IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service and IBM Cloud Private." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/multicluster/iks-icp/>IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service & IBM Cloud Private</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Leveraging Istio's Split-horizon EDS to create a multicluster mesh." href=/v1.1/docs/examples/multicluster/split-horizon-eds/>Cluster-Aware Service Routing</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card106 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card106-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card106 role=region id=card106-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card106><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting insertion of custom Envoy filters." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's authorization features." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/authorization/constraints-and-properties/>Constraints and Properties</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/authorization/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using the included Helm chart." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details the Helm chart installation options differences between release-1.0 and release-1.1." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/installation-options-changes/>Installation Options Changes</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policies and Telemetry"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Adapters><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Adapters</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apache-skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that sends metrics to SignalFx." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/signalfx/>SignalFx</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Service Mesh</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Utility to trigger direct calls to Mixer's API." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/mixc/>mixc</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.1/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.1/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/docs/setup/ title="How to deploy and upgrade Istio in various environments such as Kubernetes and Consul.">Setup</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/ title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes and adding virtual machines into the mesh.">Kubernetes</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/additional-setup/ title="More information on additional setup tasks.">More Guides</a></li><li>Mesh Expansion</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div><h1 id=title>Mesh Expansion</h1><p class=byline><span title="1681 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>8 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label=Prerequisites><a href=#prerequisites>Prerequisites</a><li role=none aria-label="Installation steps"><a href=#installation-steps>Installation steps</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for expansion"><a href=#preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-expansion>Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for expansion</a><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the VM"><a href=#setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services"><a href=#send-requests-from-vm-workloads-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services</a><li role=none aria-label="Running services on a mesh expansion machine"><a href=#running-services-on-a-mesh-expansion-machine>Running services on a mesh expansion machine</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label=Troubleshooting><a href=#troubleshooting>Troubleshooting</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>This flow provides instructions to integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into
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an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes.</p><h2 id=prerequisites>Prerequisites</h2><ul><li><p>You have already set up Istio on Kubernetes. If you haven’t done so, you can find out how in the <a href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/kubernetes/>Installation guide</a>.</p></li><li><p>Mesh expansion machines must have IP connectivity to the endpoints in the mesh. This
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typically requires a VPC or a VPN, as well as a container network that
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provides direct (without NAT or firewall deny) routing to the endpoints. The machine
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is not required to have access to the cluster IP addresses assigned by Kubernetes.</p></li><li><p>Mesh expansion VMs must have access to a DNS server that resolves names to cluster IP addresses. Options
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include exposing the Kubernetes DNS server through an internal load balancer, using a Core DNS
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server, or configuring the IPs in any other DNS server accessible from the VM.</p></li><li><p>Install the <a href=https://docs.helm.sh/using_helm/>Helm client</a>. Helm is needed to enable mesh expansion.</p></li></ul><p>The following instructions:
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- Assume the expansion VM is running on GCE.
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- Use Google platform-specific commands for some steps.</p><h2 id=installation-steps>Installation steps</h2><p>Setup consists of preparing the mesh for expansion and installing and configuring each VM.</p><h3 id=preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-expansion>Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for expansion</h3><p>The first step when adding non-Kubernetes services to an Istio mesh is to configure the Istio installation itself, and
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generate the configuration files that let mesh expansion VMs connect to the mesh. To prepare the
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cluster for mesh expansion, run the following commands on a machine with cluster admin privileges:</p><ol><li><p>Ensure that mesh expansion is enabled for the cluster. If you didn’t use
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the <code>--set global.meshExpansion.enabled=true</code> flag when installing Helm,
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you can use one of the following two options depending on how you originally installed
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Istio on the cluster:</p><ul><li>If you installed Istio with Helm and Tiller, run <code>helm upgrade</code> with the new option:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ cd install/kubernetes/helm/istio
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$ helm upgrade --set global.meshExpansion.enabled=true istio-system .
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$ cd -
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</code></pre><ul><li>If you installed Istio without Helm and Tiller, use <code>helm template</code> to update your configuration with the option and reapply with <code>kubectl</code>:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl create namespace istio-system
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$ helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio-init --name istio-init --namespace istio-system | kubectl apply -f -
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$ cd install/kubernetes/helm/istio
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$ helm template --set global.meshExpansion.enabled=true --namespace istio-system . > istio.yaml
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$ kubectl apply -f istio.yaml
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$ cd -
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</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>When updating configuration with Helm, you can either set the option on the command line, as in our examples, or add
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it to a <code>.yaml</code> values file and pass it to
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the command with <code>--values</code>, which is the recommended approach when managing configurations with multiple options. You
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can see some sample values files in your Istio installation’s <code>install/kubernetes/helm/istio</code> directory and find out
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more about customizing Helm charts in the <a href=https://docs.helm.sh/using_helm/#using-helm>Helm documentation</a>.</div></aside></div></li><li><p>Define the namespace the VM joins. This example uses the <code>SERVICE_NAMESPACE</code> environment variable to store the namespace. The value of this variable must match the namespace you use in the configuration files later on.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ export SERVICE_NAMESPACE="default"
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</code></pre></li><li><p>Determine and store the IP address of the Istio ingress gateway since the mesh expansion machines access <a href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/security/>Citadel</a> and <a href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#pilot-and-envoy>Pilot</a> through this IP address.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ export GWIP=$(kubectl get -n istio-system service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')
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$ echo $GWIP
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35.232.112.158
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</code></pre></li><li><p>Generate a <code>cluster.env</code> configuration to deploy in the VMs. This file contains the Kubernetes cluster IP address ranges
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to intercept and redirect via Envoy. You specify the CIDR range when you install Kubernetes as <code>servicesIpv4Cidr</code>.
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Replace <code>$MY_ZONE</code> and <code>$MY_PROJECT</code> in the following example commands with the appropriate values to obtain the CIDR
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after installation:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=$(gcloud container clusters describe $K8S_CLUSTER --zone $MY_ZONE --project $MY_PROJECT --format "value(servicesIpv4Cidr)")
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$ echo -e "ISTIO_CP_AUTH=MUTUAL_TLS\nISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=$ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR\n" > cluster.env
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the contents of the generated <code>cluster.env</code> file. It should be similar to the following example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ cat cluster.env
|
|
ISTIO_CP_AUTH=MUTUAL_TLS
|
|
ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=10.55.240.0/20
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>If the VM only calls services in the mesh, you can skip this step. Otherwise, add the ports the VM exposes
|
|
to the <code>cluster.env</code> file with the following command. You can change the ports later if necessary.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ echo "ISTIO_INBOUND_PORTS=3306,8080" >> cluster.env
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Extract the initial keys the service account needs to use on the VMs.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
|
-o jsonpath='{.data.root-cert\.pem}' |base64 --decode > root-cert.pem
|
|
$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
|
-o jsonpath='{.data.key\.pem}' |base64 --decode > key.pem
|
|
$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
|
-o jsonpath='{.data.cert-chain\.pem}' |base64 --decode > cert-chain.pem
|
|
</code></pre></li></ol><h3 id=setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</h3><p>Next, run the following commands on each machine that you want to add to the mesh:</p><ol><li><p>Copy the previously created <code>cluster.env</code> and <code>*.pem</code> files to the VM. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ export GCE_NAME="your-gce-instance"
|
|
$ gcloud compute scp --project=${MY_PROJECT} --zone=${MY_ZONE} {key.pem,cert-chain.pem,cluster.env,root-cert.pem} ${GCE_NAME}:~
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install the Debian package with the Envoy sidecar.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ gcloud compute ssh --project=${MY_PROJECT} --zone=${MY_ZONE} "${GCE_NAME}"
|
|
$ curl -L https://storage.googleapis.com/istio-release/releases/1.1.9/deb/istio-sidecar.deb > istio-sidecar.deb
|
|
$ sudo dpkg -i istio-sidecar.deb
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Add the IP address of the Istio gateway to <code>/etc/hosts</code>. Revisit the <a href=#preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-expansion>preparing the cluster</a> section to learn how to obtain the IP address.
|
|
The following example updates the <code>/etc/hosts</code> file with the Istio gateway address:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ echo "35.232.112.158 istio-citadel istio-pilot istio-pilot.istio-system" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install <code>root-cert.pem</code>, <code>key.pem</code> and <code>cert-chain.pem</code> under <code>/etc/certs/</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ sudo mkdir -p /etc/certs
|
|
$ sudo cp {root-cert.pem,cert-chain.pem,key.pem} /etc/certs
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install <code>cluster.env</code> under <code>/var/lib/istio/envoy/</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ sudo cp cluster.env /var/lib/istio/envoy
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Transfer ownership of the files in <code>/etc/certs/</code> and <code>/var/lib/istio/envoy/</code> to the Istio proxy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ sudo chown -R istio-proxy /etc/certs /var/lib/istio/envoy
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify the node agent works:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ sudo node_agent
|
|
....
|
|
CSR is approved successfully. Will renew cert in 1079h59m59.84568493s
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Start Istio using <code>systemctl</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ sudo systemctl start istio-auth-node-agent
|
|
$ sudo systemctl start istio
|
|
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=send-requests-from-vm-workloads-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services</h2><p>After setup, the machine can access services running in the Kubernetes cluster
|
|
or on other mesh expansion machines.</p><p>The following example shows accessing a service running in the Kubernetes cluster from a mesh expansion VM using
|
|
<code>/etc/hosts/</code>, in this case using a service from the <a href=/v1.1/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo example</a>.</p><ol><li><p>First, on the cluster admin machine get the virtual IP address (<code>clusterIP</code>) for the service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl get svc productpage -o jsonpath='{.spec.clusterIP}'
|
|
10.55.246.247
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Then on the mesh expansion machine, add the service name and address to its <code>etc/hosts</code> file. You can then connect to
|
|
the cluster service from the VM, as in the example below:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ echo "10.55.246.247 productpage.default.svc.cluster.local" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
|
|
$ curl -v productpage.default.svc.cluster.local:9080
|
|
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
|
< content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
|
|
< content-length: 1836
|
|
< server: envoy
|
|
... html content ...
|
|
</code></pre></li></ol><p>The <code>server: envoy</code> header indicates that the sidecar intercepted the traffic.</p><h2 id=running-services-on-a-mesh-expansion-machine>Running services on a mesh expansion machine</h2><ol><li><p>Setup an HTTP server on the VM instance to serve HTTP traffic on port 8080:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ gcloud compute ssh ${GCE_NAME}
|
|
$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8080
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Determine the VM instance’s IP address. For example, find the IP address
|
|
of the GCE instance with the following commands:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ export GCE_IP=$(gcloud --format="value(networkInterfaces[0].networkIP)" compute instances describe ${GCE_NAME})
|
|
$ echo ${GCE_IP}
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Configure a service entry to enable service discovery for the VM. You can add VM services to the mesh using a
|
|
<a href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/service-entry/>service entry</a>. Service entries let you manually add
|
|
additional services to Pilot’s abstract model of the mesh. Once VM services are part of the mesh’s abstract model,
|
|
other services can find and direct traffic to them. Each service entry configuration contains the IP addresses, ports,
|
|
and appropriate labels of all VMs exposing a particular service, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-outputis=yaml>$ kubectl -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} apply -f - <<EOF
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: ServiceEntry
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: vmhttp
|
|
spec:
|
|
hosts:
|
|
- vmhttp.${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}.svc.cluster.local
|
|
ports:
|
|
- number: 8080
|
|
name: http
|
|
protocol: HTTP
|
|
resolution: STATIC
|
|
endpoints:
|
|
- address: ${GCE_IP}
|
|
ports:
|
|
http: 8080
|
|
labels:
|
|
app: vmhttp
|
|
version: "v1"
|
|
EOF
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>The workloads in a Kubernetes cluster need a DNS mapping to resolve the domain names of VM services. To
|
|
integrate the mapping with your own DNS system, use <code>istioctl register</code> and creates a Kubernetes <code>selector-less</code>
|
|
service, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ istioctl register -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} vmhttp ${GCE_IP} 8080
|
|
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Make sure you have already added <code>istioctl</code> client to your <code>PATH</code> environment variable, as described in the Download page.</div></aside></div></li><li><p>Deploy a pod running the <code>sleep</code> service in the Kubernetes cluster, and wait until it is ready:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.1/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
|
|
$ kubectl get pod
|
|
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
|
productpage-v1-8fcdcb496-xgkwg 2/2 Running 0 1d
|
|
sleep-88ddbcfdd-rm42k 2/2 Running 0 1s
|
|
...
|
|
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Send a request from the <code>sleep</code> service on the pod to the VM’s HTTP service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl exec -it sleep-88ddbcfdd-rm42k -c sleep -- curl vmhttp.${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}.svc.cluster.local:8080
|
|
</code></pre><p>You should see something similar to the output below.</p><pre><code class=language-html><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"><html>
|
|
<title>Directory listing for /</title>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h2>Directory listing for /</h2>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href=".bashrc">.bashrc</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href=".ssh/">.ssh/</a></li>
|
|
...
|
|
</body>
|
|
</code></pre><p><strong>Congratulations!</strong> You successfully configured a service running in a pod within the cluster to
|
|
send traffic to a service running on a VM outside of the cluster and tested that
|
|
the configuration worked.</p><h2 id=cleanup>Cleanup</h2><p>Run the following commands to remove the expansion VM from the mesh’s abstract
|
|
model.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ istioctl deregister -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} vmhttp ${GCE_IP}
|
|
2019-02-21T22:12:22.023775Z info Deregistered service successfull
|
|
$ kubectl delete ServiceEntry vmhttp -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}
|
|
serviceentry.networking.istio.io "vmhttp" deleted
|
|
</code></pre><h2 id=troubleshooting>Troubleshooting</h2><p>The following are some basic troubleshooting steps for common mesh expansion issues.</p><ul><li><p>When making requests from a VM to the cluster, ensure you don’t run the requests as <code>root</code> or
|
|
<code>istio-proxy</code> user. By default, Istio excludes both users from interception.</p></li><li><p>Verify the machine can reach the IP of the all workloads running in the cluster. For example:</p></li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl get endpoints productpage -o jsonpath='{.subsets[0].addresses[0].ip}'
|
|
10.52.39.13
|
|
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ curl 10.52.39.13:9080
|
|
html output
|
|
</code></pre><ul><li>Check the status of the node agent and sidecar:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ sudo systemctl status istio-auth-node-agent
|
|
$ sudo systemctl status istio
|
|
</code></pre><ul><li>Check that the processes are running. The following is an example of the processes you should see on the VM if you run
|
|
<code>ps</code>, filtered for <code>istio</code>:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ ps aux | grep istio
|
|
root 6941 0.0 0.2 75392 16820 ? Ssl 21:32 0:00 /usr/local/istio/bin/node_agent --logtostderr
|
|
root 6955 0.0 0.0 49344 3048 ? Ss 21:32 0:00 su -s /bin/bash -c INSTANCE_IP=10.150.0.5 POD_NAME=demo-vm-1 POD_NAMESPACE=default exec /usr/local/bin/pilot-agent proxy > /var/log/istio/istio.log istio-proxy
|
|
istio-p+ 7016 0.0 0.1 215172 12096 ? Ssl 21:32 0:00 /usr/local/bin/pilot-agent proxy
|
|
istio-p+ 7094 4.0 0.3 69540 24800 ? Sl 21:32 0:37 /usr/local/bin/envoy -c /etc/istio/proxy/envoy-rev1.json --restart-epoch 1 --drain-time-s 2 --parent-shutdown-time-s 3 --service-cluster istio-proxy --service-node sidecar~10.150.0.5~demo-vm-1.default~default.svc.cluster.local
|
|
</code></pre><ul><li>Check the Envoy access and error logs:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ tail /var/log/istio/istio.log
|
|
$ tail /var/log/istio/istio.err.log
|
|
</code></pre></li></ol><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.1/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></p><p class=desc>De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.1/docs/examples/multicluster/split-horizon-eds/>Cluster-Aware Service Routing</a></p><p class=desc>Leveraging Istio's Split-horizon EDS to create a multicluster mesh.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></p><p class=desc>Instructions to install Istio using a Helm chart.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/prepare/platform-setup/docker/>Docker For Desktop</a></p><p class=desc>Instructions to setup Docker For Desktop for use with Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/download/>Download</a></p><p class=desc>Download the Istio release and prepare for installation.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/install/multicluster/gateways/>Gateway Connectivity</a></p><p class=desc>Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters using Istio Gateway to reach remote pods.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.1/docs/setup/kubernetes/additional-setup/cni/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></div><div class=right></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label=Prerequisites><a href=#prerequisites>Prerequisites</a><li role=none aria-label="Installation steps"><a href=#installation-steps>Installation steps</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for expansion"><a href=#preparing-the-kubernetes-cluster-for-expansion>Preparing the Kubernetes cluster for expansion</a><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the VM"><a href=#setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services"><a href=#send-requests-from-vm-workloads-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM workloads to Kubernetes services</a><li role=none aria-label="Running services on a mesh expansion machine"><a href=#running-services-on-a-mesh-expansion-machine>Running services on a mesh expansion machine</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label=Troubleshooting><a href=#troubleshooting>Troubleshooting</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.1.9 now" href=https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/tag/1.1.9 aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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<a class=channel title="Stack Overflow is where you can ask questions and find curated answers on deploying, configuring, and using Istio" href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/istio aria-label="Stack Overflow"><span>stack overflow</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#stackoverflow"/></svg></a>
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1.1.9<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on June 18, 2019</p></div><div class=dev-links><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><span>github</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg></a>
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