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<button id=search-show2 class=search-show title="Search this site" aria-label=Search><svg class="icon magnifier"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#magnifier"/></svg></button></form></div><div class=card><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=header0><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=header0><li role=treeitem aria-label=Concepts><a class=main title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/>Concepts</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's WebAssembly Plugin system." href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/wasm/>Extensibility</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Setup><a class=main title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/>Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Huawei Cloud kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/huaweicloud/>Huawei Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup kind for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/kind/>kind</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Kops for use with Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/kops/>Kops</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a KubeSphere Container Platform for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/kubesphere/>KubeSphere Container Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to prepare a cluster for Istio using Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE)." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/operator/>Istio Operator Install</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/helm/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Install Multicluster"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Install Multicluster</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before installing Istio on multiple clusters." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/multicluster/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary/>Install Multi-Primary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote/>Install Primary-Remote</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters on different networks." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary_multi-network/>Install Multi-Primary on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters on different networks." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote_multi-network/>Install Primary-Remote on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verify that Istio has been installed properly on multiple clusters." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/multicluster/verify/>Verify the installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio with an external control plane and a remote cluster data plane." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/external-controlplane/>Install Istio with an External Control Plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy Istio and connect a workload running within a virtual machine to it." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/install/virtual-machine/>Virtual Machine Installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Upgrade, downgrade, and manage Istio accross multiple control plane revisions." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade Istio by first running a canary deployment of a new control plane." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/upgrade/canary/>Canary Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio in place." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/upgrade/in-place/>In-place Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/upgrade/helm/>Upgrade with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring and upgrading Istio with gateways (Experimental)" href=/v1.11/docs/setup/upgrade/gateways/>Managing Gateways with Multiple Revisions *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize Istio Gateways." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/additional-setup/gateway/>Installing Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to customize installation configuration options." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/additional-setup/customize-installation/>Customizing the installation configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.11/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Tasks><a class=main title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/>Tasks</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Locality Load Balancing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This series of tasks demonstrate how to configure locality load balancing in Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before configuring locality load balancing." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates how to configure your mesh for locality failover." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/failover/>Locality failover</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This guide demonstrates how to configure locality distribution." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/distribute/>Locality weighted distribution</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Cleanup steps for locality load balancing." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/cleanup/>Cleanup</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress/>Secure Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure a Kubernetes Ingress object to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/kubernetes-ingress/>Kubernetes Ingress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure the Kubernetes Gateway API with Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/gateway-api/>Kubernetes Gateway API</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label="Certificate Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Management of the certificates in Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/>Certificate Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with a root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/plugin-ca-cert/>Plug in CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/dns-cert/>Istio DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use a Custom Certificate Authority (that integrates with the Kubernetes CSR API) to provision Istio workload certificates (Experimental)" href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/custom-ca-k8s/>Custom CA Integration using Kubernetes CSR *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>HTTP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>TCP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for JWT token." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>JWT Token</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to integrate and delegate access control to an external authorization system." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-custom/>External Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Explicit Deny</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Trust Domain Migration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to dry-run an authorization policy without enforcing it (Experimental)" href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-dry-run/>Dry Run *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policy Enforcement"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policy Enforcement</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limit/>Enabling Rate Limits using Envoy</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/customize-metrics/>Customizing Istio Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to improve telemetry by grouping requests and responses by their type." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/classify-metrics/>Classifying Metrics Based on Request or Response</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task guides you on how to configure Istio tracing behavior." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/configurability/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using the Telemetry API (Experimental)" href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/configurability/telemetry-api/>Configuring tracing using the Telemetry API *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using MeshConfig and pod annotations (Beta/Experimental)" href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/configurability/mesh-and-proxy-config/>Configure tracing using MeshConfig and Pod annotations *</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Lightstep." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>Lightstep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Examples><a class=main title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.11/docs/examples/>Examples</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.11/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Setup a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Setup a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Operations><a class=main title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/>Operations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture for virtual machines." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/deployment/vm-architecture/>Virtual Machine Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Requirements of applications deployed in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Application Requirements</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to wait until a resource reaches a given status of readiness." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/config-resource-ready/>Wait on Resource Status for Applied Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure TLS settings to secure network traffic." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Istio routes traffic through the mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/traffic-routing/>Traffic Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure gateway network topology (Alpha)" href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/network-topologies/>Configuring Gateway Network Topology *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure DNS proxying." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns-proxy/>DNS Proxying</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows common examples of using Istio security policy." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/security/security-policy-examples/>Security policy examples</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Prometheus to monitor multicluster Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/monitoring-multicluster-prometheus/>Monitoring Multicluster Istio with Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Extensibility><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage extensions to the service mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/>Extensibility</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to make remote WebAssembly modules available in the mesh (Experimental)" href=/v1.11/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/wasm-module-distribution/>Distributing WebAssembly Modules *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into a running istiod component." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Istiod Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with Virtual Machines." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/virtual-machines/>Debugging Virtual Machines</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues using Istio with the CNI plugin." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/cni/>Troubleshooting the Istio CNI plugin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with multicluster and multi-network installations." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/multicluster/>Troubleshooting Multicluster</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Integrations><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Other software that Istio can integrate with to provide additional functionality." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/integrations/>Integrations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with cert-manager." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/integrations/certmanager/>cert-manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Grafana to set up Istio dashboards." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/integrations/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Jaeger." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/integrations/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Kiali." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/integrations/kiali/>Kiali</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Prometheus." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/integrations/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Zipkin." href=/v1.11/docs/ops/integrations/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Releases><a class=main title="Information relating to Istio releases." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/>Releases</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of features and their release stages." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/feature-stages/>Feature Status</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if you find a bug." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/bugs/>Reporting Bugs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How we handle security vulnerabilities." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/security-vulnerabilities/>Security Vulnerabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The currently supported Istio releases." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/supported-releases/>Supported Releases</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Contribute Documentation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Details how to create and maintain Istio documentation pages." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/>Contribute Documentation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use GitHub to contribute to the Istio documentation." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/github/>Work with GitHub</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute new documentation to Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/add-content/>Add New Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute retired documentation to Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/remove-content/>Remove Retired Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to locally build, test, serve, and preview the website." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/build/>Build and serve the website locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the front matter used in our documentation and the fields available." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/front-matter/>Front matter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how changes to the Istio documentation and website are reviewed and approved." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/review/>Documentation Review Process</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to include code in your documentation." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/code-blocks/>Add Code Blocks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the shortcodes available and how to use them." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/shortcodes/>Use Shortcodes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the standard markup used to format Istio documentation." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/formatting/>Follow Formatting Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the style conventions used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/style-guide/>Style Guide</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the terminology standards used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/terminology/>Terminology Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides assets and instructions to create diagrams for the Istio documentation." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/contribute/diagrams/>Diagram Creation Guidelines</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of recent changes to this website." href=/v1.11/docs/releases/log/>Website Content Changes</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Reference><a class=main title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/>Reference</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the structure of messages generated by Istio analyzers." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/istio.analysis.v1alpha1/>Analysis Messages</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the role of the `status` field in configuration workflow." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/config-status/>Configuration Status Field</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting VMs onboarded into the mesh." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/>Workload Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a collection of workload instances." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-group/>Workload Group</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Proxy Extensions"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio proxy extensions." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/>Proxy Extensions</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Metadata Exchange Filter." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/metadata_exchange/>Metadata Exchange Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for AccessLogPolicy Filter." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/accesslogpolicy/>AccessLogPolicy Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Attribute Generation plugin." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/attributegen/>AttributeGen Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stackdriver filter." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stackdriver/>Stackdriver Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stats Filter." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stats/>Stats Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable telemetry generation with the Wasm runtime (Experimental)" href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm_telemetry/>Wasm-based Telemetry *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration to validate JWT." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/security/jwt/>JWTRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported normalizations in authorization policies." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/security/normalization/>Authorization Policy Normalization</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Types"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes common types in Istio API." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/type/>Common Types</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Definition of a workload selector." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/type/workload-selector/>Workload Selector</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource labels used by Istio." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/labels/>Resource Labels</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configuration analysis." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0119/>JwtFailureDueToInvalidServicePortPrefix</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0134/>ServiceEntryAddressesRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0132/>VirtualServiceHostNotFoundInGateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0131/>VirtualServiceIneffectiveMatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0130/>VirtualServiceUnreachableRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0116/>DeploymentAssociatedToMultipleServices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0137/>DeploymentConflictingPorts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0117/>DeploymentRequiresServiceAssociated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0135/>DeprecatedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0125/>InvalidAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0144/>InvalidApplicationUID</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0122/>InvalidRegexp</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0105/>IstioProxyImageMismatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0136/>AlphaAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0104/>GatewayPortNotOnWorkload</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0143/>LocalhostListener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0113/>MTLSPolicyConflict</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0123/>NamespaceMultipleInjectionLabels</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0127/>NoMatchingWorkloadsFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0128/>NoServerCertificateVerificationDestinationLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0129/>NoServerCertificateVerificationPortLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.11/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio CNI plugin on a node, detect and repair pod which is broken by race condition." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/commands/install-cni/>install-cni</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.11/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button id=sidebar-toggle class=main-navigation-toggle aria-label="Open sidebar"><svg class="icon hamburger-sidebar"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#hamburger-sidebar"/></svg>
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||
Contents</button><article aria-labelledby=title><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.11/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Documentation</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/ title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system.">Tasks</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/ title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh.">Security</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authentication/ title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services.">Authentication</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li>Authentication Policy</li></ol></nav><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Authentication Policy</h1><p class=byline><span class=reading-time title="2582 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>13 minute read</span>
|
||
<span> </span>
|
||
<span><a href=https://github.com/istio/istio.io/tree/master/README.md#testing-document-content title="An automated test is available for this page. Click for details."><svg class="icon checkmark"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#checkmark"/></svg><span> </span>
|
||
page test</a></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Before you begin"><a href=#before-you-begin>Before you begin</a><ol><li role=none aria-label=Setup><a href=#setup>Setup</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Auto mutual TLS"><a href=#auto-mutual-tls>Auto mutual TLS</a><li role=none aria-label="Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS in STRICT mode"><a href=#globally-enabling-istio-mutual-tls-in-strict-mode>Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS in STRICT mode</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Cleanup part 1"><a href=#cleanup-part-1>Cleanup part 1</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Enable mutual TLS per namespace or workload"><a href=#enable-mutual-tls-per-namespace-or-workload>Enable mutual TLS per namespace or workload</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Namespace-wide policy"><a href=#namespace-wide-policy>Namespace-wide policy</a><li role=none aria-label="Enable mutual TLS per workload"><a href=#enable-mutual-tls-per-workload>Enable mutual TLS per workload</a><li role=none aria-label="Policy precedence"><a href=#policy-precedence>Policy precedence</a><li role=none aria-label="Cleanup part 2"><a href=#cleanup-part-2>Cleanup part 2</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="End-user authentication"><a href=#end-user-authentication>End-user authentication</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Require a valid token"><a href=#require-a-valid-token>Require a valid token</a><li role=none aria-label="Require valid tokens per-path"><a href=#require-valid-tokens-per-path>Require valid tokens per-path</a><li role=none aria-label="Cleanup part 3"><a href=#cleanup-part-3>Cleanup part 3</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>This task covers the primary activities you might need to perform when enabling, configuring, and using Istio authentication policies. Find out more about
|
||
the underlying concepts in the <a href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>authentication overview</a>.</p><h2 id=before-you-begin>Before you begin</h2><ul><li><p>Understand Istio <a href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/security/#authentication-policies>authentication policy</a> and related
|
||
<a href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>mutual TLS authentication</a> concepts.</p></li><li><p>Install Istio on a Kubernetes cluster with the <code>default</code> configuration profile, as described in
|
||
<a href=/v1.11/docs/setup/getting-started>installation steps</a>.</p></li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl install --set profile=default
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id=setup>Setup</h3><p>Our examples use two namespaces <code>foo</code> and <code>bar</code>, with two services, <code>httpbin</code> and <code>sleep</code>, both running with an Envoy proxy. We also use second
|
||
instances of <code>httpbin</code> and <code>sleep</code> running without the sidecar in the <code>legacy</code> namespace. If you’d like to use the same examples when trying the tasks,
|
||
run the following:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml>Zip</a><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml>Zip</a><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create ns foo
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@) -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@) -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl create ns bar
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@) -n bar
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@) -n bar
|
||
$ kubectl create ns legacy
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@ -n legacy
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@ -n legacy
|
||
</code></pre></div><p>You can verify setup by sending an HTTP request with <code>curl</code> from any <code>sleep</code> pod in the namespace <code>foo</code>, <code>bar</code> or <code>legacy</code> to either <code>httpbin.foo</code>,
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||
<code>httpbin.bar</code> or <code>httpbin.legacy</code>. All requests should succeed with HTTP code 200.</p><p>For example, here is a command to check <code>sleep.bar</code> to <code>httpbin.foo</code> reachability:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n bar -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n bar -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
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||
200
|
||
</code></pre><p>This one-liner command conveniently iterates through all reachability combinations:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl -s "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
</code></pre><p>Verify there is no peer authentication policy in the system with the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get peerauthentication --all-namespaces
|
||
No resources found
|
||
</code></pre><p>Last but not least, verify that there are no destination rules that apply on the example services. You can do this by checking the <code>host:</code> value of
|
||
existing destination rules and make sure they do not match. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get destinationrules.networking.istio.io --all-namespaces -o yaml | grep "host:"
|
||
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Depending on the version of Istio, you may see destination rules for hosts other than those shown. However, there should be none with hosts in the <code>foo</code>,
|
||
<code>bar</code> and <code>legacy</code> namespace, nor is the match-all wildcard <code>*</code></div></aside></div><h2 id=auto-mutual-tls>Auto mutual TLS</h2><p>By default, Istio tracks the server workloads migrated to Istio proxies, and configures client proxies to send mutual TLS traffic to those workloads automatically, and to send plain text traffic to workloads without sidecars.</p><p>Thus, all traffic between workloads with proxies uses mutual TLS, without you doing
|
||
anything. For example, take the response from a request to <code>httpbin/header</code>.
|
||
When using mutual TLS, the proxy injects the <code>X-Forwarded-Client-Cert</code> header to the
|
||
upstream request to the backend. That header’s presence is evidence that mutual TLS is
|
||
used. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n foo -- curl -s http://httpbin.foo:8000/headers -s | grep X-Forwarded-Client-Cert | sed 's/Hash=[a-z0-9]*;/Hash=<redacted>;/'
|
||
"X-Forwarded-Client-Cert": "By=spiffe://cluster.local/ns/foo/sa/httpbin;Hash=<redacted>;Subject=\"\";URI=spiffe://cluster.local/ns/foo/sa/sleep"
|
||
</code></pre><p>When the server doesn’t have sidecar, the <code>X-Forwarded-Client-Cert</code> header is not there, which implies requests are in plain text.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n foo -- curl http://httpbin.legacy:8000/headers -s | grep X-Forwarded-Client-Cert
|
||
|
||
</code></pre><h2 id=globally-enabling-istio-mutual-tls-in-strict-mode>Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS in STRICT mode</h2><p>While Istio automatically upgrades all traffic between the proxies and the workloads to mutual TLS,
|
||
workloads can still receive plain text traffic. To prevent non-mutual TLS traffic for the whole mesh,
|
||
set a mesh-wide peer authentication policy with the mutual TLS mode set to <code>STRICT</code>.
|
||
The mesh-wide peer authentication policy should not have a <code>selector</code> and must be applied in the <strong>root namespace</strong>, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: PeerAuthentication
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "default"
|
||
namespace: "istio-system"
|
||
spec:
|
||
mtls:
|
||
mode: STRICT
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>The example assumes <code>istio-system</code> is the root namespace. If you used a different value during installation, replace <code>istio-system</code> with the value you used.</div></aside></div><p>This peer authentication policy configures workloads to only accept requests encrypted with TLS.
|
||
Since it doesn’t specify a value for the <code>selector</code> field, the policy applies to all workloads in the mesh.</p><p>Run the test command again:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
</code></pre><p>You see requests still succeed, except for those from the client that doesn’t have proxy, <code>sleep.legacy</code>, to the server with a proxy, <code>httpbin.foo</code> or <code>httpbin.bar</code>. This is expected because mutual TLS is now strictly required, but the workload without sidecar cannot comply.</p><h3 id=cleanup-part-1>Cleanup part 1</h3><p>Remove global authentication policy and destination rules added in the session:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl delete peerauthentication -n istio-system default
|
||
</code></pre><h2 id=enable-mutual-tls-per-namespace-or-workload>Enable mutual TLS per namespace or workload</h2><h3 id=namespace-wide-policy>Namespace-wide policy</h3><p>To change mutual TLS for all workloads within a particular namespace, use a namespace-wide policy. The specification of the policy is the same as for a mesh-wide policy, but you specify the namespace it applies to under <code>metadata</code>. For example, the following peer authentication policy enables strict mutual TLS for the <code>foo</code> namespace:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: PeerAuthentication
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "default"
|
||
namespace: "foo"
|
||
spec:
|
||
mtls:
|
||
mode: STRICT
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>As this policy is applied on workloads in namespace <code>foo</code> only, you should see only request from client-without-sidecar (<code>sleep.legacy</code>) to <code>httpbin.foo</code> start to fail.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id=enable-mutual-tls-per-workload>Enable mutual TLS per workload</h3><p>To set a peer authentication policy for a specific workload, you must configure the <code>selector</code> section and specify the labels that match the desired workload. However, Istio cannot aggregate workload-level policies for outbound mutual TLS traffic to a service. Configure a destination rule to manage that behavior.</p><p>For example, the following peer authentication policy and destination rule enable strict mutual TLS for the <code>httpbin.bar</code> workload:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: PeerAuthentication
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
namespace: "bar"
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
app: httpbin
|
||
mtls:
|
||
mode: STRICT
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>And a destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: DestinationRule
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: "httpbin.bar.svc.cluster.local"
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>Again, run the probing command. As expected, request from <code>sleep.legacy</code> to <code>httpbin.bar</code> starts failing with the same reasons.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>...
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
</code></pre><p>To refine the mutual TLS settings per port, you must configure the <code>portLevelMtls</code> section. For example, the following peer authentication policy requires mutual TLS on all ports, except port <code>80</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: PeerAuthentication
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
namespace: "bar"
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
app: httpbin
|
||
mtls:
|
||
mode: STRICT
|
||
portLevelMtls:
|
||
80:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>As before, you also need a destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: DestinationRule
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: httpbin.bar.svc.cluster.local
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
||
portLevelSettings:
|
||
- port:
|
||
number: 8000
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><ol><li>The port value in the peer authentication policy is the container’s port. The value the destination rule is the service’s port.</li><li>You can only use <code>portLevelMtls</code> if the port is bound to a service. Istio ignores it otherwise.</li></ol><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl "http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id=policy-precedence>Policy precedence</h3><p>A workload-specific peer authentication policy takes precedence over a namespace-wide policy. You can test this behavior if you add a policy to disable mutual TLS for the <code>httpbin.foo</code> workload, for example.
|
||
Note that you’ve already created a namespace-wide policy that enables mutual TLS for all services in namespace <code>foo</code> and observe that requests from
|
||
<code>sleep.legacy</code> to <code>httpbin.foo</code> are failing (see above).</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n foo -f -
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: PeerAuthentication
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "overwrite-example"
|
||
namespace: "foo"
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
app: httpbin
|
||
mtls:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>and destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n foo -f -
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: DestinationRule
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "overwrite-example"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: httpbin.foo.svc.cluster.local
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>Re-running the request from <code>sleep.legacy</code>, you should see a success return code again (200), confirming service-specific policy overrides the namespace-wide policy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec "$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n legacy -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})" -c sleep -n legacy -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id=cleanup-part-2>Cleanup part 2</h3><p>Remove policies and destination rules created in the above steps:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl delete peerauthentication default overwrite-example -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl delete peerauthentication httpbin -n bar
|
||
$ kubectl delete destinationrules overwrite-example -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl delete destinationrules httpbin -n bar
|
||
</code></pre><h2 id=end-user-authentication>End-user authentication</h2><p>To experiment with this feature, you need a valid JWT. The JWT must correspond to the JWKS endpoint you want to use for the demo. This tutorial use the test token <a href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/demo.jwt>JWT test</a> and
|
||
<a href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json>JWKS endpoint</a> from the Istio code base.</p><p>Also, for convenience, expose <code>httpbin.foo</code> via <code>ingressgateway</code> (for more details, see the <a href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>ingress task</a>).</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: Gateway
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: httpbin-gateway
|
||
namespace: foo
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
istio: ingressgateway # use Istio default gateway implementation
|
||
servers:
|
||
- port:
|
||
number: 80
|
||
name: http
|
||
protocol: HTTP
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- "*"
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: VirtualService
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: httpbin
|
||
namespace: foo
|
||
spec:
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- "*"
|
||
gateways:
|
||
- httpbin-gateway
|
||
http:
|
||
- route:
|
||
- destination:
|
||
port:
|
||
number: 8000
|
||
host: httpbin.foo.svc.cluster.local
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>Follow the instructions in
|
||
<a href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/#determining-the-ingress-ip-and-ports>Determining the ingress IP and ports</a>
|
||
to define the <code>INGRESS_HOST</code> and <code>INGRESS_PORT</code> environment variables.</p><p>And run a test query</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200
|
||
</code></pre><p>Now, add a request authentication policy that requires end-user JWT for the ingress gateway.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: RequestAuthentication
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "jwt-example"
|
||
namespace: istio-system
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
istio: ingressgateway
|
||
jwtRules:
|
||
- issuer: "testing@secure.istio.io"
|
||
jwksUri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json"
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>Apply the policy to the namespace of the workload it selects, <code>ingressgateway</code> in this case. The namespace you need to specify is then <code>istio-system</code>.</p><p>If you provide a token in the authorization header, its implicitly default location, Istio validates the token using the <a href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json>public key set</a>, and rejects requests if the bearer token is invalid. However, requests without tokens are accepted. To observe this behavior, retry the request without a token, with a bad token, and with a valid token:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl --header "Authorization: Bearer deadbeef" "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
401
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ TOKEN=$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/demo.jwt -s)
|
||
$ curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200
|
||
</code></pre><p>To observe other aspects of JWT validation, use the script <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/gen-jwt.py><code>gen-jwt.py</code></a> to
|
||
generate new tokens to test with different issuer, audiences, expiry date, etc. The script can be downloaded from the Istio repository:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ wget --no-verbose https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/gen-jwt.py
|
||
</code></pre><p>You also need the <code>key.pem</code> file:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ wget --no-verbose https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.11/security/tools/jwt/samples/key.pem
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Download the <a href=https://pypi.org/project/jwcrypto>jwcrypto</a> library,
|
||
if you haven’t installed it on your system.</div></aside></div><p>The JWT authentication has 60 seconds clock skew, this means the JWT token will become valid 60 seconds earlier than
|
||
its configured <code>nbf</code> and remain valid 60 seconds after its configured <code>exp</code>.</p><p>For example, the command below creates a token that
|
||
expires in 5 seconds. As you see, Istio authenticates requests using that token successfully at first but rejects them after 65 seconds:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ TOKEN=$(python3 ./gen-jwt.py ./key.pem --expire 5)
|
||
$ for i in $(seq 1 10); do curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"; sleep 10; done
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
401
|
||
401
|
||
401
|
||
</code></pre><p>You can also add a JWT policy to an ingress gateway (e.g., service <code>istio-ingressgateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local</code>).
|
||
This is often used to define a JWT policy for all services bound to the gateway, instead of for individual services.</p><h3 id=require-a-valid-token>Require a valid token</h3><p>To reject requests without valid tokens, add an authorization policy with a rule specifying a <code>DENY</code> action for requests without request principals, shown as <code>notRequestPrincipals: ["*"]</code> in the following example. Request principals are available only when valid JWT tokens are provided. The rule therefore denies requests without valid tokens.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "frontend-ingress"
|
||
namespace: istio-system
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
istio: ingressgateway
|
||
action: DENY
|
||
rules:
|
||
- from:
|
||
- source:
|
||
notRequestPrincipals: ["*"]
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>Retry the request without a token. The request now fails with error code <code>403</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
403
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id=require-valid-tokens-per-path>Require valid tokens per-path</h3><p>To refine authorization with a token requirement per host, path, or method, change the authorization policy to only require JWT on <code>/headers</code>. When this authorization rule takes effect, requests to <code>$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers</code> fail with the error code <code>403</code>. Requests to all other paths succeed, for example <code>$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/ip</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
|
||
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "frontend-ingress"
|
||
namespace: istio-system
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
istio: ingressgateway
|
||
action: DENY
|
||
rules:
|
||
- from:
|
||
- source:
|
||
notRequestPrincipals: ["*"]
|
||
to:
|
||
- operation:
|
||
paths: ["/headers"]
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/headers" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
403
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl "$INGRESS_HOST:$INGRESS_PORT/ip" -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id=cleanup-part-3>Cleanup part 3</h3><ol><li><p>Remove authentication policy:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl -n istio-system delete requestauthentication jwt-example
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Remove authorization policy:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl -n istio-system delete authorizationpolicy frontend-ingress
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Remove the token generator script and key file:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ rm -f ./gen-jwt.py ./key.pem
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>If you are not planning to explore any follow-on tasks, you can remove all resources simply by deleting test namespaces.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl delete ns foo bar legacy
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></p><p class=desc>Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.11/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></p><p class=desc>Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.11/blog/2021/ncc-security-assessment/>Announcing the results of Istio’s first security assessment</a></p><p class=desc>Results of a third-party security review by NCC Group.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.11/blog/2021/migrate-alpha-policy/>Migrate pre-Istio 1.4 Alpha security policy to the current APIs</a></p><p class=desc>A tutorial to help customers migrate from the deprecated v1alpha1 security policy to the supported v1beta1 version.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.11/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></p><p class=desc>A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.11/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></p><p class=desc>A more secure way to manage secrets.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.11/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/ class=next-link>Mutual TLS Migration<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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<button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',0)">No</button></div><div id=feedback-comment>Do you have any suggestions for improvement?<br><br><input id=feedback-textbox type=text placeholder="Help us improve..." data-lang=en></div><div id=feedback-thankyou>Thanks for your feedback!</div></div><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label="Before you begin"><a href=#before-you-begin>Before you begin</a><ol><li role=none aria-label=Setup><a href=#setup>Setup</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Auto mutual TLS"><a href=#auto-mutual-tls>Auto mutual TLS</a><li role=none aria-label="Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS in STRICT mode"><a href=#globally-enabling-istio-mutual-tls-in-strict-mode>Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS in STRICT mode</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Cleanup part 1"><a href=#cleanup-part-1>Cleanup part 1</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Enable mutual TLS per namespace or workload"><a href=#enable-mutual-tls-per-namespace-or-workload>Enable mutual TLS per namespace or workload</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Namespace-wide policy"><a href=#namespace-wide-policy>Namespace-wide policy</a><li role=none aria-label="Enable mutual TLS per workload"><a href=#enable-mutual-tls-per-workload>Enable mutual TLS per workload</a><li role=none aria-label="Policy precedence"><a href=#policy-precedence>Policy precedence</a><li role=none aria-label="Cleanup part 2"><a href=#cleanup-part-2>Cleanup part 2</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="End-user authentication"><a href=#end-user-authentication>End-user authentication</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Require a valid token"><a href=#require-a-valid-token>Require a valid token</a><li role=none aria-label="Require valid tokens per-path"><a href=#require-valid-tokens-per-path>Require valid tokens per-path</a><li role=none aria-label="Cleanup part 3"><a href=#cleanup-part-3>Cleanup part 3</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg></a><a class=channel title="Access our team drive if you'd like to take a look at the Istio technical design documents" href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-team-drive-access aria-label="team drive"><svg class="icon drive"><use xlink:href="/v1.11/img/icons.svg#drive"/></svg></a><a class=channel title="Interactively discuss issues with the Istio community on Slack" href=https://slack.istio.io aria-label=slack><svg class="icon slack"><use 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||
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