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<button id=search-close title='Cancel search' type=reset aria-label='Cancel search'><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.17/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container><a href=/v1.17/news/releases/1.17.x/announcing-1.17.3/ class=banner data-title="Latest Release-2023-06-06 00:00:00 +0000 UTC" data-period-start=1686009600000 data-period-end=1686614400000 data-max-impressions=3 data-timeout><div class=content><p>Istio 1.17.3 is now available! Click here to learn more</p></div><div class=frame></div></a></div><article class=post itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BlogPosting><div class=header-content><h1>Getting started with the Kubernetes Gateway API</h1><p>Using the Gateway API to configure ingress traffic for your Kubernetes cluster.</p></div><p class=post-author>Dec 14, 2022 <span>|</span> By Frank Budinsky - IBM</p><div><p>Whether you’re running your Kubernetes application services using Istio, or any service mesh for that matter,
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or simply using ordinary services in a Kubernetes cluster, you need to provide access to your application services
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for clients outside of the cluster. If you’re using plain Kubernetes clusters, you’re probably using
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Kubernetes <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/>Ingress</a> resources
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to configure the incoming traffic. If you’re using Istio, you are more likely
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to be using Istio’s recommended configuration resources,
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<a href=/v1.17/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a> and <a href=/v1.17/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>VirtualService</a>,
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to do the job.</p><p>The Kubernetes Ingress resource has for some time been known to have significant shortcomings, especially
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when using it to configure ingress traffic for large applications and when working with protocols other
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than HTTP. One problem is that it configures both
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the client-side L4-L6 properties (e.g., ports, TLS, etc.) and service-side L7 routing in a single resource,
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configurations that for large applications should be managed by different teams and in different namespaces.
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Also, by trying to draw a common denominator across
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different HTTP proxies, Ingress is only able to support the most basic HTTP routing and ends up pushing
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every other feature of modern proxies into non-portable annotations.</p><p>To overcome Ingress’ shortcomings, Istio introduced its own configuration API for ingress traffic management.
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With Istio’s API, the client-side representation is defined using an Istio Gateway resource, with L7 traffic
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moved to a VirtualService, not coincidentally the same configuration resource used for routing traffic between
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services inside the mesh. Although the Istio API provides a good solution for ingress traffic management
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for large-scale applications, it is unfortunately an Istio-only API. If you are using a different service
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mesh implementation, or no service mesh at all, you’re out of luck.</p><h2 id=enter-gateway-api>Enter Gateway API</h2><p>There’s a lot of excitement surrounding a new Kubernetes traffic management API,
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dubbed <a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/>Gateway API</a>, which has recently been
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<a href=https://kubernetes.io/blog/2022/07/13/gateway-api-graduates-to-beta/>promoted to Beta</a>.
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Gateway API provides a set of Kubernetes configuration resources for ingress traffic control
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that, like Istio’s API, overcomes the shortcoming of Ingress, but unlike Istio’s, is a standard Kubernetes
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API with broad industry agreement. There are <a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/implementations/>several implementations</a>
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of the API in the works, including a Beta implementation
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in Istio, so now may be a good time to start thinking about how you can start moving your ingress
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traffic configuration from Kubernetes Ingress or Istio Gateway/VirtualService to the new Gateway API.</p><p>Whether or not you use, or plan to use, Istio to manage your service mesh, the Istio implementation of the
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Gateway API can easily be used to get started with your cluster ingress control.
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Even though it’s still a Beta feature in Istio, mostly driven by the fact that the Gateway API is itself
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still a Beta level API, Istio’s implementation is quite robust because under the covers it uses Istio’s
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same tried-and-proven internal resources to implement the configuration.</p><h2 id=gateway-api-quick-start>Gateway API quick-start</h2><p>To get started using the Gateway API, you need to first download the CRDs, which don’t come installed by default
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on most Kubernetes clusters, at least not yet:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get crd gateways.gateway.networking.k8s.io &> /dev/null || \
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{ kubectl kustomize "github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/config/crd?ref=v0.6.1" | kubectl apply -f -; }
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</code></pre><p>Once the CRDs are installed, you can use them to create Gateway API resources to configure ingress traffic,
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but in order for the resources to work, the cluster needs to have a gateway controller running.
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You can enable Istio’s gateway controller implementation by simply installing Istio with the minimal profile:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl -L https://istio.io/downloadIstio | sh -
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$ cd istio-1.17.3
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$ ./bin/istioctl install --set profile=minimal -y
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</code></pre><p>Your cluster will now have a fully-functional implementation of the Gateway API,
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via Istio’s gateway controller named <code>istio.io/gateway-controller</code>,
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ready to use.</p><h3 id=deploy-a-kubernetes-target-service>Deploy a Kubernetes target service</h3><p>To try out the Gateway API, we’ll use the Istio <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.17/samples/helloworld>helloworld sample</a>
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as an ingress target, but only running as a simple Kubernetes service
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without sidecar injection enabled. Because we’re only going to use the Gateway API to control ingress traffic
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into the “Kubernetes cluster”, it makes no difference if the target service is running inside or
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outside of a mesh.</p><p>We’ll use the following command to deploy the helloworld service:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.17/samples/helloworld/helloworld.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create ns sample
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$ kubectl apply -f @samples/helloworld/helloworld.yaml@ -n sample
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</code></pre></div><p>The helloworld service includes two backing deployments, corresponding to different versions (<code>v1</code> and <code>v2</code>).
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We can confirm they are both running using the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get pod -n sample
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NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
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helloworld-v1-776f57d5f6-s7zfc 1/1 Running 0 10s
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helloworld-v2-54df5f84b-9hxgww 1/1 Running 0 10s
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</code></pre><h3 id=configure-the-helloworld-ingress-traffic>Configure the helloworld ingress traffic</h3><p>With the helloworld service up and running, we can now use the Gateway API to configure ingress traffic for it.</p><p>The ingress entry point is defined using a
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<a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/references/spec/#gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1.Gateway>Gateway</a> resource:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create namespace sample-ingress
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$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
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apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
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kind: Gateway
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metadata:
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name: sample-gateway
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namespace: sample-ingress
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spec:
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gatewayClassName: istio
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listeners:
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- name: http
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hostname: "*.sample.com"
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port: 80
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protocol: HTTP
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allowedRoutes:
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namespaces:
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from: All
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EOF
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</code></pre><p>The controller that will implement a Gateway is selected by referencing a
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<a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/references/spec/#gateway.networking.k8s.io%2fv1beta1.GatewayClass>GatewayClass</a>.
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There must be at least one GatewayClass defined in the cluster to have functional Gateways.
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In our case, we’re selecting Istio’s gateway controller, <code>istio.io/gateway-controller</code>, by referencing its
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associated GatewayClass (named <code>istio</code>) with the <code>gatewayClassName: istio</code> setting in the Gateway.</p><p>Notice that unlike Ingress, a Kubernetes Gateway doesn’t include any references to the target service,
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helloworld. With the Gateway API, routes to services are defined in separate configuration resources
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that get attached to the Gateway to direct subsets of traffic to specific services,
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like helloworld in our example. This separation allows us to define the Gateway and routes in
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different namespaces, presumably managed by different teams. Here, while acting in the role of cluster
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operator, we’re applying the Gateway in the <code>sample-ingress</code> namespace. We’ll add the route,
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below, in the <code>sample</code> namespace, next to the helloworld service itself, on behalf of the application developer.</p><p>Because the Gateway resource is owned by a cluster operator, it can very well be used to provide ingress
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for more than one team’s services, in our case more than just the helloworld service.
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To emphasize this point, we’ve set hostname to <code>*.sample.com</code> in the Gateway,
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allowing routes for multiple subdomains to be attached.</p><p>After applying the Gateway resource, we need to wait for it to be ready before retrieving its external address:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl wait -n sample-ingress --for=condition=ready gateway sample-gateway
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$ export INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl get -n sample-ingress gateway sample-gateway -o jsonpath='{.status.addresses[*].value}')
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</code></pre><p>Next, we attach an <a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/references/spec/#gateway.networking.k8s.io%2fv1beta1.HTTPRoute>HTTPRoute</a>
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to the <code>sample-gateway</code> (i.e., using the <code>parentRefs</code> field) to expose and route traffic to the helloworld service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -n sample -f - <<EOF
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apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
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kind: HTTPRoute
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metadata:
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name: helloworld
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spec:
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parentRefs:
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- name: sample-gateway
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namespace: sample-ingress
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hostnames: ["helloworld.sample.com"]
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rules:
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- matches:
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- path:
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type: Exact
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value: /hello
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backendRefs:
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- name: helloworld
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port: 5000
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EOF
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</code></pre><p>Here we’ve exposed the <code>/hello</code> path of the helloworld service to clients outside of the cluster,
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specifically via host <code>helloworld.sample.com</code>.
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You can confirm the helloworld sample is accessible using curl:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for run in {1..10}; do curl -HHost:helloworld.sample.com http://$INGRESS_HOST/hello; done
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Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
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Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-54dddc5567-2lm7b
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-54dddc5567-2lm7b
|
|
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-54dddc5567-2lm7b
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-54dddc5567-2lm7b
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-54dddc5567-2lm7b
|
|
</code></pre><p>Since no version routing has been configured in the route rule, you should see an equal split of traffic,
|
|
about half handled by <code>helloworld-v1</code> and the other half handled by <code>helloworld-v2</code>.</p><h3 id=configure-weight-based-version-routing>Configure weight-based version routing</h3><p>Among other “traffic shaping” features, you can use Gateway API to send all of the traffic to one of the versions
|
|
or split the traffic based on request percentages. For example, you can use the following rule to distribute the
|
|
helloworld traffic 90% to <code>v1</code>, 10% to <code>v2</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -n sample -f - <<EOF
|
|
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
|
|
kind: HTTPRoute
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: helloworld
|
|
spec:
|
|
parentRefs:
|
|
- name: sample-gateway
|
|
namespace: sample-ingress
|
|
hostnames: ["helloworld.sample.com"]
|
|
rules:
|
|
- matches:
|
|
- path:
|
|
type: Exact
|
|
value: /hello
|
|
backendRefs:
|
|
- name: helloworld-v1
|
|
port: 5000
|
|
weight: 90
|
|
- name: helloworld-v2
|
|
port: 5000
|
|
weight: 10
|
|
EOF
|
|
</code></pre><p>Gateway API relies on version-specific backend service definitions for the route targets,
|
|
<code>helloworld-v1</code> and <code>helloworld-v2</code> in this example.
|
|
The helloworld sample already includes service definitions for the helloworld versions <code>v1</code> and <code>v2</code>,
|
|
we just need to run the following command to define them:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.17/samples/helloworld/gateway-api/helloworld-versions.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -n sample -f @samples/helloworld/gateway-api/helloworld-versions.yaml@
|
|
</code></pre></div><p>Now, we can run the previous curl commands again:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for run in {1..10}; do curl -HHost:helloworld.sample.com http://$INGRESS_HOST/hello; done
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-54dddc5567-2lm7b
|
|
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-78b9f5c87f-2sskj
|
|
</code></pre><p>This time we see that about 9 out of 10 requests are now handled by <code>helloworld-v1</code> and only about 1 in 10 are handled by <code>helloworld-v2</code>.</p><h2 id=gateway-api-for-internal-mesh-traffic>Gateway API for internal mesh traffic</h2><p>You may have noticed that we’ve been talking about the Gateway API only as an ingress configuration API,
|
|
often referred to as north-south traffic management, and not an API for service-to-service (aka, east-west)
|
|
traffic management within a cluster.</p><p>If you are using a service mesh, it would be highly desirable to use the same API
|
|
resources to configure both ingress traffic routing and internal traffic, similar to the way Istio uses
|
|
VirtualService to configure route rules for both. Fortunately, the Kubernetes Gateway API is working to
|
|
add this support.
|
|
Although not as mature as the Gateway API for ingress traffic, an effort
|
|
known as the <a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/contributing/gamma/>Gateway API for Mesh Management and Administration (GAMMA)</a>
|
|
initiative is underway to make this a reality and Istio intends to make Gateway API the default API for all
|
|
of its traffic management <a href=/v1.17/blog/2022/gateway-api-beta/>in the future</a>.</p><p>The first significant <a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/geps/gep-1426/>Gateway Enhancement Proposal (GEP)</a>
|
|
has recently been accepted and is, in-fact, already available to use in Istio.
|
|
To try it out, you’ll need to use the
|
|
<a href=https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/concepts/versioning/#release-channels-eg-experimental-standard>experimental version</a>
|
|
of the Gateway API CRDs, instead of the standard Beta version we installed above, but otherwise, you’re ready to go.
|
|
Check out the Istio <a href=/v1.17/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>request routing task</a>
|
|
to get started.</p><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>In this article, we’ve seen how a light-weight minimal install of Istio can be used to provide a Beta-quality implementation
|
|
of the new Kubernetes Gateway API for cluster ingress traffic control. For Istio users, the Istio implementation also lets
|
|
you start trying out the experimental Gateway API support for east-west traffic management within the mesh.</p><p>Much of Istio’s documentation, including all of the <a href=/v1.17/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>ingress tasks</a>
|
|
and several mesh-internal traffic management tasks, already includes parallel instructions for
|
|
configuring traffic using either the Gateway API or the Istio configuration API.
|
|
Check out the <a href=/v1.17/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/gateway-api/>Gateway API task</a> for more information about the
|
|
Gateway API implementation in Istio.</p></div><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Announcing the newest Istio Steering Committee members." href=/v1.17/blog/2022/steering-election-results/ class=next-link>2022 Istio Steering Committee Election Results<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.17/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav></article><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title='GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code' href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use xlink:href="/v1.17/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg></a><a class=channel title="Access our team drive if you'd like to take a look at the Istio technical design documents" href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-team-drive-access aria-label="team drive"><svg class="icon drive"><use 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