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<input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8>
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<input type=hidden name=hl value=en>
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<input type=hidden id=search-page-url value=/search>
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<input id=search-textbox class="search-textbox form-control" name=q type=search aria-label='Search this site' placeholder=Search>
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<button id=search-close title='Cancel search' type=reset aria-label='Cancel search'><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.19/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container><a href=/v1.19/news/releases/1.19.x/announcing-1.19.4/ class=banner data-title="Latest Release-2023-11-13 00:00:00 +0000 UTC" data-period-start=1699833600000 data-period-end=1700438400000 data-max-impressions=3 data-timeout><div class=content><p>Istio 1.19.4 is now available! Click here to learn more</p></div><div class=frame></div></a></div><article class=post itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BlogPosting><div class=header-content><h1>Version Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</h1><p>Configuring Istio route rules in a multicluster service mesh.</p></div><p class=post-author>Feb 7, 2019 <span>|</span> By Frank Budinsky - IBM</p><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.19/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>This blog post was written assuming Istio 1, so some of this content may now be outdated.</div></aside></div><div><p>If you’ve spent any time looking at Istio, you’ve probably noticed that it includes a lot of features that
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can be demonstrated with simple <a href=/v1.19/docs/tasks/>tasks</a> and <a href=/v1.19/docs/examples/>examples</a>
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running on a single Kubernetes cluster.
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Because most, if not all, real-world cloud and microservices-based applications are not that simple
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and will need to have the services distributed and running in more than one location, you may be
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wondering if all these things will be just as simple in your real production environment.</p><p>Fortunately, Istio provides several ways to configure a service mesh so that applications
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can, more-or-less transparently, be part of a mesh where the services are running
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in more than one cluster, i.e., in a
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<a href=/v1.19/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-clusters>multicluster deployment</a>.
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The simplest way to set up a multicluster mesh, because it has no special networking requirements,
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is using a replicated
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<a href=/v1.19/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#control-plane-models>control plane model</a>.
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In this configuration, each Kubernetes cluster contributing to the mesh has its own control plane,
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but each control plane is synchronized and running under a single administrative control.</p><p>In this article we’ll look at how one of the features of Istio,
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<a href=/v1.19/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>traffic management</a>, works in a multicluster mesh with
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a dedicated control plane topology.
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We’ll show how to configure Istio route rules to call remote services in a multicluster service mesh
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by deploying the <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.19/samples/bookinfo>Bookinfo sample</a> with version <code>v1</code> of the <code>reviews</code> service
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running in one cluster, versions <code>v2</code> and <code>v3</code> running in a second cluster.</p><h2 id=set-up-clusters>Set up clusters</h2><p>To start, you’ll need two Kubernetes clusters, both running a slightly customized configuration of Istio.</p><ul><li><p>Set up a multicluster environment with two Istio clusters by following the
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<a href=/v1.19/docs/setup/install/multicluster>replicated control planes</a> instructions.</p></li><li><p>The <code>kubectl</code> command is used to access both clusters with the <code>--context</code> flag.
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Use the following command to list your contexts:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl config get-contexts
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CURRENT NAME CLUSTER AUTHINFO NAMESPACE
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* cluster1 cluster1 user@foo.com default
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cluster2 cluster2 user@foo.com default
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</code></pre></li><li><p>Export the following environment variables with the context names of your configuration:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export CTX_CLUSTER1=<cluster1 context name>
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$ export CTX_CLUSTER2=<cluster2 context name>
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</code></pre></li></ul><h2 id=deploy-version-v1-of-the-bookinfo-application-in-cluster1>Deploy version v1 of the <code>bookinfo</code> application in <code>cluster1</code></h2><p>Run the <code>productpage</code> and <code>details</code> services and version <code>v1</code> of the <code>reviews</code> service in <code>cluster1</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl label --context=$CTX_CLUSTER1 namespace default istio-injection=enabled
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$ kubectl apply --context=$CTX_CLUSTER1 -f - <<EOF
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: productpage
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labels:
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app: productpage
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spec:
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ports:
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- port: 9080
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name: http
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selector:
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app: productpage
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---
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: productpage-v1
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: productpage
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version: v1
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: productpage
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image: istio/examples-bookinfo-productpage-v1:1.10.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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ports:
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- containerPort: 9080
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---
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: details
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labels:
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app: details
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spec:
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ports:
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- port: 9080
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name: http
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selector:
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app: details
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---
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: details-v1
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: details
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version: v1
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: details
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image: istio/examples-bookinfo-details-v1:1.10.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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ports:
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- containerPort: 9080
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---
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: reviews
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labels:
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app: reviews
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spec:
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ports:
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- port: 9080
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name: http
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selector:
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app: reviews
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---
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: reviews-v1
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: reviews
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version: v1
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: reviews
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image: istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v1:1.10.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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ports:
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- containerPort: 9080
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EOF
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</code></pre><h2 id=deploy-bookinfo-v2-and-v3-services-in-cluster2>Deploy <code>bookinfo</code> v2 and v3 services in <code>cluster2</code></h2><p>Run the <code>ratings</code> service and version <code>v2</code> and <code>v3</code> of the <code>reviews</code> service in <code>cluster2</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl label --context=$CTX_CLUSTER2 namespace default istio-injection=enabled
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$ kubectl apply --context=$CTX_CLUSTER2 -f - <<EOF
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: ratings
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labels:
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app: ratings
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spec:
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ports:
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- port: 9080
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name: http
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selector:
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app: ratings
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---
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: ratings-v1
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: ratings
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version: v1
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: ratings
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image: istio/examples-bookinfo-ratings-v1:1.10.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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ports:
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- containerPort: 9080
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---
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: reviews
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labels:
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app: reviews
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spec:
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ports:
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- port: 9080
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name: http
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selector:
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app: reviews
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---
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: reviews-v2
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: reviews
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version: v2
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: reviews
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image: istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v2:1.10.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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ports:
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- containerPort: 9080
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---
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: reviews-v3
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: reviews
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version: v3
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: reviews
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image: istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v3:1.10.0
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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ports:
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- containerPort: 9080
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EOF
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|
</code></pre><h2 id=access-the-bookinfo-application>Access the <code>bookinfo</code> application</h2><p>Just like any application, we’ll use an Istio gateway to access the <code>bookinfo</code> application.</p><ul><li><p>Create the <code>bookinfo</code> gateway in <code>cluster1</code>:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.19/samples/bookinfo/networking/bookinfo-gateway.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply --context=$CTX_CLUSTER1 -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/bookinfo-gateway.yaml@
|
|
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Follow the <a href=/v1.19/docs/examples/bookinfo/#determine-the-ingress-ip-and-port>Bookinfo sample instructions</a>
|
|
to determine the ingress IP and port and then point your browser to <code>http://$GATEWAY_URL/productpage</code>.</p></li></ul><p>You should see the <code>productpage</code> with reviews, but without ratings, because only <code>v1</code> of the <code>reviews</code> service
|
|
is running on <code>cluster1</code> and we have not yet configured access to <code>cluster2</code>.</p><h2 id=create-a-service-entry-and-destination-rule-on-cluster1-for-the-remote-reviews-service>Create a service entry and destination rule on <code>cluster1</code> for the remote reviews service</h2><p>As described in the <a href=https://istio.io/v1.6/docs/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/#setup-dns>setup instructions</a>,
|
|
remote services are accessed with a <code>.global</code> DNS name. In our case, it’s <code>reviews.default.global</code>,
|
|
so we need to create a service entry and destination rule for that host.
|
|
The service entry will use the <code>cluster2</code> gateway as the endpoint address to access the service.
|
|
You can use the gateway’s DNS name, if it has one, or its public IP, like this:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export CLUSTER2_GW_ADDR=$(kubectl get --context=$CTX_CLUSTER2 svc --selector=app=istio-ingressgateway \
|
|
-n istio-system -o jsonpath="{.items[0].status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}")
|
|
</code></pre><p>Now create the service entry and destination rule using the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply --context=$CTX_CLUSTER1 -f - <<EOF
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: ServiceEntry
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: reviews-default
|
|
spec:
|
|
hosts:
|
|
- reviews.default.global
|
|
location: MESH_INTERNAL
|
|
ports:
|
|
- name: http1
|
|
number: 9080
|
|
protocol: http
|
|
resolution: DNS
|
|
addresses:
|
|
- 240.0.0.3
|
|
endpoints:
|
|
- address: ${CLUSTER2_GW_ADDR}
|
|
labels:
|
|
cluster: cluster2
|
|
ports:
|
|
http1: 15443 # Do not change this port value
|
|
---
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: DestinationRule
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: reviews-global
|
|
spec:
|
|
host: reviews.default.global
|
|
trafficPolicy:
|
|
tls:
|
|
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
|
subsets:
|
|
- name: v2
|
|
labels:
|
|
cluster: cluster2
|
|
- name: v3
|
|
labels:
|
|
cluster: cluster2
|
|
EOF
|
|
</code></pre><p>The address <code>240.0.0.3</code> of the service entry can be any arbitrary unallocated IP.
|
|
Using an IP from the class E addresses range 240.0.0.0/4 is a good choice.
|
|
Check out the
|
|
<a href=/v1.19/docs/setup/install/multicluster>gateway-connected multicluster example</a>
|
|
for more details.</p><p>Note that the labels of the subsets in the destination rule map to the service entry
|
|
endpoint label (<code>cluster: cluster2</code>) corresponding to the <code>cluster2</code> gateway.
|
|
Once the request reaches the destination cluster, a local destination rule will be used
|
|
to identify the actual pod labels (<code>version: v1</code> or <code>version: v2</code>) corresponding to the
|
|
requested subset.</p><h2 id=create-a-destination-rule-on-both-clusters-for-the-local-reviews-service>Create a destination rule on both clusters for the local reviews service</h2><p>Technically, we only need to define the subsets of the local service that are being used
|
|
in each cluster (i.e., <code>v1</code> in <code>cluster1</code>, <code>v2</code> and <code>v3</code> in <code>cluster2</code>), but for simplicity we’ll
|
|
just define all three subsets in both clusters, since there’s nothing wrong with defining subsets
|
|
for versions that are not actually deployed.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply --context=$CTX_CLUSTER1 -f - <<EOF
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: DestinationRule
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: reviews
|
|
spec:
|
|
host: reviews.default.svc.cluster.local
|
|
trafficPolicy:
|
|
tls:
|
|
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
|
subsets:
|
|
- name: v1
|
|
labels:
|
|
version: v1
|
|
- name: v2
|
|
labels:
|
|
version: v2
|
|
- name: v3
|
|
labels:
|
|
version: v3
|
|
EOF
|
|
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply --context=$CTX_CLUSTER2 -f - <<EOF
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: DestinationRule
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: reviews
|
|
spec:
|
|
host: reviews.default.svc.cluster.local
|
|
trafficPolicy:
|
|
tls:
|
|
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
|
subsets:
|
|
- name: v1
|
|
labels:
|
|
version: v1
|
|
- name: v2
|
|
labels:
|
|
version: v2
|
|
- name: v3
|
|
labels:
|
|
version: v3
|
|
EOF
|
|
</code></pre><h2 id=create-a-virtual-service-to-route-reviews-service-traffic>Create a virtual service to route reviews service traffic</h2><p>At this point, all calls to the <code>reviews</code> service will go to the local <code>reviews</code> pods (<code>v1</code>) because
|
|
if you look at the source code you will see that the <code>productpage</code> implementation is simply making
|
|
requests to <code>http://reviews:9080</code> (which expands to host <code>reviews.default.svc.cluster.local</code>), the
|
|
local version of the service.
|
|
The corresponding remote service is named <code>reviews.default.global</code>, so route rules are needed to
|
|
redirect requests to the global host.</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.19/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Note that if all of the versions of the <code>reviews</code> service were remote, so there is no local <code>reviews</code>
|
|
service defined, the DNS would resolve <code>reviews</code> directly to <code>reviews.default.global</code>. In that case
|
|
we could call the remote <code>reviews</code> service without any route rules.</div></aside></div><p>Apply the following virtual service to direct traffic for user <code>jason</code> to <code>reviews</code> versions <code>v2</code> and <code>v3</code> (50/50)
|
|
which are running on <code>cluster2</code>. Traffic for any other user will go to <code>reviews</code> version <code>v1</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply --context=$CTX_CLUSTER1 -f - <<EOF
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: VirtualService
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: reviews
|
|
spec:
|
|
hosts:
|
|
- reviews.default.svc.cluster.local
|
|
http:
|
|
- match:
|
|
- headers:
|
|
end-user:
|
|
exact: jason
|
|
route:
|
|
- destination:
|
|
host: reviews.default.global
|
|
subset: v2
|
|
weight: 50
|
|
- destination:
|
|
host: reviews.default.global
|
|
subset: v3
|
|
weight: 50
|
|
- route:
|
|
- destination:
|
|
host: reviews.default.svc.cluster.local
|
|
subset: v1
|
|
EOF
|
|
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.19/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>This 50/50 rule isn’t a particularly realistic example. It’s just a convenient way to demonstrate
|
|
accessing multiple subsets of a remote service.</div></aside></div><p>Return to your browser and login as user <code>jason</code>. If you refresh the page several times, you should see
|
|
the display alternating between black and red ratings stars (<code>v2</code> and <code>v3</code>). If you logout, you will
|
|
only see reviews without ratings (<code>v1</code>).</p><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>In this article, we’ve seen how to use Istio route rules to distribute the versions of a service
|
|
across clusters in a multicluster service mesh with a replicated control plane model.
|
|
In this example, we manually configured the <code>.global</code> service entry and destination rules needed to provide
|
|
connectivity to one remote service, <code>reviews</code>. In general, however, if we wanted to enable any service
|
|
to run either locally or remotely, we would need to create <code>.global</code> resources for every service.
|
|
Fortunately, this process could be automated and likely will be in a future Istio release.</p></div><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="An overview of Istio 1.1 performance." href=/v1.19/blog/2019/istio1.1_perf/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.19/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Architecting Istio 1.1 for Performance</a></div><div class=right><a title="Announces the new Istio blog policy." href=/v1.19/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/ class=next-link>Sail the Blog!<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.19/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav></article><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title='GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code' href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use xlink:href="/v1.19/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg></a><a class=channel title="Access our team drive if you'd like to 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