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title="Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.1.7 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/announcing-1.1.7/>Announcing Istio 1.1.7</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.1.6 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/announcing-1.1.6/>Announcing Istio 1.1.6</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.1.5 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/announcing-1.1.5/>Announcing Istio 1.1.5</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.1.4 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/announcing-1.1.4/>Announcing Istio 1.1.4</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.1.3 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/announcing-1.1.3/>Announcing Istio 1.1.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.0.7 patch releases." 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Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announces the new Istio blog policy." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/>Sail the Blog!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio&#39;s Sidecar Injection Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio has a new discussion board." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually." href=/v1.2/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a Custom Ingress Gateway Using Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card1 title="Blog posts for 2018." aria-controls=card1-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2018 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card1 role=region id=card1-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card1><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.0.5 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.5/>Announcing Istio 1.0.5</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.0.4 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.4/>Announcing Istio 1.0.4</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.0.3 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.3/>Announcing Istio 1.0.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.0.2 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.2/>Announcing Istio 1.0.2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 1.0.1 patch release." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.1/>Announcing Istio 1.0.1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio is ready for production use with its 1.0 release." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/announcing-1.0/>Announcing Istio 1.0</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP&#39;s FitStation Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.2/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card2 title="Blog posts for 2017." aria-controls=card2-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2017 Posts</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card2 role=region id=card2-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card2><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Improving availability and reducing latency." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture.">Mixer Adapter Model</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 0.2 announcement." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/0.2-announcement/>Announcing Istio 0.2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Auth 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/0.1-announcement/>Introducing Istio</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.2/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.2/blog/ title="Posts about using Istio.">Blog</a></li><li><a href=/v1.2/blog/2017/ title="Blog posts for 2017.">2017 Posts</a></li><li>Mixer Adapter Model</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div><h1 id=title>Mixer Adapter Model</h1><p class=subtitle>Extending Istio to integrate with a world of infrastructure backends</p><p class=byline><span>By</span>
<span class=attribution>Martin Taillefer</span><span> | </span><span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#calendar"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>November 3, 2017</span><span> | </span><span title="1004 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>5 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Why adapters?"><a href=#why-adapters>Why adapters?</a><li role=none aria-label=Philosophy><a href=#philosophy>Philosophy</a><li role=none aria-label="Handlers: configuring adapters"><a href=#handlers-configuring-adapters>Handlers: configuring adapters</a><li role=none aria-label="Templates: adapter input schema"><a href=#templates-adapter-input-schema>Templates: adapter input schema</a><li role=none aria-label="Instances: attribute mapping"><a href=#instances-attribute-mapping>Instances: attribute mapping</a><li role=none aria-label="Rules: delivering data to adapters"><a href=#rules-delivering-data-to-adapters>Rules: delivering data to adapters</a><li role=none aria-label=Future><a href=#future>Future</a><li role=none aria-label=Conclusion><a href=#conclusion>Conclusion</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>Istio 0.2 introduced a new Mixer adapter model which is intended to increase Mixer’s flexibility to address a varied set of infrastructure backends. This post intends to put the adapter model in context and explain how it works.</p><h2 id=why-adapters>Why adapters?</h2><p>Infrastructure backends provide support functionality used to build services. They include such things as access control systems, telemetry capturing systems, quota enforcement systems, billing systems, and so forth. Services traditionally directly integrate with these backend systems, creating a hard coupling and baking-in specific semantics and usage options.</p><p>Mixer serves as an abstraction layer between Istio and an open-ended set of infrastructure backends. The Istio components and services that run within the mesh can interact with these backends, while not being coupled to the backends’ specific interfaces.</p><p>In addition to insulating application-level code from the details of infrastructure backends, Mixer provides an intermediation model that allows operators to inject and control policies between application code and backends. Operators can control which data is reported to which backend, which backend to consult for authorization, and much more.</p><p>Given that individual infrastructure backends each have different interfaces and operational models, Mixer needs custom
code to deal with each and we call these custom bundles of code <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Compiled-In-Adapter-Dev-Guide><em>adapters</em></a>.</p><p>Adapters are Go packages that are directly linked into the Mixer binary. It’s fairly simple to create custom Mixer binaries linked with specialized sets of adapters, in case the default set of adapters is not sufficient for specific use cases.</p><h2 id=philosophy>Philosophy</h2><p>Mixer is essentially an attribute processing and routing machine. The proxy sends it <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/#attributes>attributes</a> as part of doing precondition checks and telemetry reports, which it turns into a series of calls into adapters. The operator supplies configuration which describes how to map incoming attributes to inputs for the adapters.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:42.60859894197215%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/machine.svg title="Attribute Machine"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/machine.svg alt="Attribute Machine"></a></div><figcaption>Attribute Machine</figcaption></figure><p>Configuration is a complex task. In fact, evidence shows that the overwhelming majority of service outages are caused by configuration errors. To help combat this, Mixer’s configuration model enforces a number of constraints designed to avoid errors. For example, the configuration model uses strong typing to ensure that only meaningful attributes or attribute expressions are used in any given context.</p><h2 id=handlers-configuring-adapters>Handlers: configuring adapters</h2><p>Each adapter that Mixer uses requires some configuration to operate. Typically, adapters need things like the URL to their backend, credentials, caching options, and so forth. Each adapter defines the exact configuration data it needs via a <a href=https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/>protobuf</a> message.</p><p>You configure each adapter by creating <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/#handlers><em>handlers</em></a> for them. A handler is a
configuration resource which represents a fully configured adapter ready for use. There can be any number of handlers for a single adapter, making it possible to reuse an adapter in different scenarios.</p><h2 id=templates-adapter-input-schema>Templates: adapter input schema</h2><p>Mixer is typically invoked twice for every incoming request to a mesh service, once for precondition checks and once for telemetry reporting. For every such call, Mixer invokes one or more adapters. Different adapters need different pieces of data as input in order to do their work. A logging adapter needs a log entry, a metric adapter needs a metric, an authorization adapter needs credentials, etc.
Mixer <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/><em>templates</em></a> are used to describe the exact data that an adapter consumes at request time.</p><p>Each template is specified as a <a href=https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/>protobuf</a> message. A single template describes a bundle of data that is delivered to one or more adapters at runtime. Any given adapter can be designed to support any number of templates, the specific templates the adapter supports is determined by the adapter developer.</p><p><a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/><code>metric</code></a> and <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/><code>logentry</code></a> are two of the most essential templates used within Istio. They represent respectively the payload to report a single metric and a single log entry to appropriate backends.</p><h2 id=instances-attribute-mapping>Instances: attribute mapping</h2><p>You control which data is delivered to individual adapters by creating
<a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/#instances><em>instances</em></a>.
Instances control how Mixer uses the <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/#attributes>attributes</a> delivered
by the proxy into individual bundles of data that can be routed to different adapters.</p><p>Creating instances generally requires using <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>attribute expressions</a>. The point of these expressions is to use any attribute or literal value in order to produce a result that can be assigned to an instance’s field.</p><p>Every instance field has a type, as defined in the template, every attribute has a
<a href=https://github.com/istio/api/blob/master/policy/v1beta1/value_type.proto>type</a>, and every attribute expression has a type.
You can only assign type-compatible expressions to any given instance fields. For example, you can’t assign an integer expression
to a string field. This kind of strong typing is designed to minimize the risk of creating bogus configurations.</p><h2 id=rules-delivering-data-to-adapters>Rules: delivering data to adapters</h2><p>The last piece to the puzzle is telling Mixer which instances to send to which handler and when. This is done by
creating <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/#rules><em>rules</em></a>. Each rule identifies a specific handler and the set of
instances to send to that handler. Whenever Mixer processes an incoming call, it invokes the indicated handler and gives it the specific set of instances for processing.</p><p>Rules contain matching predicates. A predicate is an attribute expression which returns a true/false value. A rule only takes effect if its predicate expression returns true. Otherwise, it’s like the rule didn’t exist and the indicated handler isn’t invoked.</p><h2 id=future>Future</h2><p>We are working to improve the end to end experience of using and developing adapters. For example, several new features are planned to make templates more expressive. Additionally, the expression language is being substantially enhanced to be more powerful and well-rounded.</p><p>Longer term, we are evaluating ways to support adapters which aren’t directly linked into the main Mixer binary. This would simplify deployment and composition.</p><h2 id=conclusion>Conclusion</h2><p>The refreshed Mixer adapter model is designed to provide a flexible framework to support an open-ended set of infrastructure backends.</p><p>Handlers provide configuration data for individual adapters, templates determine exactly what kind of data different adapters want to consume at runtime, instances let operators prepare this data, rules direct the data to one or more handlers.</p><p>You can learn more about Mixer&rsquo;s overall architecture <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>here</a>, and learn the specifics of templates, handlers,
and rules <a href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry>here</a>. You can find many examples of Mixer configuration resources in the Bookinfo sample
<a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.2/samples/bookinfo>here</a>.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.2/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></p><p class=desc>Improving availability and reducing latency.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.2/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer Configuration Model</a></p><p class=desc>Describes the configuration model for Istio&#39;s policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.2/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress</a></p><p class=desc>Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.2/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></p><p class=desc>Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.2/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs</a></p><p class=desc>This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize logs.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.2/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics</a></p><p class=desc>This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize metrics.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Improving availability and reducing latency." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></div><div class=right><a title="Istio 0.2 announcement." href=/v1.2/blog/2017/0.2-announcement/>Announcing Istio 0.2<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label="Why adapters?"><a href=#why-adapters>Why adapters?</a><li role=none aria-label=Philosophy><a href=#philosophy>Philosophy</a><li role=none aria-label="Handlers: configuring adapters"><a href=#handlers-configuring-adapters>Handlers: configuring adapters</a><li role=none aria-label="Templates: adapter input schema"><a href=#templates-adapter-input-schema>Templates: adapter input schema</a><li role=none aria-label="Instances: attribute mapping"><a href=#instances-attribute-mapping>Instances: attribute mapping</a><li role=none aria-label="Rules: delivering data to adapters"><a href=#rules-delivering-data-to-adapters>Rules: delivering data to adapters</a><li role=none aria-label=Future><a href=#future>Future</a><li role=none aria-label=Conclusion><a href=#conclusion>Conclusion</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.2.5 now" href=https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/tag/1.2.5 aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.2/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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