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cluster using Helm." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/helm/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Install Multicluster"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Install Multicluster</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before installing Istio on multiple clusters." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multicluster/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary/>Install Multi-Primary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote/>Install Primary-Remote</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters on different networks." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary_multi-network/>Install Multi-Primary on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters on different networks." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote_multi-network/>Install Primary-Remote on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verify that Istio has been installed properly on multiple clusters." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multicluster/verify/>Verify the installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio with an external control plane and a remote cluster data plane." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/external-controlplane/>Install Istio with an External Control Plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install multiple Istio control planes in a single cluster using revisions and discoverySelectors." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/multiple-controlplanes/>Install Multiple Istio Control Planes in a Single Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy Istio and connect a workload running within a virtual machine to it." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/virtual-machine/>Virtual Machine Installation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/install/operator/>Istio Operator Install</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Upgrade, downgrade, and manage Istio across multiple control plane revisions." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade Istio by first running a canary deployment of a new control plane." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/upgrade/canary/>Canary Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio in place." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/upgrade/in-place/>In-place Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to upgrade Istio using Helm." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/upgrade/helm/>Upgrade with Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Get the files required to install and explore Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/download-istio-release/>Download the Istio release</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title='How to configure "compatibility versions", to decouple behavioral changes from releases.' href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/compatibility-versions/>Compatibility Versions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize Istio Gateways." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/gateway/>Installing Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to customize installation configuration options." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/customize-installation/>Customizing the installation configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to customize installation configuration options when installing with helm." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/customize-installation-helm/>Advanced Helm Chart Customization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio in Dual-Stack mode running on a Dual-Stack Kubernetes cluster." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/dual-stack/>Install Istio in Dual-Stack mode</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Pod Security admission controller." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/pod-security-admission/>Install Istio with Pod Security Admission</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use the Istio CNI node agent, allowing operators to deploy workloads with lower privilege." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install the Istio CNI node agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features with the legacy Istio APIs." href=/v1.23/docs/setup/additional-setup/getting-started-istio-apis/>Getting Started without the Gateway API</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Ambient Mode"><a class=main title="Information for setting up and operating Istio with support for ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/>Ambient Mode</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An overview of Istio's ambient data plane mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Getting Started"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="How to deploy and install Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/getting-started/>Getting Started</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy the Bookinfo sample application." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/getting-started/deploy-sample-app/>Deploy the application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Enable ambient mode and secure the communication between applications." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/getting-started/secure-and-visualize/>Secure and visualize the application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Enforce Layer 4 and Layer 7 authorization policies in an ambient mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/getting-started/enforce-auth-policies/>Enforce authorization policies</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Manage traffic between services in the ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/getting-started/manage-traffic/>Manage traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Delete Istio and associated resources." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/getting-started/cleanup/>Cleanup</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Installation guides for Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Platform-specific prerequisites for installing Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/install/platform-prerequisites/>Platform-Specific Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio with support for ambient mode with Helm." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/install/helm/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio with support for ambient mode using the istioctl command line tool." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/install/istioctl/>Install with istioctl</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Upgrade guides for Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrading an ambient mode installation with Helm." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/upgrade/helm/>Upgrade with Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="User Guides"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="How to configure your mesh to take advantage of ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/>User Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understand how to add workloads to an ambient mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/add-workloads/>Add workloads to the mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understand how to verify mTLS is enabled among workloads in an ambient mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/verify-mtls-enabled/>Verify mutual TLS is enabled</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding how CNI-enforced L4 Kubernetes NetworkPolicy interacts with Istio's ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/networkpolicy/>Ambient and Kubernetes NetworkPolicy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Supported security features when only using the secure L4 overlay." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/l4-policy/>Use Layer 4 security policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Gain the full set of Istio features with optional Layer 7 proxies." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/waypoint/>Configure waypoint proxies</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Supported features when using a L7 waypoint proxy." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/l7-features/>Use Layer 7 features</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to make remote WebAssembly modules available for ambient mode (Alpha)" href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/extend-waypoint-wasm/>Extend waypoints with WebAssembly plugins *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to validate the node proxies have the correct configuration." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/troubleshoot-ztunnel/>Troubleshoot connectivity issues with ztunnel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to investigate problems routing through waypoint proxies." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/usage/troubleshoot-waypoint/>Troubleshoot issues with waypoints</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Architecture><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="A deep dive into the architecture of ambient mode." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/architecture/>Architecture</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understand how ambient interacts with the Istio control plane." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/architecture/control-plane/>Ambient and the Istio control plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understand how the ambient data plane routes traffic between workloads in an ambient mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/architecture/data-plane/>Ambient data plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding Istio's secure tunneling protocol." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/architecture/hbone/>HBONE</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understand how traffic is redirected between pods and the ztunnel node proxy." href=/v1.23/docs/ambient/architecture/traffic-redirection/>Ztunnel traffic redirection</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Tasks><a class=main title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/>Tasks</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to set up request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Locality Load Balancing"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This series of tasks demonstrate how to configure locality load balancing in Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before configuring locality load balancing." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates how to configure your mesh for locality failover." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/failover/>Locality failover</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This guide demonstrates how to configure locality distribution." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/distribute/>Locality weighted distribution</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Cleanup steps for locality load balancing." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/cleanup/>Cleanup</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress/>Secure Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to terminate TLS traffic at a sidecar without using an Ingress Gateway." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sidecar-tls-termination/>Ingress Sidecar TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure a Kubernetes Ingress object to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/kubernetes-ingress/>Kubernetes Ingress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure the Kubernetes Gateway API with Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/gateway-api/>Kubernetes Gateway API</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Certificate Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Management of the certificates in Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/>Certificate Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with a root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/plugin-ca-cert/>Plug in CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use a Custom Certificate Authority (that integrates with the Kubernetes CSR API) to provision Istio workload certificates (Experimental)" href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/custom-ca-k8s/>Custom CA Integration using Kubernetes CSR *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to set up mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to route requests based on JWT claims (Alpha)" href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authentication/jwt-route/>JWT claim based routing *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how users can copy their JWT claims to HTTP headers (Experimental)" href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authentication/claim-to-header/>Copy JWT Claims to HTTP Headers *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>HTTP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>TCP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for JWT token." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>JWT Token</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to integrate and delegate access control to an external authorization system." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-custom/>External Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Explicit Deny</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Ingress Access Control</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Trust Domain Migration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to dry-run an authorization policy without enforcing it (Alpha)" href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-dry-run/>Dry Run *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="TLS Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="TLS configuration in Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure the minimum TLS version for Istio workloads." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/tls-configuration/workload-min-tls-version/>Istio Workload Minimum TLS Version Configuration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policy Enforcement"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policy Enforcement</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limit/>Enabling Rate Limits using Envoy</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure the Telemetry API." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/telemetry/>Telemetry API</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics with Telemetry API." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/telemetry-api/>Customizing Istio Metrics with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/customize-metrics/>Customizing Istio Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to improve telemetry by grouping requests and responses by their type." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/classify-metrics/>Classifying Metrics Based on Request or Response</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to set up and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to send access logs with Telemetry API." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/logs/telemetry-api/>Configure access logs with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Envoy Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to send access logs with OpenTelemetry collector." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/logs/otel-provider/>OpenTelemetry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using Telemetry API." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/telemetry-api/>Configure tracing with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send OpenTelemetry traces to a Collector." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/opentelemetry/>OpenTelemetry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn the different approaches on how to configure trace sampling on the proxies." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/sampling/>Trace Sampling</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using MeshConfig and pod annotations." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/mesh-and-proxy-config/>Configure tracing using MeshConfig and Pod annotations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Lightstep." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>Lightstep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Extensibility><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to extend mesh behavior." href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/extensibility/>Extensibility</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to make remote WebAssembly modules available in the mesh (Alpha)" href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/extensibility/wasm-module-distribution/>Distributing WebAssembly Modules *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Examples><a class=main title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.23/docs/examples/>Examples</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.23/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Set up a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Set up a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Operations><a class=main title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/>Operations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Platform requirements for Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/platform-requirements/>Platform Requirements</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's security model." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/security-model/>Security Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture for virtual machines." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/vm-architecture/>Virtual Machine Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Requirements of applications deployed in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/application-requirements/>Application Requirements</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to scope configuration in Istio, for operational and performance benefits." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/configuration-scoping/>Configuration Scoping</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure certificates within your mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/manage-mesh-certificates/>Managing In-Mesh Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure TLS settings to secure network traffic." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Istio routes traffic through the mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/traffic-routing/>Traffic Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How DNS interacts with Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns/>DNS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure gateway network topology (Alpha)" href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/network-topologies/>Configuring Gateway Network Topology *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure DNS proxying." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns-proxy/>DNS Proxying</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure how traffic is distributed among clusters in the mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/multicluster/>Multi-cluster Traffic Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows common examples of using Istio security policy." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/security/security-policy-examples/>Security policy examples</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Prometheus to monitor multicluster Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/monitoring-multicluster-prometheus/>Monitoring Multicluster Istio with Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Extensibility><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage extensions to the service mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/>Extensibility</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how Istio determines whether to pull Wasm modules or use cached versions (Alpha)" href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/wasm-pull-policy/>Pull Policy for WebAssembly Modules *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use image signatures to verify the provenance of Istio images." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/best-practices/image-signing-validation/>Image Signing and Validation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button class=show aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio upgrades." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/upgrade-issues/>Upgrade Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to use istioctl check-inject to confirm if Istio sidecar injection is properly enabled for your deployments." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/check-inject/>Verifying Istio Sidecar Injection with Istioctl Check-Inject</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into a running istiod component." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Istiod Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with Virtual Machines." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/virtual-machines/>Debugging Virtual Machines</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with multicluster and multi-network installations." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/multicluster/>Troubleshooting Multicluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues using Istio with the CNI plugin." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/cni/>Troubleshooting the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Integrations><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Other software that Istio can integrate with to provide additional functionality." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/>Integrations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with cert-manager." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/certmanager/>cert-manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Grafana to set up Istio dashboards." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Jaeger." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Kiali." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/kiali/>Kiali</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Prometheus." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure Istio to integrate with SPIRE to get cryptographic identities through Envoy's SDS API." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/spire/>SPIRE</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Zipkin." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate Istio with third party load balancers." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/integrations/loadbalancers/>Third Party Load Balancers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Releases><a class=main title="Information relating to Istio releases." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/>Releases</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of features and their release stages." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/feature-stages/>Feature Status</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if you find a bug." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/bugs/>Reporting Bugs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How we handle security vulnerabilities." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/security-vulnerabilities/>Security Vulnerabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The currently supported Istio releases." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/supported-releases/>Supported Releases</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Contribute Documentation"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Details how to create and maintain Istio documentation pages." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/>Contribute Documentation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use GitHub to contribute to the Istio documentation." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/github/>Work with GitHub</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute new documentation to Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/add-content/>Add New Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute retired documentation to Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/remove-content/>Remove Retired Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to locally build, test, serve, and preview the website." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/build/>Build and serve the website locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the front matter used in our documentation and the fields available." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/front-matter/>Front matter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how changes to the Istio documentation and website are reviewed and approved." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/review/>Documentation Review Process</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to include code in your documentation." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/code-blocks/>Add Code Blocks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the shortcodes available and how to use them." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/shortcodes/>Use Shortcodes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the standard markup used to format Istio documentation." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/formatting/>Follow Formatting Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the style conventions used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/style-guide/>Style Guide</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the terminology standards used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/terminology/>Terminology Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides assets and instructions to create diagrams for the Istio documentation." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/contribute/diagrams/>Diagram Creation Guidelines</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of recent changes to this website." href=/v1.23/docs/releases/log/>Website Content Changes</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Reference><a class=main title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/>Reference</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Telemetry configuration for workloads." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the structure of messages generated by Istio analyzers." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/istio.analysis.v1alpha1/>Analysis Messages</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the role of the `status` field in configuration workflow." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/config-status/>Configuration Status Field</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Proxy Extensions"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio proxy extensions." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/>Proxy Extensions</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Extend the functionality provided by the Istio proxy through WebAssembly filters." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm-plugin/>Wasm Plugin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stats Filter." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stats/>Stats Config</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides configuration for individual workloads." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/proxy-config/>ProxyConfig</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting VMs onboarded into the mesh." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/>Workload Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a collection of workload instances." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-group/>Workload Group</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported normalizations in authorization policies." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/security/normalization/>Authorization Policy Normalization</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Types"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes common types in Istio API." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/type/>Common Types</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Definition of a workload selector." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/type/workload-selector/>Workload Selector</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource labels used by Istio." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/labels/>Resource Labels</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configuration analysis." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0136/>AlphaAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0159/>ConflictingTelemetryWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0116/>DeploymentAssociatedToMultipleServices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0137/>DeploymentConflictingPorts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0135/>DeprecatedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0153/>EnvoyFilterUsesAddOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0151/>EnvoyFilterUsesRelativeOperation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0155/>EnvoyFilterUsesRelativeOperationWithProxyVersion</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0154/>EnvoyFilterUsesRemoveOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0152/>EnvoyFilterUsesReplaceOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0164/>ExternalControlPlaneAddressIsNotAHostname</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0150/>ExternalNameServiceTypeInvalidPortName</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0162/>GatewayPortNotDefinedOnService</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0167/>IneffectivePolicy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0166/>IneffectiveSelector</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0125/>InvalidAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0144/>InvalidApplicationUID</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0163/>InvalidExternalControlPlaneConfig</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0161/>InvalidGatewayCredential</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0157/>InvalidTelemetryProvider</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0143/>LocalhostListener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0160/>MultipleTelemetriesWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0123/>NamespaceMultipleInjectionLabels</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0127/>NoMatchingWorkloadsFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0128/>NoServerCertificateVerificationDestinationLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0129/>NoServerCertificateVerificationPortLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0158/>PodsIstioProxyImageMismatchInNamespace</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0134/>ServiceEntryAddressesRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0132/>VirtualServiceHostNotFoundInGateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0131/>VirtualServiceIneffectiveMatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.23/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0130/>VirtualServiceUnreachableRule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio CNI plugin on a node, detect and repair pod which is broken by race condition." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/commands/install-cni/>install-cni</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.23/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button id=sidebar-toggle class=main-navigation-toggle aria-label="Open sidebar">
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Contents</button><article aria-labelledby=title><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.23/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Documentation</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.23/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.23/docs/ops/ title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh.">Operations</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.23/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/ title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio.">Common Problems</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.23/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li>Traffic Management Problems</li></ol></nav><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Traffic Management Problems</h1><p class=byline><span class=reading-time title="3165 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.23/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>15 minute read</span>
<span>&nbsp;</span>
<span></span></p></div></div><nav class="toc-inlined toc-forced" aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Requests are rejected by Envoy"><a href=#requests-are-rejected-by-envoy>Requests are rejected by Envoy</a><li role=none aria-label="Route rules don&rsquo;t seem to affect traffic flow"><a href=#route-rules-dont-seem-to-affect-traffic-flow>Route rules don&rsquo;t seem to affect traffic flow</a><li role=none aria-label="503 errors after setting destination rule"><a href=#503-errors-after-setting-destination-rule>503 errors after setting destination rule</a><li role=none aria-label="Route rules have no effect on ingress gateway requests"><a href=#route-rules-have-no-effect-on-ingress-gateway-requests>Route rules have no effect on ingress gateway requests</a><li role=none aria-label="Envoy is crashing under load"><a href=#envoy-is-crashing-under-load>Envoy is crashing under load</a><li role=none aria-label="Envoy won&rsquo;t connect to my HTTP/1.0 service"><a href=#envoy-wont-connect-to-my-http10-service>Envoy won&rsquo;t connect to my HTTP/1.0 service</a><li role=none aria-label="503 error while accessing headless services"><a href=#503-error-while-accessing-headless-services>503 error while accessing headless services</a><li role=none aria-label="TLS configuration mistakes"><a href=#tls-configuration-mistakes>TLS configuration mistakes</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Sending HTTPS to an HTTP port"><a href=#sending-https-to-an-http-port>Sending HTTPS to an HTTP port</a><li role=none aria-label="Gateway to virtual service TLS mismatch"><a href=#gateway-mismatch>Gateway to virtual service TLS mismatch</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Gateway with TLS termination"><a href=#gateway-with-tls-termination>Gateway with TLS termination</a><li role=none aria-label="Gateway with TLS passthrough"><a href=#gateway-with-tls-passthrough>Gateway with TLS passthrough</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Double TLS (TLS origination for a TLS request)"><a href=#double-tls>Double TLS (TLS origination for a TLS request)</a><li role=none aria-label="404 errors occur when multiple gateways configured with same TLS certificate"><a href=#404-errors-occur-when-multiple-gateways-configured-with-same-tls-certificate>404 errors occur when multiple gateways configured with same TLS certificate</a><li role=none aria-label="Configuring SNI routing when not sending SNI"><a href=#configuring-sni-routing-when-not-sending-sni>Configuring SNI routing when not sending SNI</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Unchanged Envoy filter configuration suddenly stops working"><a href=#unchanged-envoy-filter-configuration-suddenly-stops-working>Unchanged Envoy filter configuration suddenly stops working</a><li role=none aria-label="Virtual service with fault injection and retry/timeout policies not working as expected"><a href=#virtual-service-with-fault-injection-and-retrytimeout-policies-not-working-as-expected>Virtual service with fault injection and retry/timeout policies not working as expected</a></ol><hr></div></nav><h2 id=requests-are-rejected-by-envoy>Requests are rejected by Envoy</h2><p>Requests may be rejected for various reasons. The best way to understand why requests are being rejected is
by inspecting Envoy&rsquo;s access logs. By default, access logs are output to the standard output of the container.
Run the following command to see the log:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs PODNAME -c istio-proxy -n NAMESPACE
</code></pre><p>In the default access log format, Envoy response flags are located after the response code,
if you are using a custom log format, make sure to include <code>%RESPONSE_FLAGS%</code>.</p><p>Refer to the <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/configuration/observability/access_log/usage#config-access-log-format-response-flags>Envoy response flags</a>
for details of response flags.</p><p>Common response flags are:</p><ul><li><code>NR</code>: No route configured, check your <code>DestinationRule</code> or <code>VirtualService</code>.</li><li><code>UO</code>: Upstream overflow with circuit breaking, check your circuit breaker configuration in <code>DestinationRule</code>.</li><li><code>UF</code>: Failed to connect to upstream, if you&rsquo;re using Istio authentication, check for a
<a href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/#503-errors-after-setting-destination-rule>mutual TLS configuration conflict</a>.</li></ul><h2 id=route-rules-dont-seem-to-affect-traffic-flow>Route rules don&rsquo;t seem to affect traffic flow</h2><p>With the current Envoy sidecar implementation, up to 100 requests may be required for weighted
version distribution to be observed.</p><p>If route rules are working perfectly for the <a href=/v1.23/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo</a> sample,
but similar version routing rules have no effect on your own application, it may be that
your Kubernetes services need to be changed slightly.
Kubernetes services must adhere to certain restrictions in order to take advantage of
Istio&rsquo;s L7 routing features.
Refer to the <a href=/v1.23/docs/ops/deployment/application-requirements/>Requirements for Pods and Services</a>
for details.</p><p>Another potential issue is that the route rules may simply be slow to take effect.
The Istio implementation on Kubernetes utilizes an eventually consistent
algorithm to ensure all Envoy sidecars have the correct configuration
including all route rules. A configuration change will take some time
to propagate to all the sidecars. With large deployments the
propagation will take longer and there may be a lag time on the
order of seconds.</p><h2 id=503-errors-after-setting-destination-rule>503 errors after setting destination rule</h2><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.23/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>You should only see this error if you disabled <a href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/#auto-mutual-tls>automatic mutual TLS</a> during install.</div></aside></div><p>If requests to a service immediately start generating HTTP 503 errors after you applied a <code>DestinationRule</code>
and the errors continue until you remove or revert the <code>DestinationRule</code>, then the <code>DestinationRule</code> is probably
causing a TLS conflict for the service.</p><p>For example, if you configure mutual TLS in the cluster globally, the <code>DestinationRule</code> must include the following <code>trafficPolicy</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
</code></pre><p>Otherwise, the mode defaults to <code>DISABLE</code> causing client proxy sidecars to make plain HTTP requests
instead of TLS encrypted requests. Thus, the requests conflict with the server proxy because the server proxy expects
encrypted requests.</p><p>Whenever you apply a <code>DestinationRule</code>, ensure the <code>trafficPolicy</code> TLS mode matches the global server configuration.</p><h2 id=route-rules-have-no-effect-on-ingress-gateway-requests>Route rules have no effect on ingress gateway requests</h2><p>Let&rsquo;s assume you are using an ingress <code>Gateway</code> and corresponding <code>VirtualService</code> to access an internal service.
For example, your <code>VirtualService</code> looks something like this:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
hosts:
- &#34;myapp.com&#34; # or maybe &#34;*&#34; if you are testing without DNS using the ingress-gateway IP (e.g., http://1.2.3.4/hello)
gateways:
- myapp-gateway
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /hello
route:
- destination:
host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
- match:
...
</code></pre><p>You also have a <code>VirtualService</code> which routes traffic for the helloworld service to a particular subset:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: helloworld
spec:
hosts:
- helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
</code></pre><p>In this situation you will notice that requests to the helloworld service via the ingress gateway will
not be directed to subset v1 but instead will continue to use default round-robin routing.</p><p>The ingress requests are using the gateway host (e.g., <code>myapp.com</code>)
which will activate the rules in the myapp <code>VirtualService</code> that routes to any endpoint of the helloworld service.
Only internal requests with the host <code>helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local</code> will use the
helloworld <code>VirtualService</code> which directs traffic exclusively to subset v1.</p><p>To control the traffic from the gateway, you need to also include the subset rule in the myapp <code>VirtualService</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
hosts:
- &#34;myapp.com&#34; # or maybe &#34;*&#34; if you are testing without DNS using the ingress-gateway IP (e.g., http://1.2.3.4/hello)
gateways:
- myapp-gateway
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /hello
route:
- destination:
host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
- match:
...
</code></pre><p>Alternatively, you can combine both <code>VirtualServices</code> into one unit if possible:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
hosts:
- myapp.com # cannot use &#34;*&#34; here since this is being combined with the mesh services
- helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
gateways:
- mesh # applies internally as well as externally
- myapp-gateway
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /hello
gateways:
- myapp-gateway #restricts this rule to apply only to ingress gateway
route:
- destination:
host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
- match:
- gateways:
- mesh # applies to all services inside the mesh
route:
- destination:
host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
</code></pre><h2 id=envoy-is-crashing-under-load>Envoy is crashing under load</h2><p>Check your <code>ulimit -a</code>. Many systems have a 1024 open file descriptor limit by default which will cause Envoy to assert and crash with:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>[2017-05-17 03:00:52.735][14236][critical][assert] assert failure: fd_ != -1: external/envoy/source/common/network/connection_impl.cc:58
</code></pre><p>Make sure to raise your ulimit. Example: <code>ulimit -n 16384</code></p><h2 id=envoy-wont-connect-to-my-http10-service>Envoy won&rsquo;t connect to my HTTP/1.0 service</h2><p>Envoy requires <code>HTTP/1.1</code> or <code>HTTP/2</code> traffic for upstream services. For example, when using <a href=https://www.nginx.com/>NGINX</a> for serving traffic behind Envoy, you
will need to set the <a href=https://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_proxy_module.html#proxy_http_version>proxy_http_version</a> directive in your NGINX configuration to be &ldquo;1.1&rdquo;, since the NGINX default is 1.0.</p><p>Example configuration:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>upstream http_backend {
server 127.0.0.1:8080;
keepalive 16;
}
server {
...
location /http/ {
proxy_pass http://http_backend;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Connection &#34;&#34;;
...
}
}
</code></pre><h2 id=503-error-while-accessing-headless-services>503 error while accessing headless services</h2><p>Assume Istio is installed with the following configuration:</p><ul><li><code>mTLS mode</code> set to <code>STRICT</code> within the mesh</li><li><code>meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode</code> set to <code>ALLOW_ANY</code></li></ul><p>Consider <code>nginx</code> is deployed as a <code>StatefulSet</code> in the default namespace and a corresponding <code>Headless Service</code> is defined as shown below:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: http-web # Explicitly defining an http port
clusterIP: None # Creates a Headless Service
selector:
app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: web
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
serviceName: &#34;nginx&#34;
replicas: 3
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: registry.k8s.io/nginx-slim:0.8
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
</code></pre><p>The port name <code>http-web</code> in the Service definition explicitly specifies the http protocol for that port.</p><p>Let us assume we have a <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.23/samples/sleep>sleep</a> pod <code>Deployment</code> as well in the default namespace.
When <code>nginx</code> is accessed from this <code>sleep</code> pod using its Pod IP (this is one of the common ways to access a headless service), the request goes via the <code>PassthroughCluster</code> to the server-side, but the sidecar proxy on the server-side fails to find the route entry to <code>nginx</code> and fails with <code>HTTP 503 UC</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath=&#39;{.items..metadata.name}&#39;)
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl 10.1.1.171 -s -o /dev/null -w &#34;%{http_code}&#34;
503
</code></pre><p><code>10.1.1.171</code> is the Pod IP of one of the replicas of <code>nginx</code> and the service is accessed on <code>containerPort</code> 80.</p><p>Here are some of the ways to avoid this 503 error:</p><ol><li><p>Specify the correct Host header:</p><p>The Host header in the curl request above will be the Pod IP by default. Specifying the Host header as <code>nginx.default</code> in our request to <code>nginx</code> successfully returns <code>HTTP 200 OK</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath=&#39;{.items..metadata.name}&#39;)
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl -H &#34;Host: nginx.default&#34; 10.1.1.171 -s -o /dev/null -w &#34;%{http_code}&#34;
200
</code></pre></li><li><p>Set port name to <code>tcp</code> or <code>tcp-web</code> or <code>tcp-&lt;custom_name></code>:</p><p>Here the protocol is explicitly specified as <code>tcp</code>. In this case, only the <code>TCP Proxy</code> network filter on the sidecar proxy is used both on the client-side and server-side. HTTP Connection Manager is not used at all and therefore, any kind of header is not expected in the request.</p><p>A request to <code>nginx</code> with or without explicitly setting the Host header successfully returns <code>HTTP 200 OK</code>.</p><p>This is useful in certain scenarios where a client may not be able to include header information in the request.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath=&#39;{.items..metadata.name}&#39;)
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl 10.1.1.171 -s -o /dev/null -w &#34;%{http_code}&#34;
200
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl -H &#34;Host: nginx.default&#34; 10.1.1.171 -s -o /dev/null -w &#34;%{http_code}&#34;
200
</code></pre></li><li><p>Use domain name instead of Pod IP:</p><p>A specific instance of a headless service can also be accessed using just the domain name.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath=&#39;{.items..metadata.name}&#39;)
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- curl web-0.nginx.default -s -o /dev/null -w &#34;%{http_code}&#34;
200
</code></pre><p>Here <code>web-0</code> is the pod name of one of the 3 replicas of <code>nginx</code>.</p></li></ol><p>Refer to this <a href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/traffic-routing/>traffic routing</a> page for some additional information on headless services and traffic routing behavior for different protocols.</p><h2 id=tls-configuration-mistakes>TLS configuration mistakes</h2><p>Many traffic management problems
are caused by incorrect <a href=/v1.23/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/tls-configuration/>TLS configuration</a>.
The following sections describe some of the most common misconfigurations.</p><h3 id=sending-https-to-an-http-port>Sending HTTPS to an HTTP port</h3><p>If your application sends an HTTPS request to a service declared to be HTTP,
the Envoy sidecar will attempt to parse the request as HTTP while forwarding the request,
which will fail because the HTTP is unexpectedly encrypted.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: httpbin
spec:
hosts:
- httpbin.org
ports:
- number: 443
name: http
protocol: HTTP
resolution: DNS
</code></pre><p>Although the above configuration may be correct if you are intentionally sending plaintext on port 443 (e.g., <code>curl http://httpbin.org:443</code>),
generally port 443 is dedicated for HTTPS traffic.</p><p>Sending an HTTPS request like <code>curl https://httpbin.org</code>, which defaults to port 443, will result in an error like
<code>curl: (35) error:1408F10B:SSL routines:ssl3_get_record:wrong version number</code>.
The access logs may also show an error like <code>400 DPE</code>.</p><p>To fix this, you should change the port protocol to HTTPS:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>spec:
ports:
- number: 443
name: https
protocol: HTTPS
</code></pre><h3 id=gateway-mismatch>Gateway to virtual service TLS mismatch</h3><p>There are two common TLS mismatches that can occur when binding a virtual service to a gateway.</p><ol><li>The gateway terminates TLS while the virtual service configures TLS routing.</li><li>The gateway does TLS passthrough while the virtual service configures HTTP routing.</li></ol><h4 id=gateway-with-tls-termination>Gateway with TLS termination</h4><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: gateway
namespace: istio-system
spec:
selector:
istio: ingressgateway
servers:
- port:
number: 443
name: https
protocol: HTTPS
hosts:
- &#34;*&#34;
tls:
mode: SIMPLE
credentialName: sds-credential
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: httpbin
spec:
hosts:
- &#34;*.example.com&#34;
gateways:
- istio-system/gateway
tls:
- match:
- sniHosts:
- &#34;*.example.com&#34;
route:
- destination:
host: httpbin.org
</code></pre><p>In this example, the gateway is terminating TLS (the <code>tls.mode</code> configuration of the gateway is <code>SIMPLE</code>,
not <code>PASSTHROUGH</code>) while the virtual service is using TLS-based routing. Evaluating routing rules
occurs after the gateway terminates TLS, so the TLS rule will have no effect because the
request is then HTTP rather than HTTPS.</p><p>With this misconfiguration, you will end up getting 404 responses because the requests will be
sent to HTTP routing but there are no HTTP routes configured.
You can confirm this using the <code>istioctl proxy-config routes</code> command.</p><p>To fix this problem, you should switch the virtual service to specify <code>http</code> routing, instead of <code>tls</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>spec:
...
http:
- match:
- headers:
&#34;:authority&#34;:
regex: &#34;*.example.com&#34;
</code></pre><h4 id=gateway-with-tls-passthrough>Gateway with TLS passthrough</h4><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: gateway
spec:
selector:
istio: ingressgateway
servers:
- hosts:
- &#34;*&#34;
port:
name: https
number: 443
protocol: HTTPS
tls:
mode: PASSTHROUGH
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: virtual-service
spec:
gateways:
- gateway
hosts:
- httpbin.example.com
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: httpbin.org
</code></pre><p>In this configuration, the virtual service is attempting to match HTTP traffic against TLS traffic passed through the gateway.
This will result in the virtual service configuration having no effect. You can observe that the HTTP route is not applied using
the <code>istioctl proxy-config listener</code> and <code>istioctl proxy-config route</code> commands.</p><p>To fix this, you should switch the virtual service to configure <code>tls</code> routing:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>spec:
tls:
- match:
- sniHosts: [&#34;httpbin.example.com&#34;]
route:
- destination:
host: httpbin.org
</code></pre><p>Alternatively, you could terminate TLS, rather than passing it through, by switching the <code>tls</code> configuration in the gateway:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>spec:
...
tls:
credentialName: sds-credential
mode: SIMPLE
</code></pre><h3 id=double-tls>Double TLS (TLS origination for a TLS request)</h3><p>When configuring Istio to perform <span class=term data-title="TLS Origination" data-body='<p>TLS origination occurs when an Istio proxy (sidecar or egress gateway) is configured to accept unencrypted
internal HTTP connections, encrypt the requests, and then forward them to HTTPS servers that are secured
using simple or mutual TLS. This is the opposite of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy">TLS termination</a>
where an ingress proxy accepts incoming TLS connections, decrypts the TLS, and passes unencrypted
requests on to internal mesh services.</p>
'>TLS origination</span>, you need to make sure
that the application sends plaintext requests to the sidecar, which will then originate the TLS.</p><p>The following <code>DestinationRule</code> originates TLS for requests to the <code>httpbin.org</code> service,
but the corresponding <code>ServiceEntry</code> defines the protocol as HTTPS on port 443.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: httpbin
spec:
hosts:
- httpbin.org
ports:
- number: 443
name: https
protocol: HTTPS
resolution: DNS
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: originate-tls
spec:
host: httpbin.org
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: SIMPLE
</code></pre><p>With this configuration, the sidecar expects the application to send TLS traffic on port 443
(e.g., <code>curl https://httpbin.org</code>), but it will also perform TLS origination before forwarding requests.
This will cause the requests to be double encrypted.</p><p>For example, sending a request like <code>curl https://httpbin.org</code> will result in an error:
<code>(35) error:1408F10B:SSL routines:ssl3_get_record:wrong version number</code>.</p><p>You can fix this example by changing the port protocol in the <code>ServiceEntry</code> to HTTP:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>spec:
hosts:
- httpbin.org
ports:
- number: 443
name: http
protocol: HTTP
</code></pre><p>Note that with this configuration your application will need to send plaintext requests to port 443,
like <code>curl http://httpbin.org:443</code>, because TLS origination does not change the port.
However, starting in Istio 1.8, you can expose HTTP port 80 to the application (e.g., <code>curl http://httpbin.org</code>)
and then redirect requests to <code>targetPort</code> 443 for the TLS origination:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>spec:
hosts:
- httpbin.org
ports:
- number: 80
name: http
protocol: HTTP
targetPort: 443
</code></pre><h3 id=404-errors-occur-when-multiple-gateways-configured-with-same-tls-certificate>404 errors occur when multiple gateways configured with same TLS certificate</h3><p>Configuring more than one gateway using the same TLS certificate will cause browsers
that leverage <a href=https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#reuse>HTTP/2 connection reuse</a>
(i.e., most browsers) to produce 404 errors when accessing a second host after a
connection to another host has already been established.</p><p>For example, let&rsquo;s say you have 2 hosts that share the same TLS certificate like this:</p><ul><li>Wildcard certificate <code>*.test.com</code> installed in <code>istio-ingressgateway</code></li><li><code>Gateway</code> configuration <code>gw1</code> with host <code>service1.test.com</code>, selector <code>istio: ingressgateway</code>, and TLS using gateway&rsquo;s mounted (wildcard) certificate</li><li><code>Gateway</code> configuration <code>gw2</code> with host <code>service2.test.com</code>, selector <code>istio: ingressgateway</code>, and TLS using gateway&rsquo;s mounted (wildcard) certificate</li><li><code>VirtualService</code> configuration <code>vs1</code> with host <code>service1.test.com</code> and gateway <code>gw1</code></li><li><code>VirtualService</code> configuration <code>vs2</code> with host <code>service2.test.com</code> and gateway <code>gw2</code></li></ul><p>Since both gateways are served by the same workload (i.e., selector <code>istio: ingressgateway</code>) requests to both services
(<code>service1.test.com</code> and <code>service2.test.com</code>) will resolve to the same IP. If <code>service1.test.com</code> is accessed first, it
will return the wildcard certificate (<code>*.test.com</code>) indicating that connections to <code>service2.test.com</code> can use the same certificate.
Browsers like Chrome and Firefox will consequently reuse the existing connection for requests to <code>service2.test.com</code>.
Since the gateway (<code>gw1</code>) has no route for <code>service2.test.com</code>, it will then return a 404 (Not Found) response.</p><p>You can avoid this problem by configuring a single wildcard <code>Gateway</code>, instead of two (<code>gw1</code> and <code>gw2</code>).
Then, simply bind both <code>VirtualServices</code> to it like this:</p><ul><li><code>Gateway</code> configuration <code>gw</code> with host <code>*.test.com</code>, selector <code>istio: ingressgateway</code>, and TLS using gateway&rsquo;s mounted (wildcard) certificate</li><li><code>VirtualService</code> configuration <code>vs1</code> with host <code>service1.test.com</code> and gateway <code>gw</code></li><li><code>VirtualService</code> configuration <code>vs2</code> with host <code>service2.test.com</code> and gateway <code>gw</code></li></ul><h3 id=configuring-sni-routing-when-not-sending-sni>Configuring SNI routing when not sending SNI</h3><p>An HTTPS <code>Gateway</code> that specifies the <code>hosts</code> field will perform an <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication>SNI</a> match on incoming requests.
For example, the following configuration would only allow requests that match <code>*.example.com</code> in the SNI:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>servers:
- port:
number: 443
name: https
protocol: HTTPS
hosts:
- &#34;*.example.com&#34;
</code></pre><p>This may cause certain requests to fail.</p><p>For example, if you do not have DNS set up and are instead directly setting the host header, such as <code>curl 1.2.3.4 -H "Host: app.example.com"</code>, no SNI will be set, causing the request to fail.
Instead, you can set up DNS or use the <code>--resolve</code> flag of <code>curl</code>. See the <a href=/v1.23/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress/>Secure Gateways</a> task for more information.</p><p>Another common issue is load balancers in front of Istio.
Most cloud load balancers will not forward the SNI, so if you are terminating TLS in your cloud load balancer you may need to do one of the following:</p><ul><li>Configure the cloud load balancer to instead passthrough the TLS connection</li><li>Disable SNI matching in the <code>Gateway</code> by setting the hosts field to <code>*</code></li></ul><p>A common symptom of this is for the load balancer health checks to succeed while real traffic fails.</p><h2 id=unchanged-envoy-filter-configuration-suddenly-stops-working>Unchanged Envoy filter configuration suddenly stops working</h2><p>An <code>EnvoyFilter</code> configuration that specifies an insert position relative to another filter can be very
fragile because, by default, the order of evaluation is based on the creation time of the filters.
Consider a filter with the following specification:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>spec:
configPatches:
- applyTo: NETWORK_FILTER
match:
context: SIDECAR_OUTBOUND
listener:
portNumber: 443
filterChain:
filter:
name: istio.stats
patch:
operation: INSERT_BEFORE
value:
...
</code></pre><p>To work properly, this filter configuration depends on the <code>istio.stats</code> filter having an older creation time
than it. Otherwise, the <code>INSERT_BEFORE</code> operation will be silently ignored. There will be nothing in the
error log to indicate that this filter has not been added to the chain.</p><p>This is particularly problematic when matching filters, like <code>istio.stats</code>, that are version
specific (i.e., that include the <code>proxyVersion</code> field in their match criteria). Such filters may be removed
or replaced by newer ones when upgrading Istio. As a result, an <code>EnvoyFilter</code> like the one above may initially
be working perfectly but after upgrading Istio to a newer version it will no longer be included in the network
filter chain of the sidecars.</p><p>To avoid this issue, you can either change the operation to one that does not depend on the presence of
another filter (e.g., <code>INSERT_FIRST</code>), or set an explicit priority in the <code>EnvoyFilter</code> to override the
default creation time-based ordering. For example, adding <code>priority: 10</code> to the above filter will ensure
that it is processed after the <code>istio.stats</code> filter which has a default priority of 0.</p><h2 id=virtual-service-with-fault-injection-and-retrytimeout-policies-not-working-as-expected>Virtual service with fault injection and retry/timeout policies not working as expected</h2><p>Currently, Istio does not support configuring fault injections and retry or timeout policies on the
same <code>VirtualService</code>. Consider the following configuration:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: helloworld
spec:
hosts:
- &#34;*&#34;
gateways:
- helloworld-gateway
http:
- match:
- uri:
exact: /hello
fault:
abort:
httpStatus: 500
percentage:
value: 50
retries:
attempts: 5
retryOn: 5xx
route:
- destination:
host: helloworld
port:
number: 5000
</code></pre><p>You would expect that given the configured five retry attempts, the user would almost never see any
errors when calling the <code>helloworld</code> service. However since both fault and retries are configured on
the same <code>VirtualService</code>, the retry configuration does not take effect, resulting in a 50% failure
rate. To work around this issue, you may remove the fault config from your <code>VirtualService</code> and
inject the fault to the upstream Envoy proxy using <code>EnvoyFilter</code> instead:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: EnvoyFilter
metadata:
name: hello-world-filter
spec:
workloadSelector:
labels:
app: helloworld
configPatches:
- applyTo: HTTP_FILTER
match:
context: SIDECAR_INBOUND # will match outbound listeners in all sidecars
listener:
filterChain:
filter:
name: &#34;envoy.filters.network.http_connection_manager&#34;
patch:
operation: INSERT_BEFORE
value:
name: envoy.fault
typed_config:
&#34;@type&#34;: &#34;type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.fault.v3.HTTPFault&#34;
abort:
http_status: 500
percentage:
numerator: 50
denominator: HUNDRED
</code></pre><p>This works because this way the retry policy is configured for the client proxy while the fault
injection is configured for the upstream proxy.</p></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.23/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/ class=next-link>Security Problems<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.23/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick='sendFeedback("en",1)'>Yes</button>
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