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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card32 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card32-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card32 role=region id=card32-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card32><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/security/>Policies and Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces performance and scalability for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the system models that impact your overall Istio depolyment." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card49 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes and adding virtual machines into the mesh." aria-controls=card49-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card49 role=region id=card49-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card49><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Download, install, and try out Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster for evaluation." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/kubernetes/>Quick Start Evaluation Install</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio using the Istio Operator CLI." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/operator/>Operator CLI-based Installation [Experimental]</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multi-cluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Multi-cluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with replicated control plane instances." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/>Replicated control planes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with a shared control plane and VPN connectivity between clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-vpn/>Shared control plane (single-network)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters using a shared control plane for disconnected cluster networks." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-gateways/>Shared control plane (multi-network)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Information on upgrading Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Important changes to consider when upgrading to Istio 1.3." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/upgrade/notice/>1.3 Upgrade Notice</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade the Istio control plane and data plane independently." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/upgrade/steps/>Upgrade Steps</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card72 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card72-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card72 role=region id=card72-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card72><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using file-mounted certificates." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-mount/>Secure Gateways (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using the secret discovery service (SDS)." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-sds/>Secure Gateways (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to obtain Let's Encrypt TLS certificates for Kubernetes Ingress automatically using Cert-Manager." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-certmgr/>Kubernetes Ingress with Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for HTTP services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for TCP services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tutorial on how to configure the groups-base authorization and configure the authorization of list-typed claims in Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/rbac-groups/>Authorization for groups and list claims</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use Authorization permissive mode." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authz-permissive/>Authorization permissive mode</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in External CA Key and Certificate</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/health-check/>Citadel Health Checking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable SDS (secret discovery service) for Istio identity provisioning." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/auth-sds/>Provisioning Identity through SDS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure which namespaces Citadel should generate service account secrets for." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/ca-namespace-targeting/>Configure Citadel Service Account Secret Generation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/https-overlay/>Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Telemetry><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/>Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access log to their standard output." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Fluentd</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to LightStep." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>LightStep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card90 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card90-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card90 role=region id=card90-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card90><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/endpoints/>Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Expansion"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning Kubernetes clusters, VMs and bare metals." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/>Mesh Expansion</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/single-network/>Single-network Mesh Expansion</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes with gateways.">Multi-network Mesh Expansion</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Illustrates how to expand the Bookinfo application's mesh with a raw VM service." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/bookinfo-expanded/>Bookinfo with Mesh Expansion</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Service Mesh"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Multicluster service mesh examples for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/multicluster/>Multicluster Service Mesh</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Set up a multicluster mesh over two GKE clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/multicluster/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Example multicluster mesh over two IBM Cloud Private clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/multicluster/icp/>IBM Cloud Private</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card104 title="Hints, tips, tricks about running an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card104-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card104 role=region id=card104-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card104><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Installation and Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes important requirements, concepts, and considerations for installing and configuring Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/>Installation and Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to check which capabilities are allowed for your pods." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/required-pod-capabilities/>Required Pod Capabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for server-side configuration validation." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/validation/>Configuration Validation Webhook</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to Istio networking operational aspects." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/introduction/>Introduction to Network Operations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides specific deployment or configuration guidelines to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/>Avoiding Traffic Management Issues</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Telemetry><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/telemetry/>Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable in-proxy generation of HTTP service-level metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/telemetry/in-proxy-service-telemetry/>Generate Istio Metrics Without Mixer [Experimental]</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Troubleshooting><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/>Troubleshooting</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/istioctl/>Using the istioctl command-line tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/network-issues/>Network Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if Citadel is not behaving properly." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/repairing-citadel/>Repairing Citadel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Pilot</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve Galley configuration problems." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/validation/>Galley Configuration Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Diagnose problems where metrics are not being collected." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/missing-metrics/>Missing Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with Grafana issues." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/grafana/>Missing Grafana Output</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fix missing traces in Zipkin." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/missing-traces/>Missing Zipkin Traces</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with istioctl describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Limitations for using Tcpdump in pods." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/tcpdump-notes/>Tcpdump Limitations</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card126 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card126-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card126 role=region id=card126-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card126><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's authorization features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/authorization/constraints-and-properties/>Constraints and Properties</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/authorization/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using the included Helm chart." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details the Helm chart installation options differences between release-1.2 and release-1.3." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/installation-options-changes/>Installation Options Changes</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policies and Telemetry"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the configuration model for Istio's policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer Configuration Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Adapters><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Adapters</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apache-skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to enforce authentication and authorization policies for web apps and APIs." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/app-identity-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that sends metrics to SignalFx." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/signalfx/>SignalFx</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Istio control plane installation through the Operator." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha12.pb/>Operator Installation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Service Mesh</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.3/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/docs/examples/ title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with.">Examples</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/ title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning Kubernetes clusters, VMs and bare metals.">Mesh Expansion</a></li><li>Multi-network Mesh Expansion</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div><h1 id=title>Multi-network Mesh Expansion</h1><p class=byline><span title="2004 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>10 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label=Prerequisites><a href=#prerequisites>Prerequisites</a><li role=none aria-label="Installation steps"><a href=#installation-steps>Installation steps</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Customized installation of Istio on the Cluster"><a href=#customized-installation-of-istio-on-the-cluster>Customized installation of Istio on the Cluster</a><li role=none aria-label="Setup DNS"><a href=#setup-dns>Setup DNS</a><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the VM"><a href=#setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Added Istio resources"><a href=#added-istio-resources>Added Istio resources</a><li role=none aria-label="Expose service running on cluster to VMs"><a href=#expose-service-running-on-cluster-to-vms>Expose service running on cluster to VMs</a><li role=none aria-label="Send requests from VM to Kubernetes services"><a href=#send-requests-from-vm-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM to Kubernetes services</a><li role=none aria-label="Running services on a mesh expansion machine"><a href=#running-services-on-a-mesh-expansion-machine>Running services on a mesh expansion machine</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>This example provides instructions to integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into
|
||
an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes with gateways. No VPN connectivity nor direct network access between workloads in
|
||
VMs, bare metals and clusters is required.</p><h2 id=prerequisites>Prerequisites</h2><ul><li><p>One or more Kubernetes clusters with versions: 1.13, 1.14, 1.15.</p></li><li><p>Mesh expansion machines must have IP connectivity to the Ingress gateways in the mesh.</p></li><li><p>Install the <a href=https://docs.helm.sh/using_helm/>Helm client</a>. Helm is needed to enable mesh expansion.</p></li></ul><h2 id=installation-steps>Installation steps</h2><p>Setup consists of preparing the mesh for expansion and installing and configuring each VM.</p><h3 id=customized-installation-of-istio-on-the-cluster>Customized installation of Istio on the Cluster</h3><p>The first step when adding non-Kubernetes services to an Istio mesh is to configure the Istio installation itself, and
|
||
generate the configuration files that let mesh expansion VMs connect to the mesh. To prepare the
|
||
cluster for mesh expansion, run the following commands on a machine with cluster admin privileges:</p><ol><li><p>Generate a <code>meshexpansion-gateways</code> Istio configuration file using <code>helm</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio --name istio --namespace istio-system \
|
||
-f https://github.com/irisdingbj/meshExpansion/blob/master/values-istio-meshexpansion-gateways.yaml \ > $HOME/istio-mesh-expansion-gatways.yaml
|
||
</code></pre><p>For further details and customization options, refer to the
|
||
<a href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/helm/>Installation with Helm</a> instructions.</p></li><li><p>Deploy Istio control plane into the cluster</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create namespace istio-system
|
||
$ helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio-init --name istio-init --namespace istio-system | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f $HOME/istio-mesh-expansion-gatways.yaml
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify Istio is installed successfully</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl verify-install -f $HOME/istio-mesh-expansion-gatways.yaml
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Create <code>vm</code> namespace for the VM services.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create ns vm
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Define the namespace the VM joins. This example uses the <code>SERVICE_NAMESPACE</code> environment variable to store the namespace. The value of this variable must match the namespace you use in the configuration files later on.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export SERVICE_NAMESPACE="vm"
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Extract the initial keys the service account needs to use on the VMs.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
||
-o jsonpath='{.data.root-cert\.pem}' | base64 --decode > root-cert.pem
|
||
$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
||
-o jsonpath='{.data.key\.pem}' | base64 --decode > key.pem
|
||
$ kubectl -n $SERVICE_NAMESPACE get secret istio.default \
|
||
-o jsonpath='{.data.cert-chain\.pem}' | base64 --decode > cert-chain.pem
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Determine and store the IP address of the Istio ingress gateway since the mesh expansion machines access <a href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/security/>Citadel</a> and <a href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#pilot>Pilot</a> and workloads on cluster through this IP address.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export GWIP=$(kubectl get -n istio-system service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')
|
||
$ echo $GWIP
|
||
35.232.112.158
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Generate a <code>cluster.env</code> configuration to deploy in the VMs. This file contains the Kubernetes cluster IP address ranges
|
||
to intercept and redirect via Envoy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ echo -e "ISTIO_CP_AUTH=MUTUAL_TLS\nISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=$ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR\n" > cluster.env
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the contents of the generated <code>cluster.env</code> file. It should be similar to the following example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat cluster.env
|
||
ISTIO_CP_AUTH=MUTUAL_TLS
|
||
ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=172.21.0.0/16
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h3 id=setup-dns>Setup DNS</h3><p>Providing DNS resolution to allow services running on VM can access the
|
||
services running in the cluster. Istio itself does not use the DNS for
|
||
routing requests between services. Services local to a cluster share a
|
||
common DNS suffix(e.g., <code>svc.cluster.local</code>). Kubernetes DNS provides
|
||
DNS resolution for these services.</p><p>To provide a similar setup to allow services accessible from VMs, you name
|
||
services in the clusters in the format
|
||
<code><name>.<namespace>.global</code>. Istio also ships with a CoreDNS server that
|
||
will provide DNS resolution for these services. In order to utilize this
|
||
DNS, Kubernetes’ DNS must be configured to <code>stub a domain</code> for <code>.global</code>.</p><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>Some cloud providers have different specific <code>DNS domain stub</code> capabilities
|
||
and procedures for their Kubernetes services. Reference the cloud provider’s
|
||
documentation to determine how to <code>stub DNS domains</code> for each unique
|
||
environment. The objective of this bash is to stub a domain for <code>.global</code> on
|
||
port <code>53</code> to reference or proxy the <code>istiocoredns</code> service in Istio’s service
|
||
namespace.</div></aside></div><p>Create one of the following ConfigMaps, or update an existing one, in each
|
||
cluster that will be calling services in remote clusters
|
||
(every cluster in the general case):</p><p>For clusters that use <code>kube-dns</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: v1
|
||
kind: ConfigMap
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: kube-dns
|
||
namespace: kube-system
|
||
data:
|
||
stubDomains: |
|
||
{"global": ["$(kubectl get svc -n istio-system istiocoredns -o jsonpath={.spec.clusterIP})"]}
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>For clusters that use CoreDNS:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: v1
|
||
kind: ConfigMap
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: coredns
|
||
namespace: kube-system
|
||
data:
|
||
Corefile: |
|
||
.:53 {
|
||
errors
|
||
health
|
||
kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {
|
||
pods insecure
|
||
upstream
|
||
fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa
|
||
}
|
||
prometheus :9153
|
||
proxy . /etc/resolv.conf
|
||
cache 30
|
||
loop
|
||
reload
|
||
loadbalance
|
||
}
|
||
global:53 {
|
||
errors
|
||
cache 30
|
||
proxy . $(kubectl get svc -n istio-system istiocoredns -o jsonpath={.spec.clusterIP})
|
||
}
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id=setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</h3><p>Next, run the following commands on each machine that you want to add to the mesh:</p><ol><li><p>Copy the previously created <code>cluster.env</code> and <code>*.pem</code> files to the VM.</p></li><li><p>Install the Debian package with the Envoy sidecar.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl -L https://storage.googleapis.com/istio-release/releases/1.3.5/deb/istio-sidecar.deb > istio-sidecar.deb
|
||
$ sudo dpkg -i istio-sidecar.deb
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Add the IP address of the Istio gateway to <code>/etc/hosts</code>. Revisit the <a href=#customized-installation-of-istio-on-the-cluster>Customized installation of Istio on the Cluster</a> section to learn how to obtain the IP address.
|
||
The following example updates the <code>/etc/hosts</code> file with the Istio gateway address:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ echo "35.232.112.158 istio-citadel istio-pilot istio-pilot.istio-system" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install <code>root-cert.pem</code>, <code>key.pem</code> and <code>cert-chain.pem</code> under <code>/etc/certs/</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo mkdir -p /etc/certs
|
||
$ sudo cp {root-cert.pem,cert-chain.pem,key.pem} /etc/certs
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Install <code>cluster.env</code> under <code>/var/lib/istio/envoy/</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo cp cluster.env /var/lib/istio/envoy
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Transfer ownership of the files in <code>/etc/certs/</code> and <code>/var/lib/istio/envoy/</code> to the Istio proxy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo chown -R istio-proxy /etc/certs /var/lib/istio/envoy
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify the node agent works:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo node_agent
|
||
....
|
||
CSR is approved successfully. Will renew cert in 1079h59m59.84568493s
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Start Istio using <code>systemctl</code>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ sudo systemctl start istio-auth-node-agent
|
||
$ sudo systemctl start istio
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=added-istio-resources>Added Istio resources</h2><p>Below Istio resources are added to support Mesh Expansion with gateways. This released the flat network requirement between the VM and cluster.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Resource Kind</th><th>Resource Name</th><th>Function</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>configmap</code></td><td><code>coredns</code></td><td>Send *.global request to <code>istiocordns</code> service</td></tr><tr><td><code>service</code></td><td><code>istiocoredns</code></td><td>Resolve *.global to Istio Ingress gateway</td></tr><tr><td><code>gateway.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>meshexpansion-gateway</code></td><td>Open port for Pilot, Citadel and Mixer</td></tr><tr><td><code>gateway.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>istio-multicluster-egressgateway</code></td><td>Open port 15443 for outbound *.global traffic</td></tr><tr><td><code>gateway.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>istio-multicluster-ingressgateway</code></td><td>Open port 15443 for inbound *.global traffic</td></tr><tr><td><code>envoyfilter.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>istio-multicluster-ingressgateway</code></td><td>Transform <code>*.global</code> to <code>*. svc.cluster.local</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>destinationrule.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>istio-multicluster-destinationrule</code></td><td>Set traffic policy for 15443 traffic</td></tr><tr><td><code>destinationrule.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>meshexpansion-dr-pilot</code></td><td>Set traffic policy for <code>istio-pilot</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>destinationrule.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>istio-policy</code></td><td>Set traffic policy for <code>istio-policy</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>destinationrule.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>istio-telemetry</code></td><td>Set traffic policy for <code>istio-telemetry</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>virtualservice.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>meshexpansion-vs-pilot</code></td><td>Set route info for <code>istio-pilot</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>virtualservice.networking.istio.io</code></td><td><code>meshexpansion-vs-citadel</code></td><td>Set route info for <code>istio-citadel</code></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=expose-service-running-on-cluster-to-vms>Expose service running on cluster to VMs</h2><p>Every service in the cluster that needs to be accessed from the VM requires a service entry configuration in the cluster. The host used in the service entry should be of the form <name>.<namespace>.global where name and namespace correspond to the service’s name and namespace respectively.</p><p>To demonstrate access from VM to cluster services, configure the
|
||
the <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.3/samples/httpbin>httpbin service</a>
|
||
in the cluster.</p><ol><li><p>Deploy the <code>httpbin</code> service in the cluster</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.3/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create namespace bar
|
||
$ kubectl label namespace bar istio-injection=enabled
|
||
$ kubectl apply -n bar -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@
|
||
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Create a service entry for the <code>httpbin</code> service in the cluster.</p><p>To allow services in VM to access <code>httpbin</code> in the cluster, we need to create
|
||
a service entry for it. The host name of the service entry should be of the form
|
||
<code><name>.<namespace>.global</code> where name and namespace correspond to the
|
||
remote service’s name and namespace respectively.</p><p>For DNS resolution for services under the <code>*.global</code> domain, you need to assign these
|
||
services an IP address.</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Each service (in the <code>.global</code> DNS domain) must have a unique IP within the cluster.</div></aside></div><p>If the global services have actual VIPs, you can use those, but otherwise we suggest
|
||
using IPs from the loopback range <code>127.0.0.0/8</code> that are not already allocated.
|
||
These IPs are non-routable outside of a pod.
|
||
In this example we’ll use IPs in <code>127.255.0.0/16</code> which avoids conflicting with
|
||
well known IPs such as <code>127.0.0.1</code> (<code>localhost</code>).
|
||
Application traffic for these IPs will be captured by the sidecar and routed to the
|
||
appropriate remote service.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -n bar -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: ServiceEntry
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: httpbin.bar.forvms
|
||
spec:
|
||
hosts:
|
||
# must be of form name.namespace.global
|
||
- httpbin.bar.global
|
||
location: MESH_INTERNAL
|
||
ports:
|
||
- name: http1
|
||
number: 8000
|
||
protocol: http
|
||
resolution: DNS
|
||
addresses:
|
||
# the IP address to which httpbin.bar.global will resolve to
|
||
# must be unique for each service, within a given cluster.
|
||
# This address need not be routable. Traffic for this IP will be captured
|
||
# by the sidecar and routed appropriately.
|
||
# This address will also be added into VM's /etc/hosts
|
||
- 127.255.0.3
|
||
endpoints:
|
||
# This is the routable address of the ingress gateway in the cluster.
|
||
# Traffic from the VMs will be
|
||
# routed to this address.
|
||
- address: ${CLUSTER_GW_ADDR}
|
||
ports:
|
||
http1: 15443 # Do not change this port value
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>The configurations above will result in all traffic from VMs for
|
||
<code>httpbin.bar.global</code> on <em>any port</em> to be routed to the endpoint
|
||
<code><IPofClusterIngressGateway>:15443</code> over a mutual TLS connection.</p><p>The gateway for port 15443 is a special SNI-aware Envoy
|
||
preconfigured and installed as part of the meshexpansion with gateway Istio installation step
|
||
in the <a href=#customized-installation-of-istio-on-the-cluster>Customized installation of Istio on the Cluster</a> section. Traffic entering port 15443 will be
|
||
load balanced among pods of the appropriate internal service of the target
|
||
cluster (in this case, <code>httpbin.bar</code> in the cluster).</p><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>Do not create a <code>Gateway</code> configuration for port 15443.</div></aside></div></li></ol><h2 id=send-requests-from-vm-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM to Kubernetes services</h2><p>After setup, the machine can access services running in the Kubernetes cluster.</p><p>The following example shows accessing a service running in the Kubernetes cluster from a mesh expansion VM using
|
||
<code>/etc/hosts/</code>, in this case using a service from the <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.3/samples/httpbin>httpbin service</a>.</p><ol><li><p>On the mesh expansion machine, add the service name and address to its <code>/etc/hosts</code> file. You can then connect to
|
||
the cluster service from the VM, as in the example below:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ echo "127.255.0.3 httpbin.bar.global" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
|
||
$ curl -v httpbin.bar.global:8000
|
||
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||
< server: envoy
|
||
< content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
|
||
< content-length: 9593
|
||
|
||
... html content ...
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><p>The <code>server: envoy</code> header indicates that the sidecar intercepted the traffic.</p><h2 id=running-services-on-a-mesh-expansion-machine>Running services on a mesh expansion machine</h2><ol><li><p>Setup an HTTP server on the VM instance to serve HTTP traffic on port 8888:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8888
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Determine the VM instance’s IP address.</p></li><li><p>Configure a service entry to enable service discovery for the VM. You can add VM services to the mesh using a
|
||
<a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/service-entry/>service entry</a>. Service entries let you manually add
|
||
additional services to Pilot’s abstract model of the mesh. Once VM services are part of the mesh’s abstract model,
|
||
other services can find and direct traffic to them. Each service entry configuration contains the IP addresses, ports,
|
||
and appropriate labels of all VMs exposing a particular service, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-outputis=yaml data-repo=istio>$ kubectl -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} apply -f - <<EOF
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: ServiceEntry
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: vmhttp
|
||
spec:
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- vmhttp.${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}.svc.cluster.local
|
||
ports:
|
||
- number: 8888
|
||
name: http
|
||
protocol: HTTP
|
||
resolution: STATIC
|
||
endpoints:
|
||
- address: ${VM_IP}
|
||
ports:
|
||
http: 8888
|
||
labels:
|
||
app: vmhttp
|
||
version: "v1"
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>The workloads in a Kubernetes cluster need a DNS mapping to resolve the domain names of VM services. To
|
||
integrate the mapping with your own DNS system, use <a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/#istioctl-register><code>istioctl register</code></a> and creates a Kubernetes <code>selector-less</code>
|
||
service, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl register -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} vmhttp ${VM_IP} 8888
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Ensure you have added the <code>istioctl</code> client to your path, as described in the <a href=/v1.3/docs/setup/#downloading-the-release>download page</a>.</div></aside></div></li><li><p>Deploy a pod running the <code>sleep</code> service in the Kubernetes cluster, and wait until it is ready:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.3/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
|
||
$ kubectl get pod
|
||
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
||
productpage-v1-8fcdcb496-xgkwg 2/2 Running 0 1d
|
||
sleep-88ddbcfdd-rm42k 2/2 Running 0 1s
|
||
...
|
||
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Send a request from the <code>sleep</code> service on the pod to the VM’s HTTP service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec -it sleep-88ddbcfdd-rm42k -c sleep -- curl vmhttp.${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}.svc.cluster.local:8888
|
||
</code></pre><p>If configured properly, you will see something similar to the output below.</p><pre><code class=language-html data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"><html>
|
||
<title>Directory listing for /</title>
|
||
<body>
|
||
<h2>Directory listing for /</h2>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href=".bashrc">.bashrc</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href=".ssh/">.ssh/</a></li>
|
||
...
|
||
</body>
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><p><strong>Congratulations!</strong> You successfully configured a service running in a pod within the cluster to
|
||
send traffic to a service running on a VM outside of the cluster and tested that
|
||
the configuration worked.</p><h2 id=cleanup>Cleanup</h2><p>Run the following commands to remove the expansion VM from the mesh’s abstract
|
||
model.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl deregister -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE} vmhttp ${VM_IP}
|
||
2019-02-21T22:12:22.023775Z info Deregistered service successfull
|
||
$ kubectl delete ServiceEntry vmhttp -n ${SERVICE_NAMESPACE}
|
||
serviceentry.networking.istio.io "vmhttp" deleted
|
||
</code></pre><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/single-network/>Single-network Mesh Expansion</a></p><p class=desc>Integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></p><p class=desc>De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/bookinfo-expanded/>Bookinfo with Mesh Expansion</a></p><p class=desc>Illustrates how to expand the Bookinfo application's mesh with a raw VM service.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></p><p class=desc>Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></p><p class=desc>Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></p><p class=desc>Download, install, and try out Istio.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/single-network/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Single-network Mesh Expansion</a></div><div class=right><a title="Illustrates how to expand the Bookinfo application's mesh with a raw VM service." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/bookinfo-expanded/>Bookinfo with Mesh Expansion<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label=Prerequisites><a href=#prerequisites>Prerequisites</a><li role=none aria-label="Installation steps"><a href=#installation-steps>Installation steps</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Customized installation of Istio on the Cluster"><a href=#customized-installation-of-istio-on-the-cluster>Customized installation of Istio on the Cluster</a><li role=none aria-label="Setup DNS"><a href=#setup-dns>Setup DNS</a><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the VM"><a href=#setting-up-the-vm>Setting up the VM</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Added Istio resources"><a href=#added-istio-resources>Added Istio resources</a><li role=none aria-label="Expose service running on cluster to VMs"><a href=#expose-service-running-on-cluster-to-vms>Expose service running on cluster to VMs</a><li role=none aria-label="Send requests from VM to Kubernetes services"><a href=#send-requests-from-vm-to-kubernetes-services>Send requests from VM to Kubernetes services</a><li role=none aria-label="Running services on a mesh expansion machine"><a href=#running-services-on-a-mesh-expansion-machine>Running services on a mesh expansion machine</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.3.5 now" href=/v1.3/docs/setup#downloading-the-release aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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1.3.5<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on November 14, 2019</p></div><div class=dev-links><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><span>github</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg></a>
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