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policies on latency of requests (September 15, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/large-scale-security-policy-performance-tests/>Large Scale Security Policy Performance Tests</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new deployment model for Istio (August 27, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/new-deployment-model/>Deploying Istio Control Planes Outside the Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio Steering Committee is now in part proportionally allocated to companies based on contribution, and in part elected by community members (August 24, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/steering-changes/>Introducing the new Istio steering committee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An alternative sidecar proxy for Istio (July 28, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/mosn-proxy/>Using MOSN with Istio: an alternative data plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on trademarks and project governance (July 8, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/open-usage/>Open and neutral: transferring our trademarks to the Open Usage Commons</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new way to manage installation of telemetry addons (June 4, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/addon-rework/>Reworking our Addon Integrations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describing the new functionality of Workload Entries (May 21, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/workload-entry/>Introducing Workload Entries</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Simplifying Istio upgrades by offering safe canary deployments of the control plane (May 19, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/multiple-control-planes/>Safely Upgrade Istio using a Canary Control Plane Deployment</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Application Load Balancer to direct traffic to the Istio Ingress gateway with mutual TLS (May 15, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/alb-ingress-gateway-iks/>Direct encrypted traffic from IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Ingress to Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Community partner tooling of Wasm for Istio by Solo.io (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/wasmhub-istio/>Extended and Improved WebAssemblyHub to Bring the Power of WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A mechanism to acquire and share an application certificate and key through mounted files (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/proxy-cert/>Provision a certificate and key for an application without sidecars</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istiod consolidates the Istio control plane components into a single binary (March 19, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/istiod/>Introducing istiod: simplifying the control plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio declaratively (March 16, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/deploy-wasm-declarative/>Declarative WebAssembly deployment for Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The future of Istio extensibility using WASM (March 5, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/wasm-announce/>Redefining extensibility in proxies - introducing WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020 (March 3, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage secrets (February 20, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automating Istio configuration for Istio deployments (clusters) that work as a single mesh (January 5, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/multi-cluster-mesh-automation/>Multicluster Istio configuration and service discovery using Admiral</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card1 title="Blog posts for 2019." aria-controls=card1-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2019 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card1 role=region id=card1-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card1><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction to Istio's new operator-based installation and control plane management feature (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/introducing-istio-operator/>Introducing the Istio Operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Getting programmatic access to Istio resources (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/announcing-istio-client-go/>Announcing Istio client-go</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Analyze your Istio configuration to detect potential issues and get general insights (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/introducing-istioctl-analyze/>Introducing istioctl analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Istio ingress gateway to act as a proxy for external services (October 15, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/proxy/>Istio as a Proxy for External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation (October 2, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How can you use Istio to monitor blocked and passthrough external traffic (September 28, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/monitoring-external-service-traffic/>Monitoring Blocked and Passthrough External Service Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/>Mixer Adapter for Knative</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely (September 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The design principles behind Istio's APIs and how those APIs are evolving (August 5, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/evolving-istios-apis/>The Evolution of Istio's APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations (July 22, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic (July 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and guidance for evaluating Istio's data plane performance (July 9, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/performance-best-practices/>Best Practices: Benchmarking Service Mesh Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of Istio self-signed root certificate (June 7, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/root-transition/>Extending Istio Self-Signed Root Certificate Lifetime</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control (May 22, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An overview of Istio 1.1 performance (March 19, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/istio1.1_perf/>Architecting Istio 1.1 for Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Istio route rules in a multicluster service mesh (February 7, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/multicluster-version-routing/>Version Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announces the new Istio blog policy (February 5, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/>Sail the Blog!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch (January 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio has a new discussion board (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a Custom Ingress Gateway Using Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card2 title="Blog posts for 2018." aria-controls=card2-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2018 Posts</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card2 role=region id=card2-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card2><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies (November 21, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (November 16, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release (August 3, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio (July 31, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch (July 30, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases (July 20, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver (July 9, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic (June 22, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API (April 25, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS (April 20, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment (April 19, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production (February 8, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (February 6, 2018)">Consuming External TCP Services</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (January 31, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card3 title="Blog posts for 2017." aria-controls=card3-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2017 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card3 role=region id=card3-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card3><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Improving availability and reducing latency (December 7, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture (November 3, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy (August 10, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments (June 14, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Authentication 0.1 announcement (May 25, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.7/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.7/blog/ title="Posts about using Istio.">Blog</a></li><li><a href=/v1.7/blog/2018/ title="Blog posts for 2018.">2018 Posts</a></li><li>Consuming External TCP Services</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Consuming External TCP Services</h1><p class=subtitle>Mesh-external Service Entries for TCP traffic</p><p class=byline><span>By</span>
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<span class=attribution>Vadim Eisenberg</span><span> | </span><span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#calendar"/></svg><span> </span>February 6, 2018<span> </span>(updated on February 10, 2019)</span><span> | </span><span title="2324 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>11 minute read</span>
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<span> </span>
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<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Bookinfo sample application with external ratings database"><a href=#bookinfo-sample-application-with-external-ratings-database>Bookinfo sample application with external ratings database</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the database for ratings data"><a href=#setting-up-the-database-for-ratings-data>Setting up the database for ratings data</a><li role=none aria-label="Initial setting of Bookinfo application"><a href=#initial-setting-of-bookinfo-application>Initial setting of Bookinfo application</a><li role=none aria-label="Use the database for ratings data in Bookinfo application"><a href=#use-the-database-for-ratings-data-in-bookinfo-application>Use the database for ratings data in Bookinfo application</a><li role=none aria-label="Access the webpage"><a href=#access-the-webpage>Access the webpage</a><li role=none aria-label="Mesh-external service entry for an external MySQL instance"><a href=#mesh-external-service-entry-for-an-external-mysql-instance>Mesh-external service entry for an external MySQL instance</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Motivation for egress TCP traffic control"><a href=#motivation-for-egress-tcp-traffic-control>Motivation for egress TCP traffic control</a><li role=none aria-label="Service entries for TCP traffic"><a href=#service-entries-for-tcp-traffic>Service entries for TCP traffic</a><li role=none aria-label="Relation to virtual machines support"><a href=#relation-to-virtual-machines-support>Relation to virtual machines support</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label=Conclusion><a href=#conclusion>Conclusion</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>This blog post was written assuming Istio 1, so some of this content may now be outdated.</div></aside></div><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>This blog post was updated on July 23, 2018 to use the new
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<a href=/v1.7/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>v1alpha3 traffic management API</a>. If you need to use the old version, follow these <a href=https://archive.istio.io/v0.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp.html>docs</a>.</div></aside></div><p>In my previous blog post, <a href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a>, I described how external services
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can be consumed by in-mesh Istio applications via HTTPS. In this post, I demonstrate consuming external services
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over TCP. You will use the <a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Istio Bookinfo sample application</a>, the version in which the book
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ratings data is persisted in a MySQL database. You deploy this database outside the cluster and configure the
|
|
<em>ratings</em> microservice to use it. You define a
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a> to allow the in-mesh applications to
|
|
access the external database.</p><h2 id=bookinfo-sample-application-with-external-ratings-database>Bookinfo sample application with external ratings database</h2><p>First, you set up a MySQL database instance to hold book ratings data outside of your Kubernetes cluster. Then you
|
|
modify the <a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo sample application</a> to use your database.</p><h3 id=setting-up-the-database-for-ratings-data>Setting up the database for ratings data</h3><p>For this task you set up an instance of <a href=https://www.mysql.com>MySQL</a>. You can use any MySQL instance; I used
|
|
<a href=https://www.ibm.com/cloud/compose/mysql>Compose for MySQL</a>. I used <code>mysqlsh</code>
|
|
(<a href=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-shell/en/>MySQL Shell</a>) as a MySQL client to feed the ratings data.</p><ol><li><p>Set the <code>MYSQL_DB_HOST</code> and <code>MYSQL_DB_PORT</code> environment variables:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export MYSQL_DB_HOST=<your MySQL database host>
|
|
$ export MYSQL_DB_PORT=<your MySQL database port>
|
|
</code></pre><p>In case of a local MySQL database with the default port, the values are <code>localhost</code> and <code>3306</code>, respectively.</p></li><li><p>To initialize the database, run the following command entering the password when prompted. The command is
|
|
performed with the credentials of the <code>admin</code> user, created by default by
|
|
<a href=https://www.ibm.com/cloud/compose/mysql>Compose for MySQL</a>.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.7/samples/bookinfo/src/mysql/mysqldb-init.sql | mysqlsh --sql --ssl-mode=REQUIRED -u admin -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT
|
|
</code></pre><p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p><p>When using the <code>mysql</code> client and a local MySQL database, run:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.7/samples/bookinfo/src/mysql/mysqldb-init.sql | mysql -u root -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Create a user with the name <code>bookinfo</code> and grant it <em>SELECT</em> privilege on the <code>test.ratings</code> table:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysqlsh --sql --ssl-mode=REQUIRED -u admin -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "CREATE USER 'bookinfo' IDENTIFIED BY '<password you choose>'; GRANT SELECT ON test.ratings to 'bookinfo';"
|
|
</code></pre><p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p><p>For <code>mysql</code> and the local database, the command is:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysql -u root -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "CREATE USER 'bookinfo' IDENTIFIED BY '<password you choose>'; GRANT SELECT ON test.ratings to 'bookinfo';"
|
|
</code></pre><p>Here you apply the <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege>principle of least privilege</a>. This
|
|
means that you do not use your <code>admin</code> user in the Bookinfo application. Instead, you create a special user for the
|
|
Bookinfo application , <code>bookinfo</code>, with minimal privileges. In this case, the <em>bookinfo</em> user only has the <code>SELECT</code>
|
|
privilege on a single table.</p><p>After running the command to create the user, you may want to clean your bash history by checking the number of the last
|
|
command and running <code>history -d <the number of the command that created the user></code>. You don’t want the password of the
|
|
new user to be stored in the bash history. If you’re using <code>mysql</code>, remove the last command from
|
|
<code>~/.mysql_history</code> file as well. Read more about password protection of the newly created user in <a href=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/create-user.html>MySQL documentation</a>.</p></li><li><p>Inspect the created ratings to see that everything worked as expected:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysqlsh --sql --ssl-mode=REQUIRED -u bookinfo -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "select * from test.ratings;"
|
|
Enter password:
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| ReviewID | Rating |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| 1 | 5 |
|
|
| 2 | 4 |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
</code></pre><p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p><p>For <code>mysql</code> and the local database:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysql -u bookinfo -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "select * from test.ratings;"
|
|
Enter password:
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| ReviewID | Rating |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| 1 | 5 |
|
|
| 2 | 4 |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Set the ratings temporarily to <code>1</code> to provide a visual clue when our database is used by the Bookinfo <em>ratings</em>
|
|
service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysqlsh --sql --ssl-mode=REQUIRED -u admin -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "update test.ratings set rating=1; select * from test.ratings;"
|
|
Enter password:
|
|
|
|
Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| ReviewID | Rating |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| 1 | 1 |
|
|
| 2 | 1 |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
</code></pre><p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p><p>For <code>mysql</code> and the local database:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysql -u root -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "update test.ratings set rating=1; select * from test.ratings;"
|
|
Enter password:
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| ReviewID | Rating |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
| 1 | 1 |
|
|
| 2 | 1 |
|
|
+----------+--------+
|
|
</code></pre><p>You used the <code>admin</code> user (and <code>root</code> for the local database) in the last command since the <code>bookinfo</code> user does not
|
|
have the <code>UPDATE</code> privilege on the <code>test.ratings</code> table.</p></li></ol><p>Now you are ready to deploy a version of the Bookinfo application that will use your database.</p><h3 id=initial-setting-of-bookinfo-application>Initial setting of Bookinfo application</h3><p>To demonstrate the scenario of using an external database, you start with a Kubernetes cluster with <a href=/v1.7/docs/setup/getting-started/>Istio installed</a>. Then you deploy the
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Istio Bookinfo sample application</a>, <a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/#apply-default-destination-rules>apply the default destination rules</a>, and <a href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/#change-to-the-blocking-by-default-policy>change Istio to the blocking-egress-by-default policy</a>.</p><p>This application uses the <code>ratings</code> microservice to fetch
|
|
book ratings, a number between 1 and 5. The ratings are displayed as stars for each review. There are several versions
|
|
of the <code>ratings</code> microservice. Some use <a href=https://www.mongodb.com>MongoDB</a>, others use <a href=https://www.mysql.com>MySQL</a>
|
|
as their database.</p><p>The example commands in this blog post work with Istio 0.8+, with or without
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>mutual TLS</a> enabled.</p><p>As a reminder, here is the end-to-end architecture of the application from the
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo sample application</a>.</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:59.086918235567985%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/withistio.svg title="The original Bookinfo application"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/withistio.svg alt="The original Bookinfo application"></a></div><figcaption>The original Bookinfo application</figcaption></figure><h3 id=use-the-database-for-ratings-data-in-bookinfo-application>Use the database for ratings data in Bookinfo application</h3><ol><li><p>Modify the deployment spec of a version of the <em>ratings</em> microservice that uses a MySQL database, to use your
|
|
database instance. The spec is in <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/release-1.7/samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql.yaml><code>samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql.yaml</code></a>
|
|
of an Istio release archive. Edit the following lines:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>- name: MYSQL_DB_HOST
|
|
value: mysqldb
|
|
- name: MYSQL_DB_PORT
|
|
value: "3306"
|
|
- name: MYSQL_DB_USER
|
|
value: root
|
|
- name: MYSQL_DB_PASSWORD
|
|
value: password
|
|
</code></pre><p>Replace the values in the snippet above, specifying the database host, port, user, and password. Note that the
|
|
correct way to work with passwords in container’s environment variables in Kubernetes is <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/#using-secrets-as-environment-variables>to use secrets</a>. For this
|
|
example task only, you may want to write the password directly in the deployment spec. <strong>Do not do it</strong> in a real
|
|
environment! I also assume everyone realizes that <code>"password"</code> should not be used as a password…</p></li><li><p>Apply the modified spec to deploy the version of the <em>ratings</em> microservice, <em>v2-mysql</em>, that will use your
|
|
database.</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.7/samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql.yaml@
|
|
deployment "ratings-v2-mysql" created
|
|
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Route all the traffic destined to the <em>reviews</em> service to its <em>v3</em> version. You do this to ensure that the
|
|
<em>reviews</em> service always calls the <em>ratings</em> service. In addition, route all the traffic destined to the <em>ratings</em>
|
|
service to <em>ratings v2-mysql</em> that uses your database.</p><p>Specify the routing for both services above by adding two
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>virtual services</a>. These virtual services are
|
|
specified in <code>samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-ratings-mysql.yaml</code> of an Istio release archive.
|
|
<strong><em>Important:</em></strong> make sure you
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/#apply-default-destination-rules>applied the default destination rules</a> before running the
|
|
following command.</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.7/samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-ratings-mysql.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-ratings-mysql.yaml@
|
|
</code></pre></div></li></ol><p>The updated architecture appears below. Note that the blue arrows inside the mesh mark the traffic configured according
|
|
to the virtual services we added. According to the virtual services, the traffic is sent to <em>reviews v3</em> and
|
|
<em>ratings v2-mysql</em>.</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:59.314858206480224%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql-external.svg title="The Bookinfo application with ratings v2-mysql and an external MySQL database"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql-external.svg alt="The Bookinfo application with ratings v2-mysql and an external MySQL database"></a></div><figcaption>The Bookinfo application with ratings v2-mysql and an external MySQL database</figcaption></figure><p>Note that the MySQL database is outside the Istio service mesh, or more precisely outside the Kubernetes cluster. The
|
|
boundary of the service mesh is marked by a dashed line.</p><h3 id=access-the-webpage>Access the webpage</h3><p>Access the webpage of the application, after
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/#determine-the-ingress-ip-and-port>determining the ingress IP and port</a>.</p><p>You have a problem… Instead of the rating stars, the message <em>“Ratings service is currently unavailable”</em> is currently
|
|
displayed below each review:</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:36.18705035971223%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp/errorFetchingBookRating.png title="The Ratings service error messages"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp/errorFetchingBookRating.png alt="The Ratings service error messages"></a></div><figcaption>The Ratings service error messages</figcaption></figure><p>As in <a href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a>, you experience <strong>graceful service degradation</strong>,
|
|
which is good. The application did not crash due to the error in the <em>ratings</em> microservice. The webpage of the
|
|
application correctly displayed the book information, the details, and the reviews, just without the rating stars.</p><p>You have the same problem as in <a href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a>, namely all the traffic
|
|
outside the Kubernetes cluster, both TCP and HTTP, is blocked by default by the sidecar proxies. To enable such traffic
|
|
for TCP, a mesh-external service entry for TCP must be defined.</p><h3 id=mesh-external-service-entry-for-an-external-mysql-instance>Mesh-external service entry for an external MySQL instance</h3><p>TCP mesh-external service entries come to our rescue.</p><ol><li><p>Get the IP address of your MySQL database instance. As an option, you can use the
|
|
<a href=https://linux.die.net/man/1/host>host</a> command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export MYSQL_DB_IP=$(host $MYSQL_DB_HOST | grep " has address " | cut -d" " -f4)
|
|
</code></pre><p>For a local database, set <code>MYSQL_DB_IP</code> to contain the IP of your machine, accessible from your cluster.</p></li><li><p>Define a TCP mesh-external service entry:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: ServiceEntry
|
|
metadata:
|
|
name: mysql-external
|
|
spec:
|
|
hosts:
|
|
- $MYSQL_DB_HOST
|
|
addresses:
|
|
- $MYSQL_DB_IP/32
|
|
ports:
|
|
- name: tcp
|
|
number: $MYSQL_DB_PORT
|
|
protocol: tcp
|
|
location: MESH_EXTERNAL
|
|
EOF
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Review the service entry you just created and check that it contains the correct values:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get serviceentry mysql-external -o yaml
|
|
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
|
kind: ServiceEntry
|
|
metadata:
|
|
...
|
|
</code></pre></li></ol><p>Note that for a TCP service entry, you specify <code>tcp</code> as the protocol of a port of the entry. Also note that you have to
|
|
specify the IP of the external service in the list of addresses, as a <a href=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2317>CIDR</a> block
|
|
with suffix <code>32</code>.</p><p>I will talk more about TCP service entries
|
|
<a href=#service-entries-for-tcp-traffic>below</a>. For now, verify that the service entry we added fixed the problem. Access the
|
|
webpage and see if the stars are back.</p><p>It worked! Accessing the web page of the application displays the ratings without error:</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:36.69064748201439%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp/externalMySQLRatings.png title="Book Ratings Displayed Correctly"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp/externalMySQLRatings.png alt="Book Ratings Displayed Correctly"></a></div><figcaption>Book Ratings Displayed Correctly</figcaption></figure><p>Note that you see a one-star rating for both displayed reviews, as expected. You changed the ratings to be one star to
|
|
provide us with a visual clue that our external database is indeed being used.</p><p>As with service entries for HTTP/HTTPS, you can delete and create service entries for TCP using <code>kubectl</code>, dynamically.</p><h2 id=motivation-for-egress-tcp-traffic-control>Motivation for egress TCP traffic control</h2><p>Some in-mesh Istio applications must access external services, for example legacy systems. In many cases, the access is
|
|
not performed over HTTP or HTTPS protocols. Other TCP protocols are used, such as database-specific protocols like
|
|
<a href=https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/mongodb-wire-protocol/>MongoDB Wire Protocol</a> and <a href=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/client-server-protocol.html>MySQL Client/Server Protocol</a> to communicate with external databases.</p><p>Next let me provide more details about the service entries for TCP traffic.</p><h2 id=service-entries-for-tcp-traffic>Service entries for TCP traffic</h2><p>The service entries for enabling TCP traffic to a specific port must specify <code>TCP</code> as the protocol of the port.
|
|
Additionally, for the <a href=https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/mongodb-wire-protocol/>MongoDB Wire Protocol</a>, the
|
|
protocol can be specified as <code>MONGO</code>, instead of <code>TCP</code>.</p><p>For the <code>addresses</code> field of the entry, a block of IPs in <a href=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2317>CIDR</a>
|
|
notation must be used. Note that the <code>hosts</code> field is ignored for TCP service entries.</p><p>To enable TCP traffic to an external service by its hostname, all the IPs of the hostname must be specified. Each IP
|
|
must be specified by a CIDR block.</p><p>Note that all the IPs of an external service are not always known. To enable egress TCP traffic, only the IPs that are
|
|
used by the applications must be specified.</p><p>Also note that the IPs of an external service are not always static, for example in the case of
|
|
<a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network>CDNs</a>. Sometimes the IPs are static most of the time, but can
|
|
be changed from time to time, for example due to infrastructure changes. In these cases, if the range of the possible
|
|
IPs is known, you should specify the range by CIDR blocks. If the range of the possible IPs is not known, service
|
|
entries for TCP cannot be used and
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/#direct-access-to-external-services>the external services must be called directly</a>,
|
|
bypassing the sidecar proxies.</p><h2 id=relation-to-virtual-machines-support>Relation to virtual machines support</h2><p>Note that the scenario described in this post is different from the
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with Virtual Machines</a> example. In that scenario, a MySQL instance runs on an
|
|
external
|
|
(outside the cluster) machine (a bare metal or a VM), integrated with the Istio service mesh. The MySQL service becomes
|
|
a first-class citizen of the mesh with all the beneficial features of Istio applicable. Among other things, the service
|
|
becomes addressable by a local cluster domain name, for example by <code>mysqldb.vm.svc.cluster.local</code>, and the communication
|
|
to it can be secured by
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>mutual TLS authentication</a>. There is no need to create a service
|
|
entry to access this service; however, the service must be registered with Istio. To enable such integration, Istio
|
|
components (<em>Envoy proxy</em>, <em>node-agent</em>, <code>_istio-agent_</code>) must be installed on the machine and the Istio control plane
|
|
(<em>Pilot</em>, <em>Mixer</em>, <em>Citadel</em>) must be accessible from it. See the
|
|
<a href=/v1.7/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Istio VM-related</a> tasks for more details.</p><p>In our case, the MySQL instance can run on any machine or can be provisioned as a service by a cloud provider. There is
|
|
no requirement to integrate the machine with Istio. The Istio control plane does not have to be accessible from the
|
|
machine. In the case of MySQL as a service, the machine which MySQL runs on may be not accessible and installing on it
|
|
the required components may be impossible. In our case, the MySQL instance is addressable by its global domain name,
|
|
which could be beneficial if the consuming applications expect to use that domain name. This is especially relevant when
|
|
that expected domain name cannot be changed in the deployment configuration of the consuming applications.</p><h2 id=cleanup>Cleanup</h2><ol><li><p>Drop the <code>test</code> database and the <code>bookinfo</code> user:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysqlsh --sql --ssl-mode=REQUIRED -u admin -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "drop database test; drop user bookinfo;"
|
|
</code></pre><p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p><p>For <code>mysql</code> and the local database:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ mysql -u root -p --host $MYSQL_DB_HOST --port $MYSQL_DB_PORT -e "drop database test; drop user bookinfo;"
|
|
</code></pre></li><li><p>Remove the virtual services:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.7/samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-ratings-mysql.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/networking/virtual-service-ratings-mysql.yaml@
|
|
Deleted config: virtual-service/default/reviews
|
|
Deleted config: virtual-service/default/ratings
|
|
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Undeploy <em>ratings v2-mysql</em>:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.7/samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl delete -f @samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo-ratings-v2-mysql.yaml@
|
|
deployment "ratings-v2-mysql" deleted
|
|
</code></pre></div></li><li><p>Delete the service entry:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl delete serviceentry mysql-external -n default
|
|
Deleted config: serviceentry mysql-external
|
|
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=conclusion>Conclusion</h2><p>In this blog post, I demonstrated how the microservices in an Istio service mesh can consume external services via TCP.
|
|
By default, Istio blocks all the traffic, TCP and HTTP, to the hosts outside the cluster. To enable such traffic for
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TCP, TCP mesh-external service entries must be created for the service mesh.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></p><p class=desc>Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></p><p class=desc>Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></p><p class=desc>Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></p><p class=desc>Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></p><p class=desc>Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></p><p class=desc>Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production." href=/v1.7/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></div><div class=right><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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<button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',0)">No</button></div><div id=feedback-comment>Do you have any suggestions for improvement?<br><br><input id=feedback-textbox type=text placeholder="Help us improve..." data-lang=en></div><div id=feedback-thankyou>Thanks for your feedback!</div></div><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label="Bookinfo sample application with external ratings database"><a href=#bookinfo-sample-application-with-external-ratings-database>Bookinfo sample application with external ratings database</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Setting up the database for ratings data"><a href=#setting-up-the-database-for-ratings-data>Setting up the database for ratings data</a><li role=none aria-label="Initial setting of Bookinfo application"><a href=#initial-setting-of-bookinfo-application>Initial setting of Bookinfo application</a><li role=none aria-label="Use the database for ratings data in Bookinfo application"><a href=#use-the-database-for-ratings-data-in-bookinfo-application>Use the database for ratings data in Bookinfo application</a><li role=none aria-label="Access the webpage"><a href=#access-the-webpage>Access the webpage</a><li role=none aria-label="Mesh-external service entry for an external MySQL instance"><a href=#mesh-external-service-entry-for-an-external-mysql-instance>Mesh-external service entry for an external MySQL instance</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Motivation for egress TCP traffic control"><a href=#motivation-for-egress-tcp-traffic-control>Motivation for egress TCP traffic control</a><li role=none aria-label="Service entries for TCP traffic"><a href=#service-entries-for-tcp-traffic>Service entries for TCP traffic</a><li role=none aria-label="Relation to virtual machines support"><a href=#relation-to-virtual-machines-support>Relation to virtual machines support</a><li role=none aria-label=Cleanup><a href=#cleanup>Cleanup</a><li role=none aria-label=Conclusion><a href=#conclusion>Conclusion</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.7.4 now" href=/v1.7/docs/setup/getting-started/#download aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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