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security policies on latency of requests (September 15, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/large-scale-security-policy-performance-tests/>Large Scale Security Policy Performance Tests</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new deployment model for Istio (August 27, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/new-deployment-model/>Deploying Istio Control Planes Outside the Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio Steering Committee is now in part proportionally allocated to companies based on contribution, and in part elected by community members (August 24, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/steering-changes/>Introducing the new Istio steering committee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An alternative sidecar proxy for Istio (July 28, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/mosn-proxy/>Using MOSN with Istio: an alternative data plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on trademarks and project governance (July 8, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/open-usage/>Open and neutral: transferring our trademarks to the Open Usage Commons</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new way to manage installation of telemetry addons (June 4, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/addon-rework/>Reworking our Addon Integrations</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Describing the new functionality of Workload Entries (May 21, 2020)">Introducing Workload Entries</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Simplifying Istio upgrades by offering safe canary deployments of the control plane (May 19, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/multiple-control-planes/>Safely Upgrade Istio using a Canary Control Plane Deployment</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Application Load Balancer to direct traffic to the Istio Ingress gateway with mutual TLS (May 15, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/alb-ingress-gateway-iks/>Direct encrypted traffic from IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Ingress to Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Community partner tooling of Wasm for Istio by Solo.io (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/wasmhub-istio/>Extended and Improved WebAssemblyHub to Bring the Power of WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A mechanism to acquire and share an application certificate and key through mounted files (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/proxy-cert/>Provision a certificate and key for an application without sidecars</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istiod consolidates the Istio control plane components into a single binary (March 19, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/istiod/>Introducing istiod: simplifying the control plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio declaratively (March 16, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/deploy-wasm-declarative/>Declarative WebAssembly deployment for Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The future of Istio extensibility using WASM (March 5, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/wasm-announce/>Redefining extensibility in proxies - introducing WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020 (March 3, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage secrets (February 20, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automating Istio configuration for Istio deployments (clusters) that work as a single mesh (January 5, 2020)" href=/v1.7/blog/2020/multi-cluster-mesh-automation/>Multicluster Istio configuration and service discovery using Admiral</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card1 title="Blog posts for 2019." aria-controls=card1-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2019 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card1 role=region id=card1-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card1><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction to Istio's new operator-based installation and control plane management feature (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/introducing-istio-operator/>Introducing the Istio Operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Getting programmatic access to Istio resources (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/announcing-istio-client-go/>Announcing Istio client-go</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Analyze your Istio configuration to detect potential issues and get general insights (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/introducing-istioctl-analyze/>Introducing istioctl analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Istio ingress gateway to act as a proxy for external services (October 15, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/proxy/>Istio as a Proxy for External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation (October 2, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How can you use Istio to monitor blocked and passthrough external traffic (September 28, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/monitoring-external-service-traffic/>Monitoring Blocked and Passthrough External Service Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/>Mixer Adapter for Knative</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely (September 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The design principles behind Istio's APIs and how those APIs are evolving (August 5, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/evolving-istios-apis/>The Evolution of Istio's APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations (July 22, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic (July 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and guidance for evaluating Istio's data plane performance (July 9, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/performance-best-practices/>Best Practices: Benchmarking Service Mesh Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of Istio self-signed root certificate (June 7, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/root-transition/>Extending Istio Self-Signed Root Certificate Lifetime</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control (May 22, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An overview of Istio 1.1 performance (March 19, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/istio1.1_perf/>Architecting Istio 1.1 for Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Istio route rules in a multicluster service mesh (February 7, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/multicluster-version-routing/>Version Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announces the new Istio blog policy (February 5, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/>Sail the Blog!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch (January 14, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio has a new discussion board (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.7/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a Custom Ingress Gateway Using Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card2 title="Blog posts for 2018." aria-controls=card2-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2018 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card2 role=region id=card2-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card2><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies (November 21, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (November 16, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release (August 3, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio (July 31, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch (July 30, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases (July 20, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver (July 9, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic (June 22, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API (April 25, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS (April 20, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment (April 19, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production (February 8, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (February 6, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (January 31, 2018)" href=/v1.7/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card3 title="Blog posts for 2017." aria-controls=card3-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2017 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card3 role=region id=card3-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card3><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Improving availability and reducing latency (December 7, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture (November 3, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy (August 10, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments (June 14, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Authentication 0.1 announcement (May 25, 2017)" href=/v1.7/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.7/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.7/blog/ title="Posts about using Istio.">Blog</a></li><li><a href=/v1.7/blog/2020/ title="Blog posts for 2020.">2020 Posts</a></li><li>Introducing Workload Entries</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Introducing Workload Entries</h1><p class=subtitle>Bridging Kubernetes and VMs</p><p class=byline><span>By</span>
<span class=attribution>Cynthia Coan (Tetrate), Shriram Rajagopalan (Tetrate), Tia Louden (Tetrate), John Howard (Google), Sven Mawson (Google)</span><span> | </span><span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#calendar"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>May 21, 2020</span><span> | </span><span title="764 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>4 minute read</span>
<span>&nbsp;</span>
<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Introducing Workload Entries: Bridging Kubernetes and VMs"><a href=#introducing-workload-entries-bridging-kubernetes-and-vms>Introducing Workload Entries: Bridging Kubernetes and VMs</a><ol><li role=none aria-label=Background><a href=#background>Background</a><li role=none aria-label="Workload Entry: A Non-Kubernetes Endpoint"><a href=#workload-entry-a-non-kubernetes-endpoint>Workload Entry: A Non-Kubernetes Endpoint</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><h2 id=introducing-workload-entries-bridging-kubernetes-and-vms>Introducing Workload Entries: Bridging Kubernetes and VMs</h2><p>Historically, Istio has provided great experience to workloads that run on Kubernetes, but it has been less smooth for other types of workloads, such as Virtual Machines (VMs) and bare metal. The gaps included the inability to declaratively specify the properties of a sidecar on a VM, inability to properly respond to the lifecycle changes of the workload (e.g., booting to not ready to ready, or health checks), and cumbersome DNS workarounds as the workloads are migrated into Kubernetes to name a few.</p><p>Istio 1.6 has introduced a few changes in how you manage non-Kubernetes workloads, driven by a desire to make it easier to gain Istio&rsquo;s benefits for use cases beyond containers, such as running traditional databases on a platform outside of Kubernetes, or adopting Istio&rsquo;s features for existing applications without rewriting them.</p><h3 id=background>Background</h3><p>Prior to Istio 1.6, non-containerized workloads were configurable simply as an IP address in a <code>ServiceEntry</code>, which meant that they only existed as part of a service. Istio lacked a first-class abstraction for these non-containerized workloads, something similar to how Kubernetes treats Pods as the fundamental unit of compute - a named object that serves as the collection point for all things related to a workload - name, labels, security properties, lifecycle status events, etc. Enter <code>WorkloadEntry</code>.</p><p>Consider the following <code>ServiceEntry</code> describing a service implemented by a few tens of VMs with IP addresses:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: svc1
spec:
hosts:
- svc1.internal.com
ports:
- number: 80
name: http
protocol: HTTP
resolution: STATIC
endpoints:
- address: 1.1.1.1
- address: 2.2.2.2
....
</code></pre><p>If you wanted to migrate this service into Kubernetes in an active-active manner - i.e. launch a bunch of Pods, send a portion of the traffic to the Pods over Istio mutual TLS (mTLS) and send the rest to the VMs without sidecars - how would you do it? You would have needed to use a combination of a Kubernetes service, a virtual service, and a destination rule to achieve the behavior. Now, let&rsquo;s say you decided to add sidecars to these VMs, one by one, such that you want only the traffic to the VMs with sidecars to use Istio mTLS. If any other Service Entry happens to include the same VM in its addresses, things start to get very complicated and error prone.</p><p>The primary source of these complications is that Istio lacked a first-class definition of a non-containerized workload, whose properties can be described independently of the service(s) it is part of.</p><figure style=width:100%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2020/workload-entry/workload-entry-first-example.svg title="The Internal of Service Entries Pointing to Workload Entries"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/blog/2020/workload-entry/workload-entry-first-example.svg alt="Service Entries Pointing to Workload Entries"></a></div><figcaption>The Internal of Service Entries Pointing to Workload Entries</figcaption></figure><h3 id=workload-entry-a-non-kubernetes-endpoint>Workload Entry: A Non-Kubernetes Endpoint</h3><p><code>WorkloadEntry</code> was created specifically to solve this problem. <code>WorkloadEntry</code> allows you to describe non-Pod endpoints that should still be part of the mesh, and treat them the same as a Pod. From here everything becomes easier, like enabling <code>MUTUAL_TLS</code> between workloads, whether they are containerized or not.</p><p>To create a <a href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/><code>WorkloadEntry</code></a> and attach it to a <a href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/><code>ServiceEntry</code></a> you can do something like this:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: WorkloadEntry
metadata:
name: vm1
namespace: ns1
spec:
address: 1.1.1.1
labels:
app: foo
instance-id: vm-78ad2
class: vm
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: svc1
namespace: ns1
spec:
hosts:
- svc1.internal.com
ports:
- number: 80
name: http
protocol: HTTP
resolution: STATIC
workloadSelector:
labels:
app: foo
</code></pre><p>This creates a new <code>WorkloadEntry</code> with a set of labels and an address, and a <code>ServiceEntry</code> that uses a <code>WorkloadSelector</code> to select all endpoints with the desired labels, in this case including the <code>WorkloadEntry</code> that are created for the VM.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2020/workload-entry/workload-entry-final.svg title="The Internal of Service Entries Pointing to Workload Entries"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/blog/2020/workload-entry/workload-entry-final.svg alt="Service Entries Pointing to Workload Entries"></a></div><figcaption>The Internal of Service Entries Pointing to Workload Entries</figcaption></figure><p>Notice that the <code>ServiceEntry</code> can reference both Pods and <code>WorkloadEntries</code>, using the same selector. VMs and Pods can now be treated identically by Istio, rather than being kept separate.</p><p>If you were to migrate some of your workloads to Kubernetes, and you choose to keep a substantial number of your VMs, the <code>WorkloadSelector</code> can select both Pods and VMs, and Istio will automatically load balance between them. The 1.6 changes also mean that <code>WorkloadSelector</code> syncs configurations between the Pods and VMs and removes the manual requirement to target both infrastructures with duplicate policies like mTLS and authorization.
The Istio 1.6 release provides a great starting point for what will be possible for the future of Istio. The ability to describe what exists outside of the mesh the same way you do with a Pod leads to added benefits like improved bootstrapping experience. However, these benefits are merely side effects. The core benefit is you can now have VMs, and Pods co-exist without any configuration needed to bridge the two together.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Authorization Policy Trust Domain Migration</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></p><p class=desc>Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="A new way to manage installation of telemetry addons." href=/v1.7/blog/2020/addon-rework/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Reworking our Addon Integrations</a></div><div class=right><a title="Simplifying Istio upgrades by offering safe canary deployments of the control plane." href=/v1.7/blog/2020/multiple-control-planes/>Safely Upgrade Istio using a Canary Control Plane Deployment<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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