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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon cancel-x"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class="primary notoc"><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card17 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card17-body><svg class="icon concepts"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card17 role=region id=card17-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card17><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture, and its design goals." href=/v1.8/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.8/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.8/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's WebAssembly Plugin system." href=/v1.8/docs/concepts/wasm/>Extensibility</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card40 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." aria-controls=card40-body><svg class="icon setup"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card40 role=region id=card40-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card40><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup kind for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/kind/>kind</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Kops for use with Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/kops/>Kops</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a KubeSphere Container Platform for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/kubesphere/>KubeSphere Container Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/operator/>Istio Operator Install</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/helm/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Install Multicluster"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Install Multicluster</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before installing Istio on multiple clusters." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/multicluster/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary/>Install Multi-Primary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote/>Install Primary-Remote</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters on different networks." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary_multi-network/>Install Multi-Primary on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters on different networks." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote_multi-network/>Install Primary-Remote on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verify that Istio has been installed properly on multiple clusters." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/multicluster/verify/>Verify the installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy Istio and connect a workload running within a virtual machine to it." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/install/virtual-machine/>Virtual Machine Installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Upgrade, downgrade, and manage Istio accross multiple control plane revisions." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade Istio by first running a canary deployment of a new control plane." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/upgrade/canary/>Canary Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio in place." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/upgrade/in-place/>In-place Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring and upgrading Istio with gateways." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/upgrade/gateways/>Managing Gateways with Multiple Revisions [experimental]</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an external control plane and remote cluster." href=/v1.8/docs/setup/additional-setup/external-controlplane/>Install Istio with an External Control Plane</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card73 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card73-body><svg class="icon tasks"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card73 role=region id=card73-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card73><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress/>Secure Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure a Kubernetes Ingress object to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/kubernetes-ingress/>Kubernetes Ingress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure the Kubernetes Service APIs with Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/service-apis/>Kubernetes Service APIs [Experimental]</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services using Secret Discovery Service." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination-sds/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services using file mount certificates." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Certificate Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Management of the certificates in Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/>Certificate Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with a root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/plugin-ca-cert/>Plug in CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/dns-cert/>Istio DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use a Custom Certificate Authority (that integrates with the Kubernetes CSR API) to provision Istio workload certificates." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/custom-ca-k8s/>Custom CA Integration using Kubernetes CSR [experimental]</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control with JWT in Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>Authorization with JWT</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Authorization policies with a deny action</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Authorization on Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Authorization Policy Trust Domain Migration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/customize-metrics/>Customizing Istio Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to improve telemetry by grouping requests and responses by their type." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/classify-metrics/>Classifying Metrics Based on Request or Response (Experimental)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Lightstep." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>Lightstep</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options (beta/development)." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/configurability/>Configurability (Beta/Development)</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card94 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card94-body><svg class="icon examples"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card94 role=region id=card94-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card94><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.8/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Virtual Machines"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples that add workloads running on virtual machines to an Istio mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Virtual Machines</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your single-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/examples/virtual-machines/single-network/>Example Application using Virtual Machines in a Single Network Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Setup a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Setup a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card118 title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card118-body><svg class="icon guide"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card118 role=region id=card118-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card118><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Requirements of applications deployed in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Application Requirements</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to wait to apply mesh configuration until a resource reaches a given status or readiness." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/config-resource-ready/>Wait for Resource Status to Apply Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure TLS settings to secure network traffic." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure gateway network topology." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/network-topologies/>Configuring Gateway Network Topology [experimental]</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Prometheus to monitor multicluster Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/monitoring-multicluster-prometheus/>Monitoring Multicluster Istio with Prometheus</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems.">Security Problems</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into a running istiod component." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Istiod Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Integrations><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Other softwares that Istio can integrate with to provide additional functionality." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/integrations/>Integrations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with cert-manager." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/integrations/certmanager/>cert-manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Grafana to set up Istio dashboards." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/integrations/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Jaeger." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/integrations/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Kiali." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/integrations/kiali/>Kiali</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Prometheus." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/integrations/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Zipkin." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/integrations/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card169 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card169-body><svg class="icon reference"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card169 role=region id=card169-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card169><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the structure of messages generated by Istio analyzers." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/istio.analysis.v1alpha1/>Analysis Messages</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the role of the `status` field in configuration workflow." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/config-status/>Configuration Status Field</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Proxy Extensions"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio proxy extensions." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/>Proxy Extensions</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Metadata Exchange Filter." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/metadata_exchange/>Metadata Exchange Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stackdriver filter." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stackdriver/>Stackdriver Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Attribute Generation plugin." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/attributegen/>AttributeGen Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for AccessLogPolicy Filter." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/accesslogpolicy/>AccessLogPolicy Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stats Filter." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stats/>Stats Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable telemetry generation with the Wasm runtime (experimental)." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm_telemetry/>Wasm-based Telemetry (Experimental)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a collection of workload instances." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-group/>Workload Group</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting VMs onboarded into the mesh." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/>Workload Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration to validate JWT." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/security/jwt/>JWTRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Types"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes common types in Istio API." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/type/>Common Types</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Definition of a workload selector." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/type/workload-selector/>Workload Selector</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configuration analysis." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0113/>MTLSPolicyConflict</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0116/>DeploymentAssociatedToMultipleServices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0117/>DeploymentRequiresServiceAssociated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0104/>GatewayPortNotOnWorkload</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0125/>InvalidAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0122/>InvalidRegexp</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0105/>IstioProxyImageMismatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0119/>JwtFailureDueToInvalidServicePortPrefix</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0123/>NamespaceMultipleInjectionLabels</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0127/>NoMatchingWorkloadsFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0128/>NoServerCertificateVerificationDestinationLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0129/>NoServerCertificateVerificationPortLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0131/>VirtualServiceIneffectiveMatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0130/>VirtualServiceUnreachableRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.8/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.8/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon pull"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.8/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.8/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.8/docs/ops/ title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh.">Operations</a></li><li><a href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/ title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio.">Common Problems</a></li><li>Security Problems</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Security Problems</h1><p class=byline><span title="1732 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>9 minute read</span>
|
||
<span> </span>
|
||
<span><a href=https://github.com/istio/istio.io/tree/master/README.md#testing-document-content title="No automated test is available for this page. Click for details or to help create one."><svg class="icon cancel-grey"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#cancel-grey"/></svg><span> </span>
|
||
page test</a></span></p></div></div><nav class="toc-inlined toc-forced" aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="End-user authentication fails"><a href=#end-user-authentication-fails>End-user authentication fails</a><li role=none aria-label="Authorization is too restrictive"><a href=#authorization-is-too-restrictive>Authorization is too restrictive</a><li role=none aria-label="Authorization is too permissive"><a href=#authorization-is-too-permissive>Authorization is too permissive</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure Istiod accepts the policies"><a href=#ensure-istiod-accepts-the-policies>Ensure Istiod accepts the policies</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure Istiod distributes policies to proxies correctly"><a href=#ensure-istiod-distributes-policies-to-proxies-correctly>Ensure Istiod distributes policies to proxies correctly</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly"><a href=#ensure-proxies-enforce-policies-correctly>Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly</a><li role=none aria-label="Keys and certificates errors"><a href=#keys-and-certificates-errors>Keys and certificates errors</a><li role=none aria-label="Mutual TLS errors"><a href=#mutual-tls-errors>Mutual TLS errors</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><h2 id=end-user-authentication-fails>End-user authentication fails</h2><p>With Istio, you can enable authentication for end users through <a href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/#end-user-authentication>request authentication policies</a>. Follow these steps to troubleshoot the policy specification.</p><ol><li><p>If <code>jwksUri</code> isn’t set, make sure the JWT issuer is of url format and <code>url + /.well-known/openid-configuration</code> can be opened in browser; for example, if the JWT issuer is <code>https://accounts.google.com</code>, make sure <code>https://accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration</code> is a valid url and can be opened in a browser.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "security.istio.io/v1beta1"
|
||
kind: "RequestAuthentication"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "example-3"
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
app: httpbin
|
||
jwtRules:
|
||
- issuer: "testing@secure.istio.io"
|
||
jwksUri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.8/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json"
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>If the JWT token is placed in the Authorization header in http requests, make sure the JWT token is valid (not expired, etc). The fields in a JWT token can be decoded by using online JWT parsing tools, e.g., <a href=https://jwt.io/>jwt.io</a>.</p></li><li><p>Verify the Envoy proxy configuration of the target workload using <code>istioctl proxy-config</code> command.</p><p>With the example policy above applied, use the following command to check the <code>listener</code> configuration on the inbound port <code>80</code>. You should see <code>envoy.filters.http.jwt_authn</code> filter with settings matching the issuer and JWKS as specified in the policy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=httpbin -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
|
||
$ istioctl proxy-config listener ${POD} -n foo --port 80 --type HTTP -o json
|
||
<redacted>
|
||
{
|
||
"name": "envoy.filters.http.jwt_authn",
|
||
"typedConfig": {
|
||
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.filter.http.jwt_authn.v2alpha.JwtAuthentication",
|
||
"providers": {
|
||
"origins-0": {
|
||
"issuer": "testing@secure.istio.io",
|
||
"localJwks": {
|
||
"inlineString": "*redacted*"
|
||
},
|
||
"payloadInMetadata": "testing@secure.istio.io"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"match": {
|
||
"prefix": "/"
|
||
},
|
||
"requires": {
|
||
"requiresAny": {
|
||
"requirements": [
|
||
{
|
||
"providerName": "origins-0"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"allowMissing": {}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
<redacted>
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=authorization-is-too-restrictive>Authorization is too restrictive</h2><p>When you first enable authorization for a service, all requests are denied by default. After you add one or more authorization policies, then
|
||
matching requests should flow through. If all requests continue to be denied, you can try the following:</p><ol><li><p>Make sure there is no typo in your policy YAML file.</p></li><li><p>Avoid enabling authorization for <span class=term data-title=Istiod data-body='<p>The Istiod component is the consolidated control plane binary that encapsulates the functions of Pilot, Galley, Citadel, and the sidecar injector.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="/blog/2020/istiod/">Learn more about Istiod</a>.</p>'>Istiod</span>. Istio authorization policy is designed for authorizing access to workloads in Istio Mesh. Enabling it for Istiod may cause unexpected behavior.</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your authorization policies are in the right namespace (as specified in <code>metadata/namespace</code> field).</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your authorization policies with ALLOW action don’t use any HTTP only fields for TCP traffic.
|
||
Otherwise, Istio ignores the ALLOW policies as if they don’t exist.</p></li><li><p>An HTTP response with the value <code>RBAC: Access Denied</code> indicates an authorization policy is in effect. You can determine the authorization policy in effect by running <code>istioctl x authz check POD-NAME.POD-NAMESPACE</code>.</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your authorization policies with DENY action don’t use any HTTP only fields for TCP traffic.
|
||
Otherwise, Istio ignores the rules with HTTP only fields within the DENY policies as if they don’t exist.</p></li><li><p>An HTTP response with the value <code>upstream connect error or disconnect/reset before headers. reset reason: connection termination</code> can indicate an authorization policy with HTTP only fields applied to TCP traffic. Read the <a href=/v1.8/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>port selection documentation</a> for how Istio determines whether a service is using the http or tcp protocol.</p></li></ol><h2 id=authorization-is-too-permissive>Authorization is too permissive</h2><p>If authorization checks are enabled for a service and yet requests to the
|
||
service aren’t being blocked, then authorization was likely not enabled
|
||
successfully. To verify, follow these steps:</p><ol><li><p>Check the <a href=/v1.8/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>authorization concept documentation</a>
|
||
to correctly apply Istio authorization.</p></li><li><p>Make sure there is no typo in your policy YAML file. Especially check to make sure the authorization policy is applied
|
||
to the right workload and namespace.</p></li><li><p>Avoid enabling authorization for Istiod. The Istio authorization features are designed for
|
||
authorizing access to workloads in an Istio Mesh. Enabling the authorization
|
||
features for Istiod can cause unexpected behavior.</p></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-istiod-accepts-the-policies>Ensure Istiod accepts the policies</h2><p>Istiod converts and distributes your authorization policies to the proxies. The following steps help
|
||
you ensure Istiod is working as expected:</p><ol><li><p>Run the following command to open the Istiod <code>ControlZ</code> UI Page:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl dashboard controlz $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l app=istiod -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}').istio-system
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>After your browser opens, click <code>Logging Scopes</code> in the left menu.</p></li><li><p>Change the <code>authorization</code> Output Level to <code>debug</code>.</p></li><li><p>Use <code>Ctrl+C</code> in the terminal you started in step 1 to stop the port-forward command.</p></li><li><p>Print the log of Istiod and search for <code>authorization</code> with the following command:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>You probably need to first delete and then re-apply your authorization policies so that
|
||
the debug output is generated for these policies.</div></aside></div><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l app=istiod -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c discovery -n istio-system | grep authorization
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the output and verify:</p><ul><li>There are no errors.</li><li>There is a <code>building v1beta1 policy</code> message which indicates the filter was generated
|
||
for the target workload.</li></ul></li><li><p>For example, you might see something similar to the following:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>2020-03-05T23:43:21.621339Z debug authorization found authorization allow policies for workload [app=ext-authz-server,pod-template-hash=5fd587cc9d,security.istio.io/tlsMode=istio,service.istio.io/canonical-name=ext-authz-server,service.istio.io/canonical-revision=latest] in foo
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621348Z debug authorization building filter for HTTP listener protocol
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621351Z debug authorization building v1beta1 policy
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621399Z debug authorization constructed internal model: &{Permissions:[{Services:[] Hosts:[] NotHosts:[] Paths:[] NotPaths:[] Methods:[] NotMethods:[] Ports:[] NotPorts:[] Constraints:[] AllowAll:true v1beta1:true}] Principals:[{Users:[] Names:[cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account] NotNames:[] Group: Groups:[] NotGroups:[] Namespaces:[] NotNamespaces:[] IPs:[] NotIPs:[] RequestPrincipals:[] NotRequestPrincipals:[] Properties:[] AllowAll:false v1beta1:true}]}
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621528Z info ads LDS: PUSH for node:sleep-6bdb595bcb-vmchz.foo listeners:38
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621997Z debug authorization generated policy ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]: permissions:<and_rules:<rules:<any:true > > > principals:<and_ids:<ids:<or_ids:<ids:<metadata:<filter:"istio_authn" path:<key:"source.principal" > value:<string_match:<exact:"cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account" > > > > > > > >
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.622052Z debug authorization added HTTP filter to filter chain 0
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623532Z debug authorization found authorization allow policies for workload [app=ext-authz-server,pod-template-hash=5fd587cc9d,security.istio.io/tlsMode=istio,service.istio.io/canonical-name=ext-authz-server,service.istio.io/canonical-revision=latest] in foo
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623543Z debug authorization building filter for TCP listener protocol
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623546Z debug authorization building v1beta1 policy
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623572Z debug authorization constructed internal model: &{Permissions:[{Services:[] Hosts:[] NotHosts:[] Paths:[] NotPaths:[] Methods:[] NotMethods:[] Ports:[] NotPorts:[] Constraints:[] AllowAll:true v1beta1:true}] Principals:[{Users:[] Names:[cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account] NotNames:[] Group: Groups:[] NotGroups:[] Namespaces:[] NotNamespaces:[] IPs:[] NotIPs:[] RequestPrincipals:[] NotRequestPrincipals:[] Properties:[] AllowAll:false v1beta1:true}]}
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623625Z debug authorization generated policy ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]: permissions:<and_rules:<rules:<any:true > > > principals:<and_ids:<ids:<or_ids:<ids:<authenticated:<principal_name:<exact:"spiffe://cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account" > > > > > > >
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623645Z debug authorization added TCP filter to filter chain 0
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623648Z debug authorization added TCP filter to filter chain 1
|
||
</code></pre><p>This shows that Istiod generated:</p><ul><li><p>An HTTP filter config with policy <code>ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]</code> for workload with labels <code>app=ext-authz-server,...</code>.</p></li><li><p>A TCP filter config with policy <code>ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]</code> for workload with labels <code>app=ext-authz-server,...</code>.</p></li></ul></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-istiod-distributes-policies-to-proxies-correctly>Ensure Istiod distributes policies to proxies correctly</h2><p>Pilot distributes the authorization policies to proxies. The following steps help you ensure Pilot
|
||
is working as expected:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>The command used in this section assumes you have deployed <a href=/v1.8/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>,
|
||
otherwise you should replace <code>"-l app=productpage"</code> with your actual pod.</div></aside></div><ol><li><p>Run the following command to get the proxy configuration dump for the <code>productpage</code> service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request GET config_dump
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the log and verify:</p><ul><li>The log includes an <code>envoy.filters.http.rbac</code> filter to enforce the authorization policy
|
||
on each incoming request.</li><li>Istio updates the filter accordingly after you update your authorization policy.</li></ul></li><li><p>The following output means the proxy of <code>productpage</code> has enabled the <code>envoy.filters.http.rbac</code> filter
|
||
with rules that allows anyone to access it via <code>GET</code> method. The <code>shadow_rules</code> are not used and you can ignored them safely.</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>{
|
||
"name": "envoy.filters.http.rbac",
|
||
"config": {
|
||
"rules": {
|
||
"policies": {
|
||
"productpage-viewer": {
|
||
"permissions": [
|
||
{
|
||
"and_rules": {
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"or_rules": {
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"header": {
|
||
"exact_match": "GET",
|
||
"name": ":method"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
],
|
||
"principals": [
|
||
{
|
||
"and_ids": {
|
||
"ids": [
|
||
{
|
||
"any": true
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"shadow_rules": {
|
||
"policies": {}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-proxies-enforce-policies-correctly>Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly</h2><p>Proxies eventually enforce the authorization policies. The following steps help you ensure the proxy
|
||
is working as expected:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>The command used in this section assumes you have deployed <a href=/v1.8/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>.
|
||
otherwise you should replace <code>"-l app=productpage"</code> with your actual pod.</div></aside></div><ol><li><p>Turn on the authorization debug logging in proxy with the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request POST 'logging?rbac=debug'
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify you see the following output:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>active loggers:
|
||
... ...
|
||
rbac: debug
|
||
... ...
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Visit the <code>productpage</code> in your browser to generate some logs.</p></li><li><p>Print the proxy logs with the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the output and verify:</p><ul><li><p>The output log shows either <code>enforced allowed</code> or <code>enforced denied</code> depending on whether the request
|
||
was allowed or denied respectively.</p></li><li><p>Your authorization policy expects the data extracted from the request.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>The following output means there is a <code>GET</code> request at path <code>/productpage</code> and the policy allows the request.
|
||
The <code>shadow denied</code> has no effect and you can ignore it safely.</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>...
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:79] checking request: remoteAddress: 10.60.0.139:51158, localAddress: 10.60.0.93:9080, ssl: uriSanPeerCertificate: spiffe://cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account, subjectPeerCertificate: O=, headers: ':authority', '35.238.0.62'
|
||
':path', '/productpage'
|
||
':method', 'GET'
|
||
'upgrade-insecure-requests', '1'
|
||
'user-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.99 Safari/537.36'
|
||
'dnt', '1'
|
||
'accept', 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8'
|
||
'accept-encoding', 'gzip, deflate'
|
||
'accept-language', 'en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7'
|
||
'x-forwarded-for', '10.60.0.1'
|
||
'x-forwarded-proto', 'http'
|
||
'x-request-id', 'e23ea62d-b25d-91be-857c-80a058d746d4'
|
||
'x-b3-traceid', '5983108bf6d05603'
|
||
'x-b3-spanid', '5983108bf6d05603'
|
||
'x-b3-sampled', '1'
|
||
'x-istio-attributes', 'CikKGGRlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2UubmFtZRINEgtwcm9kdWN0cGFnZQoqCh1kZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLm5hbWVzcGFjZRIJEgdkZWZhdWx0Ck8KCnNvdXJjZS51aWQSQRI/a3ViZXJuZXRlczovL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LTc2NjY0Y2NmY2Ytd3hjcjQuaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtCj4KE2Rlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2USJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApDChhkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLmhvc3QSJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApBChdkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLnVpZBImEiRpc3RpbzovL2RlZmF1bHQvc2VydmljZXMvcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2U='
|
||
'content-length', '0'
|
||
'x-envoy-internal', 'true'
|
||
'sec-istio-authn-payload', 'CkVjbHVzdGVyLmxvY2FsL25zL2lzdGlvLXN5c3RlbS9zYS9pc3Rpby1pbmdyZXNzZ2F0ZXdheS1zZXJ2aWNlLWFjY291bnQSRWNsdXN0ZXIubG9jYWwvbnMvaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtL3NhL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LXNlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudA=='
|
||
, dynamicMetadata: filter_metadata {
|
||
key: "istio_authn"
|
||
value {
|
||
fields {
|
||
key: "request.auth.principal"
|
||
value {
|
||
string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
fields {
|
||
key: "source.principal"
|
||
value {
|
||
string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:88] shadow denied
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:98] enforced allowed
|
||
...
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=keys-and-certificates-errors>Keys and certificates errors</h2><p>If you suspect that some of the keys and/or certificates used by Istio aren’t correct, you can inspect the contents from any pod:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl proxy-config secret sleep-8f795f47d-4s4t7
|
||
RESOURCE NAME TYPE STATUS VALID CERT SERIAL NUMBER NOT AFTER NOT BEFORE
|
||
default Cert Chain ACTIVE true 138092480869518152837211547060273851586 2020-11-11T16:39:48Z 2020-11-10T16:39:48Z
|
||
ROOTCA CA ACTIVE true 288553090258624301170355571152070165215 2030-11-08T16:34:52Z 2020-11-10T16:34:52Z
|
||
</code></pre><p>By passing the <code>-o json</code> flag, you can pass the full certificate content to <code>openssl</code> to analyze its contents:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl proxy-config secret sleep-8f795f47d-4s4t7 -o json | jq '[.dynamicActiveSecrets[] | select(.name == "default")][0].secret.tlsCertificate.certificateChain.inlineBytes' -r | base64 -d | openssl x509 -noout -text
|
||
Certificate:
|
||
Data:
|
||
Version: 3 (0x2)
|
||
Serial Number:
|
||
99:59:6b:a2:5a:f4:20:f4:03:d7:f0:bc:59:f5:d8:40
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
Issuer: O = k8s.cluster.local
|
||
Validity
|
||
Not Before: Jun 4 20:38:20 2018 GMT
|
||
Not After : Sep 2 20:38:20 2018 GMT
|
||
...
|
||
X509v3 extensions:
|
||
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
|
||
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
|
||
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
|
||
TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
|
||
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
|
||
CA:FALSE
|
||
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
|
||
URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa
|
||
...
|
||
</code></pre><p>Make sure the displayed certificate contains valid information. In particular, the <code>Subject Alternative Name</code> field should be <code>URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa</code>.</p><h2 id=mutual-tls-errors>Mutual TLS errors</h2><p>If you suspect problems with mutual TLS, first ensure that <a href=#repairing-citadel>Citadel is healthy</a>, and
|
||
second ensure that <a href=#keys-and-certificates-errors>keys and certificates are being delivered</a> to sidecars properly.</p><p>If everything appears to be working so far, the next step is to verify that the right <a href=/v1.8/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>authentication policy</a>
|
||
is applied and the right destination rules are in place.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.8/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></p><p class=desc>A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.8/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></p><p class=desc>A more secure way to manage secrets.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.8/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></p><p class=desc>Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.8/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></p><p class=desc>Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.8/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></p><p class=desc>A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.8/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></p><p class=desc>Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Traffic Management Problems</a></div><div class=right><a title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.8/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.8/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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