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2019 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse0 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header0><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Istio 1.0.6 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/announcing-1.0.6/>Announcing Istio 1.0.6</a></li><li><a title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager</a></li><li><a title="Istio has a new discussion board." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header1><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse1 title="Blog posts for 2018." role=button aria-controls=collapse1><div><img src=/v1.0/img/blog.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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2018 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse1 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header1><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Istio 1.0.5 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.5/>Announcing Istio 1.0.5</a></li><li><a title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.4 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.4/>Announcing Istio 1.0.4</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.3 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.3/>Announcing Istio 1.0.3</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.2 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.2/>Announcing Istio 1.0.2</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.1 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.1/>Announcing Istio 1.0.1</a></li><li><a title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li><a title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li><a title="Istio is ready for production use with its 1.0 release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0/>Announcing Istio 1.0</a></li><li><a title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/delayering-istio/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li><a title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li><a title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li><a title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li><a title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-tenancy Support</a></li><li><a title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header2><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse2 title="Blog posts for 2017." role=button aria-controls=collapse2><div><img src=/v1.0/img/blog.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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2017 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse2 class="collapse show" data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header2><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Improving availability and reducing latency." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li><a title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li><a title="Istio 0.2 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.2-announcement/>Announcing Istio 0.2</a></li><li><a title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li><a title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li><span class=current title="Istio Auth 0.1 announcement.">Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</span></li><li><a title="Istio 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-announcement/>Introducing Istio</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/blog/2017/ title="Blog posts for 2017."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i> 2017 Posts</a></p></div><h1 id=title>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</h1><p class=subtitle>Secure by default service to service communications</p><p class=byline>By <span class=attribution>The Istio Team</span>
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<span class=publish_date>May 25, 2017</span></p><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlinedTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#background>Background</a></li><li><a href=#solution-strong-service-identity-and-authentication>Solution: strong service identity and authentication</a></li><ul><li><a href=#strong-identity>Strong identity</a></li><li><a href=#communication-security>Communication security</a></li><li><a href=#key-management-and-distribution>Key management and distribution</a></li></ul><li><a href=#benefits-of-istio-auth>Benefits of Istio Auth</a></li><li><a href=#join-us-in-this-journey>Join us in this journey</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><p>Conventional network security approaches fail to address security threats to distributed applications deployed in dynamic production environments. Today, we describe how Istio Auth enables enterprises to transform their security posture from just protecting the edge to consistently securing all inter-service communications deep within their applications. With Istio Auth, developers and operators can protect services with sensitive data against unauthorized insider access and they can achieve this without any changes to the application code!</p><p>Istio Auth is the security component of the broader <a href=/v1.0/>Istio platform</a>. It incorporates the learnings of securing millions of microservice
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endpoints in Google’s production environment.</p><h2 id=background>Background</h2><p>Modern application architectures are increasingly based on shared services that are deployed and scaled dynamically on cloud platforms. Traditional network edge security (e.g. firewall) is too coarse-grained and allows access from unintended clients. An example of a security risk is stolen authentication tokens that can be replayed from another client. This is a major risk for companies with sensitive data that are concerned about insider threats. Other network security approaches like IP whitelists have to be statically defined, are hard to manage at scale, and are unsuitable for dynamic production environments.</p><p>Thus, security administrators need a tool that enables them to consistently, and by default, secure all communication between services across diverse production environments.</p><h2 id=solution-strong-service-identity-and-authentication>Solution: strong service identity and authentication</h2><p>Google has, over the years, developed architecture and technology to uniformly secure millions of microservice endpoints in its production environment against
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external
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attacks and insider threats. Key security principles include trusting the endpoints and not the network, strong mutual authentication based on service identity and service level authorization. Istio Auth is based on the same principles.</p><p>The version 0.1 release of Istio Auth runs on Kubernetes and provides the following features:</p><ul><li><p>Strong identity assertion between services</p></li><li><p>Access control to limit the identities that can access a service (and its data)</p></li><li><p>Automatic encryption of data in transit</p></li><li><p>Management of keys and certificates at scale</p></li></ul><p>Istio Auth is based on industry standards like mutual TLS and X.509. Furthermore, Google is actively contributing to an open, community-driven service security framework called <a href=https://spiffe.io/>SPIFFE</a>. As the <a href=https://spiffe.io/>SPIFFE</a> specifications mature, we intend for Istio Auth to become a reference implementation of the same.</p><p>The diagram below provides an overview of the Istio Auth service authentication architecture on Kubernetes.</p><figure style=width:100%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:56.25%><a class=not-for-endnotes href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-auth/./istio_auth_overview.svg><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-auth/./istio_auth_overview.svg alt="Istio Auth Overview" title="Istio Auth Overview"></a></div><figcaption>Istio Auth Overview</figcaption></figure><p>The above diagram illustrates three key security features:</p><h3 id=strong-identity>Strong identity</h3><p>Istio Auth uses <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/>Kubernetes service accounts</a> to identify who the service runs as. The identity is used to establish trust and define service level access policies. The identity is assigned at service deployment time and encoded in the SAN (Subject Alternative Name) field of an X.509 certificate. Using a service account as the identity has the following advantages:</p><ul><li><p>Administrators can configure who has access to a Service Account by using the <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/>RBAC</a> feature introduced in Kubernetes 1.6</p></li><li><p>Flexibility to identify a human user, a service, or a group of services</p></li><li><p>Stability of the service identity for dynamically placed and auto-scaled workloads</p></li></ul><h3 id=communication-security>Communication security</h3><p>Service-to-service communication is tunneled through high performance client side and server side <a href=https://envoyproxy.github.io/envoy/>Envoy</a> proxies. The communication between the proxies is secured using mutual TLS. The benefit of using mutual TLS is that the service identity is not expressed as a bearer token that can be stolen or replayed from another source. Istio Auth also introduces the concept of Secure Naming to protect from a server spoofing attacks - the client side proxy verifies that the authenticated server's service account is allowed to run the named service.</p><h3 id=key-management-and-distribution>Key management and distribution</h3><p>Istio Auth provides a per-cluster CA (Certificate Authority) and automated key & certificate management. In this context, Istio Auth:</p><ul><li><p>Generates a key and certificate pair for each service account.</p></li><li><p>Distributes keys and certificates to the appropriate pods using <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/>Kubernetes Secrets</a>.</p></li><li><p>Rotates keys and certificates periodically.</p></li><li><p>Revokes a specific key and certificate pair when necessary (future).</p></li></ul><p>The following diagram explains the end to end Istio Auth authentication workflow on Kubernetes:</p><figure style=width:100%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:56.25%><a class=not-for-endnotes href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-auth/./istio_auth_workflow.svg><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-auth/./istio_auth_workflow.svg alt="Istio Auth Workflow" title="Istio Auth Workflow"></a></div><figcaption>Istio Auth Workflow</figcaption></figure><p>Istio Auth is part of the broader security story for containers. Red Hat, a partner on the development of Kubernetes, has identified <a href=https://www.redhat.com/en/resources/container-security-openshift-cloud-devops-whitepaper>10 Layers</a> of container security. Istio and Istio Auth addresses two of these layers: “Network Isolation” and “API and Service Endpoint Management”. As cluster federation evolves on Kubernetes and other platforms, our intent is for Istio to secure communications across services spanning multiple federated clusters.</p><h2 id=benefits-of-istio-auth>Benefits of Istio Auth</h2><p><strong>Defense in depth</strong>: When used in conjunction with Kubernetes (or infrastructure) network policies, users achieve higher levels of confidence, knowing that pod-to-pod or service-to-service communication is secured both at network and application layers.</p><p><strong>Secure by default</strong>: When used with Istio’s proxy and centralized policy engine, Istio Auth can be configured during deployment with minimal or no application change. Administrators and operators can thus ensure that service communications are secured by default and that they can enforce these policies consistently across diverse protocols and runtimes.</p><p><strong>Strong service authentication</strong>: Istio Auth secures service communication using mutual TLS to ensure that the service identity is not expressed as a bearer token that can be stolen or replayed from another source. This ensures that services with sensitive data can only be accessed from strongly authenticated and authorized clients.</p><h2 id=join-us-in-this-journey>Join us in this journey</h2><p>Istio Auth is the first step towards providing a full stack of capabilities to protect services with sensitive data from external attacks and insider
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threats. While the initial version runs on Kubernetes, our goal is to enable Istio Auth to secure services across diverse production environments. We encourage the
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community to <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.0/security>join us</a> in making robust service security easy and ubiquitous across different application
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stacks and runtime platforms.</p></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"><p><a title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-canary/><i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-left"></i>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></p></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="Istio 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-announcement/>Introducing Istio
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<i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-right"></i></a></p></div></div></div><div class="d-none d-print-block" aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-2 d-none d-xl-block d-print-none"><nav class=toc><div class=spacer></div><div id=toc class=directory role=directory><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#background>Background</a></li><li><a href=#solution-strong-service-identity-and-authentication>Solution: strong service identity and authentication</a></li><ul><li><a href=#strong-identity>Strong identity</a></li><li><a href=#communication-security>Communication security</a></li><li><a href=#key-management-and-distribution>Key management and distribution</a></li></ul><li><a href=#benefits-of-istio-auth>Benefits of Istio Auth</a></li><li><a href=#join-us-in-this-journey>Join us in this journey</a></li></ul></nav></div></nav></div></div></div></div><footer class="d-print-none container-fluid"><div class=row><div class="col-5 col-lg-4" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=icon><span>discuss</span>
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<a title="Stack Overflow is where you can ask questions and find curated answers on deploying, configuring, and using Istio" href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/istio aria-label="Stack Overflow"><svg viewBox="0 0 120 120"><polygon points="84.4,93.8 84.4,70.6 92.1,70.6 92.1,101.5 22.6,101.5 22.6,70.6 30.3,70.6 30.3,93.8"/><path d="M38.8 68.4l37.8 7.9 1.6-7.6-37.8-7.9L38.8 68.4zM43.8 50.4l35 16.3 3.2-7-35-16.4L43.8 50.4zM53.5 33.2l29.7 24.7 4.9-5.9L58.4 27.3 53.5 33.2zM72.7 14.9l-6.2 4.6 23 31 6.2-4.6-23-31zM38 86h38.6v-7.7H38V86z"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="tag row d-none d-lg-flex">for everyone</div></div></div><div class="col-7 col-lg-4"><p class="text-center copyright" role=contentinfo>Istio
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Archive
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1.0<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on March 19, 2019</p></div><div class="col-6 col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-flex" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class="row justify-content-end"><div class=icon><span>github</span>
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<a title="Access our team drive if you'd like to take a look at the Istio technical design documents" href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-team-drive-access aria-label="team drive"><svg viewBox="0 0 207.027 207.027"><path d="M69.866 15.557.0 138.919l28.732 52.552 143.288-.029 35.008-59.588L136.39 15.735 69.866 15.557zM17.166 139.046 74.268 38.205 91.21 67.783 33.24 168.447 17.166 139.046zM99.841 82.851l23.805 41.558-47.732-.006L99.841 82.851zM163.434 176.443l-117.332.024 21.53-37.065 64.606.008.067.119 52.865-.085L163.434 176.443zM140.932 124.411 90.157 35.767l-2.966-5.178 40.751.121 57.003 93.706L140.932 124.411z"/></svg></a></div><div class=icon><span>working groups</span>
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