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2019 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse0 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header0><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Istio 1.0.6 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/announcing-1.0.6/>Announcing Istio 1.0.6</a></li><li><a title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager</a></li><li><a title="Istio has a new discussion board." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header1><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse1 title="Blog posts for 2018." role=button aria-controls=collapse1><div><img src=/v1.0/img/blog.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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2018 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse1 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header1><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Istio 1.0.5 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.5/>Announcing Istio 1.0.5</a></li><li><a title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.4 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.4/>Announcing Istio 1.0.4</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.3 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.3/>Announcing Istio 1.0.3</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.2 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.2/>Announcing Istio 1.0.2</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.1 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.1/>Announcing Istio 1.0.1</a></li><li><a title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li><a title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li><a title="Istio is ready for production use with its 1.0 release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0/>Announcing Istio 1.0</a></li><li><a title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/delayering-istio/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li><a title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li><a title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li><a title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li><a title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-tenancy Support</a></li><li><a title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header2><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse2 title="Blog posts for 2017." role=button aria-controls=collapse2><div><img src=/v1.0/img/blog.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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2017 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse2 class="collapse show" data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header2><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Improving availability and reducing latency." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li><a title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li><a title="Istio 0.2 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.2-announcement/>Announcing Istio 0.2</a></li><li><span class=current title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy.">Using Network Policy with Istio</span></li><li><a title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li><a title="Istio Auth 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li><li><a title="Istio 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-announcement/>Introducing Istio</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/blog/2017/ title="Blog posts for 2017."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i> 2017 Posts</a></p></div><h1 id=title>Using Network Policy with Istio</h1><p class=byline>By <span class=attribution>Spike Curtis</span>
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/
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<span class=publish_date>August 10, 2017</span></p><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlinedTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#layer>Layer</a></li><li><a href=#implementation>Implementation</a></li><li><a href=#enforcement-point>Enforcement Point</a></li><li><a href=#examples>Examples</a></li><ul><li><a href=#reduce-attack-surface-of-the-application-ingress>Reduce attack surface of the application ingress</a></li><li><a href=#enforce-fine-grained-isolation-within-the-application>Enforce fine-grained isolation within the application</a></li></ul><li><a href=#summary>Summary</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><p>The use of Network Policy to secure applications running on Kubernetes is a now a widely accepted industry best practice. Given that Istio also supports policy, we want to spend some time explaining how Istio policy and Kubernetes Network Policy interact and support each other to deliver your application securely.</p><p>Let’s start with the basics: why might you want to use both Istio and Kubernetes Network Policy? The short answer is that they are good at different things. Consider the main differences between Istio and Network Policy (we will describe “typical” implementations, e.g. Calico, but implementation details can vary with different network providers):</p><table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Istio Policy</th><th>Network Policy</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Layer</strong></td><td>“Service” — L7</td><td>“Network” — L3-4</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Implementation</strong></td><td>User space</td><td>Kernel</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Enforcement Point</strong></td><td>Pod</td><td>Node</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=layer>Layer</h2><p>Istio policy operates at the “service” layer of your network application. This is Layer 7 (Application) from the perspective of the OSI model, but the de facto model of cloud native applications is that Layer 7 actually consists of at least two layers: a service layer and a content layer. The service layer is typically HTTP, which encapsulates the actual application data (the content layer). It is at this service layer of HTTP that the Istio’s Envoy proxy operates. In contrast, Network Policy operates at Layers 3 (Network) and 4 (Transport) in the OSI model.</p><p>Operating at the service layer gives the Envoy proxy a rich set of attributes to base policy decisions on, for protocols it understands, which at present includes HTTP/1.1 & HTTP/2 (gRPC operates over HTTP/2). So, you can apply policy based on virtual host, URL, or other HTTP headers. In the future, Istio will support a wide range of Layer 7 protocols, as well as generic TCP and UDP transport.</p><p>In contrast, operating at the network layer has the advantage of being universal, since all network applications use IP. At the network layer you can apply policy regardless of the layer 7 protocol: DNS, SQL databases, real-time streaming, and a plethora of other services that do not use HTTP can be secured. Network Policy isn’t limited to a classic firewall’s tuple of IP addresses, proto, and ports. Both Istio and Network Policy are aware of rich Kubernetes labels to describe pod endpoints.</p><h2 id=implementation>Implementation</h2><p>The Istio’s proxy is based on <a href=https://envoyproxy.github.io/envoy/>Envoy</a>, which is implemented as a user space daemon in the data plane that
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interacts with the network layer using standard sockets. This gives it a large amount of flexibility in processing, and allows it to be
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distributed (and upgraded!) in a container.</p><p>Network Policy data plane is typically implemented in kernel space (e.g. using iptables, eBPF filters, or even custom kernel modules). Being in kernel space
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allows them to be extremely fast, but not as flexible as the Envoy proxy.</p><h2 id=enforcement-point>Enforcement Point</h2><p>Policy enforcement using the Envoy proxy is implemented inside the pod, as a sidecar container in the same network namespace. This allows a simple deployment model. Some containers are given permission to reconfigure the networking inside their pod (CAP_NET_ADMIN). If such a service instance is compromised, or misbehaves (as in a malicious tenant) the proxy can be bypassed.</p><p>While this won’t let an attacker access other Istio-enabled pods, so long as they are correctly configured, it opens several attack vectors:</p><ul><li>Attacking unprotected pods</li><li>Attempting to deny service to protected pods by sending lots of traffic</li><li>Exfiltrating data collected in the pod</li><li>Attacking the cluster infrastructure (servers or Kubernetes services)</li><li>Attacking services outside the mesh, like databases, storage arrays, or legacy systems.</li></ul><p>Network Policy is typically enforced at the host node, outside the network namespace of the guest pods. This means that compromised or misbehaving pods must break into the root namespace to avoid enforcement. With the addition of egress policy due in Kubernetes 1.8, this difference makes Network Policy a key part of protecting your infrastructure from compromised workloads.</p><h2 id=examples>Examples</h2><p>Let’s walk through a few examples of what you might want to do with Kubernetes Network Policy for an Istio-enabled application. Consider the Bookinfo sample application. We’re going to cover the following use cases for Network Policy:</p><ul><li>Reduce attack surface of the application ingress</li><li>Enforce fine-grained isolation within the application</li></ul><h3 id=reduce-attack-surface-of-the-application-ingress>Reduce attack surface of the application ingress</h3><p>Our application ingress controller is the main entry-point to our application from the outside world. A quick peek at <code>istio.yaml</code> (used to install Istio) defines the Istio ingress like this:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: istio-ingress
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labels:
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istio: ingress
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spec:
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type: LoadBalancer
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ports:
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- port: 80
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name: http
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- port: 443
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name: https
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selector:
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istio: ingress</code></pre><p>The istio-ingress exposes ports 80 and 443. Let’s limit incoming traffic to just these two ports. Envoy has a <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/operations/admin.html#operations-admin-interface>built-in administrative interface</a>, and we don’t want a misconfigured istio-ingress image to accidentally expose our admin interface to the outside world. This is an example of defense in depth: a properly configured image should not expose the interface, and a properly configured Network Policy will prevent anyone from connecting to it. Either can fail or be misconfigured and we are still protected.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
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kind: NetworkPolicy
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metadata:
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name: istio-ingress-lockdown
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namespace: default
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spec:
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podSelector:
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matchLabels:
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istio: ingress
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ingress:
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- ports:
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- protocol: TCP
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port: 80
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- protocol: TCP
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port: 443</code></pre><h3 id=enforce-fine-grained-isolation-within-the-application>Enforce fine-grained isolation within the application</h3><p>Here is the service graph for the Bookinfo application.</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:59.08%><a class=not-for-endnotes href=/v1.0/docs/examples/bookinfo/withistio.svg><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.0/docs/examples/bookinfo/withistio.svg alt="Bookinfo Service Graph" title="Bookinfo Service Graph"></a></div><figcaption>Bookinfo Service Graph</figcaption></figure><p>This graph shows every connection that a correctly functioning application should be allowed to make. All other connections, say from the Istio Ingress directly to the Rating service, are not part of the application. Let’s lock out those extraneous connections so they cannot be used by an attacker. Imagine, for example, that the Ingress pod is compromised by an exploit that allows an attacker to run arbitrary code. If we only allow connections to the Product Page pods using Network Policy, the attacker has gained no more access to my application backends <em>even though they have compromised a member of the service mesh</em>.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
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kind: NetworkPolicy
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metadata:
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name: product-page-ingress
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namespace: default
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spec:
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podSelector:
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matchLabels:
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app: productpage
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ingress:
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- ports:
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- protocol: TCP
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port: 9080
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from:
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- podSelector:
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matchLabels:
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istio: ingress</code></pre><p>You can and should write a similar policy for each service to enforce which other pods are allowed to access each.</p><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>Our take is that Istio and Network Policy have different strengths in applying policy. Istio is application-protocol aware and highly flexible, making it ideal for applying policy in support of operational goals, like service routing, retries, circuit-breaking, etc, and for security that operates at the application layer, such as token validation. Network Policy is universal, highly efficient, and isolated from the pods, making it ideal for applying policy in support of network security goals. Furthermore, having policy that operates at different layers of the network stack is a really good thing as it gives each layer specific context without commingling of state and allows separation of responsibility.</p><p>This post is based on the three part blog series by Spike Curtis, one of the Istio team members at Tigera. The full series can be found here: <a href=https://www.projectcalico.org/using-network-policy-in-concert-with-istio/>https://www.projectcalico.org/using-network-policy-in-concert-with-istio/</a></p></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"><p><a title="Istio 0.2 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.2-announcement/><i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-left"></i>Announcing Istio 0.2</a></p></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio
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<i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-right"></i></a></p></div></div></div><div class="d-none d-print-block" aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-2 d-none d-xl-block d-print-none"><nav class=toc><div class=spacer></div><div id=toc class=directory role=directory><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#layer>Layer</a></li><li><a href=#implementation>Implementation</a></li><li><a href=#enforcement-point>Enforcement Point</a></li><li><a href=#examples>Examples</a></li><ul><li><a href=#reduce-attack-surface-of-the-application-ingress>Reduce attack surface of the application ingress</a></li><li><a href=#enforce-fine-grained-isolation-within-the-application>Enforce fine-grained isolation within the application</a></li></ul><li><a href=#summary>Summary</a></li></ul></nav></div></nav></div></div></div></div><footer class="d-print-none container-fluid"><div class=row><div class="col-5 col-lg-4" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=icon><span>discuss</span>
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<a title="Interactively discuss issues with the Istio community on Slack" href=https://istio.slack.com aria-label=slack><svg viewBox="0 0 31.444 31.443"><path d="M31.202 16.369c-.62-1.388-2.249-2.011-3.637-1.391l-1.325.594-3.396-7.591 1.325-.592c1.388-.622 2.01-2.25 1.389-3.637-.62-1.389-2.248-2.012-3.637-1.39l-1.324.593-.593-1.326c-.621-1.388-2.249-2.009-3.637-1.388-1.388.62-2.009 2.247-1.389 3.637l.593 1.325L7.98 8.598 7.388 7.273c-.621-1.39-2.249-2.009-3.637-1.39C2.363 6.504 1.742 8.132 2.362 9.52l.592 1.324L1.63 11.438c-1.388.621-2.01 2.247-1.389 3.636.62 1.388 2.249 2.01 3.637 1.39l1.325-.594 3.394 7.592-1.325.592c-1.388.621-2.009 2.25-1.389 3.637.621 1.389 2.249 2.011 3.637 1.391l1.324-.593.593 1.325c.621 1.389 2.249 2.01 3.637 1.389 1.387-.62 2.009-2.248 1.388-3.636l-.591-1.326 7.591-3.394.592 1.321c.621 1.391 2.248 2.013 3.637 1.392 1.388-.619 2.01-2.248 1.389-3.637l-.592-1.324 1.323-.594C31.201 19.384 31.823 17.757 31.202 16.369zM13.623 21.215l-3.395-7.593 7.591-3.394 3.395 7.591L13.623 21.215z"/></svg></a></div><div class=icon><span>twitter</span>
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<a title="Follow us on Twitter to get the latest news" href=https://twitter.com/IstioMesh aria-label=Twitter><svg viewBox="0 0 310 310"><path d="M302.973 57.388c-4.87 2.16-9.877 3.983-14.993 5.463 6.057-6.85 10.675-14.91 13.494-23.73.632-1.977-.023-4.141-1.648-5.434-1.623-1.294-3.878-1.449-5.665-.39-10.865 6.444-22.587 11.075-34.878 13.783-12.381-12.098-29.197-18.983-46.581-18.983-36.695.0-66.549 29.853-66.549 66.547.0 2.89.183 5.764.545 8.598C101.163 99.244 58.83 76.863 29.76 41.204c-1.036-1.271-2.632-1.956-4.266-1.825-1.635.128-3.104 1.05-3.93 2.467-5.896 10.117-9.013 21.688-9.013 33.461.0 16.035 5.725 31.249 15.838 43.137-3.075-1.065-6.059-2.396-8.907-3.977-1.529-.851-3.395-.838-4.914.033-1.52.871-2.473 2.473-2.513 4.224-.007.295-.007.59-.007.889.0 23.935 12.882 45.484 32.577 57.229-1.692-.169-3.383-.414-5.063-.735-1.732-.331-3.513.276-4.681 1.597-1.17 1.32-1.557 3.16-1.018 4.84 7.29 22.76 26.059 39.501 48.749 44.605-18.819 11.787-40.34 17.961-62.932 17.961-4.714.0-9.455-.277-14.095-.826-2.305-.274-4.509 1.087-5.294 3.279-.785 2.193.047 4.638 2.008 5.895 29.023 18.609 62.582 28.445 97.047 28.445 67.754.0 110.139-31.95 133.764-58.753 29.46-33.421 46.356-77.658 46.356-121.367.0-1.826-.028-3.67-.084-5.508 11.623-8.757 21.63-19.355 29.773-31.536 1.237-1.85 1.103-4.295-.33-5.998C307.394 57.037 305.009 56.486 302.973 57.388z"/></svg></a></div><div class=icon><span>stack overflow</span>
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<a title="Stack Overflow is where you can ask questions and find curated answers on deploying, configuring, and using Istio" href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/istio aria-label="Stack Overflow"><svg viewBox="0 0 120 120"><polygon points="84.4,93.8 84.4,70.6 92.1,70.6 92.1,101.5 22.6,101.5 22.6,70.6 30.3,70.6 30.3,93.8"/><path d="M38.8 68.4l37.8 7.9 1.6-7.6-37.8-7.9L38.8 68.4zM43.8 50.4l35 16.3 3.2-7-35-16.4L43.8 50.4zM53.5 33.2l29.7 24.7 4.9-5.9L58.4 27.3 53.5 33.2zM72.7 14.9l-6.2 4.6 23 31 6.2-4.6-23-31zM38 86h38.6v-7.7H38V86z"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="tag row d-none d-lg-flex">for everyone</div></div></div><div class="col-7 col-lg-4"><p class="text-center copyright" role=contentinfo>Istio
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Archive
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1.0<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on March 19, 2019</p></div><div class="col-6 col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-flex" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class="row justify-content-end"><div class=icon><span>github</span>
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<a title="Access our team drive if you'd like to take a look at the Istio technical design documents" href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-team-drive-access aria-label="team drive"><svg viewBox="0 0 207.027 207.027"><path d="M69.866 15.557.0 138.919l28.732 52.552 143.288-.029 35.008-59.588L136.39 15.735 69.866 15.557zM17.166 139.046 74.268 38.205 91.21 67.783 33.24 168.447 17.166 139.046zM99.841 82.851l23.805 41.558-47.732-.006L99.841 82.851zM163.434 176.443l-117.332.024 21.53-37.065 64.606.008.067.119 52.865-.085L163.434 176.443zM140.932 124.411 90.157 35.767l-2.966-5.178 40.751.121 57.003 93.706L140.932 124.411z"/></svg></a></div><div class=icon><span>working groups</span>
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