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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><main class="primary notoc"><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><div id=header0 class=header title="A bunch of resources to help you deploy, configure and use Istio."><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#help"/></svg>Need Help?</div><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=header0><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=header0><li role=treeitem aria-label="Operations Guide"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Hints, tips, tricks about running an Istio mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/>Operations Guide</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.1/help/ops/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.1/help/ops/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to do low-level debugging of Istio components." href=/v1.1/help/ops/component-debugging/>Component Debugging</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to Istio networking operational aspects." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/introduction/>Introduction to Network Operations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides specific deployment and configuration guidelines." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/>Deployment and Configuration Guidelines</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes common networking issues and how to recognize and avoid them." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/troubleshooting/>Troubleshooting Networking Issues</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Pilot</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to debug authorization." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/debugging-authorization/>Debugging Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if Citadel is not behaving properly." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/repairing-citadel/>Repairing Citadel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if you suspect problems with Istio keys and certificates." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/keys-and-certs/>Keys and Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if mutual TLS authentication isn't working." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authorization is enabled, but requests make it through anyway." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/authorization-permissive/>Authorization Too Permissive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authorization is enabled and no requests make it through to the service." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/authorization-restrictive/>Authorization Too Restrictive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if end-user authentication doesn't work." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/end-user-auth/>End User Authentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Telemetry><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/>Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Diagnose problems where metrics are not being collected." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/missing-metrics/>Missing Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with Grafana issues." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Installation and Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you diagnose and repair Istio installations." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/>Installation and Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for server-side configuration validation." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/validation/>Configuration Validation Webhook</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/injection/>Sidecar Injection Webhook</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to check which capabilities are allowed for your pods." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/required-pod-capabilities/>Required Pod Capabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Advice on tackling common problems with Istio." href=/v1.1/help/ops/misc/>Miscellaneous</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=FAQ><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Frequently Asked Questions about Istio." href=/v1.1/help/faq/>FAQ</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/general/>General</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Setup Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/setup/>Setup</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Security Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Mixer Q & A.">Mixer</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Metrics and Logs Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/metrics-and-logs/>Metrics and Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Distributed Tracing Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Traffic Management Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.1/help/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.1/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/help/ title="A bunch of resources to help you deploy, configure and use Istio.">Help</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/help/faq/ title="Frequently Asked Questions about Istio.">FAQ</a></li><li>Mixer</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><i class=title-icon><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#faq"/></svg></i><div><h1 id=title>Mixer FAQ</h1></div></div><nav class="toc-inlined toc-forced"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlineTableOfContents><ol><li role=none aria-label="Why does Istio need Mixer?"><a href=#why-mixer>Why does Istio need Mixer?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="How do I see all Mixer's configuration?"><a href=#seeing-mixer-config>How do I see all Mixer's configuration?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="What is the full set of attribute expressions Mixer supports?"><a href=#attribute-expressions>What is the full set of attribute expressions Mixer supports?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="Does Mixer provide any self-monitoring?"><a href=#mixer-self-monitoring>Does Mixer provide any self-monitoring?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="How can I write a custom adapter for Mixer?"><a href=#writing-custom-adapters>How can I write a custom adapter for Mixer?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="Why does my rule not match?"><a href=#header-rules>Why does my rule not match?</a></li></ol></nav></div><hr></nav><div class=faq><h5 id=why-mixer class=question>Why does Istio need Mixer?</h5><div class=answer><p>Mixer provides a rich intermediation layer between the Istio components as well as Istio-based services,
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and the infrastructure backends used to perform access control checks and telemetry capture. This
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layer enables operators to have rich insights and control over service behavior without requiring
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changes to service binaries.</p><p>Mixer is designed as a stand-alone component, distinct from Envoy. This has numerous benefits:</p><ul><li><p><em>Scalability</em>.
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The work that Mixer and Envoy do is very different in nature, leading to different scalability
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requirements. Keeping the components separate enables independent component-appropriate scaling.</p></li><li><p><em>Resource Usage</em>.
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Istio depends on being able to deploy many instances of its proxy, making it important to minimize the
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cost of each individual instance. Moving Mixer’s complex logic into a distinct component makes it
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possible for Envoy to remain svelte and agile.</p></li><li><p><em>Reliability</em>.
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Mixer and its open-ended extensibility model represents the most complex parts of the
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data path processing pipeline. By hosting this functionality in Mixer rather than Envoy,
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it creates distinct failure domains which enables Envoy to continue operating even if Mixer
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fails, preventing outages.</p></li><li><p><em>Isolation</em>.
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Mixer provides a level of insulation between Istio and the infrastructure backends. Each Envoy instance can be configured to have a
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very narrow scope of interaction, limiting the impact of potential attacks.</p></li><li><p><em>Extensibility</em>.
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It was imperative to design a simple extensibility model to allow Istio to interoperate
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with as widest breath of backends as possible. Due to its design and language choice, Mixer is inherently
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easier to extend than Envoy is. The separation of concerns also makes it possible to use
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Istio policy and telemetry processing with different proxies, just as a mix of Envoy and NGINX.</p></li></ul><p>Envoy implements sophisticated caching, batching, and prefetching, to largely mitigate the
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latency impact of needing to interact with Mixer on the request path.</p></div><h5 id=seeing-mixer-config class=question>How do I see all Mixer's configuration?</h5><div class=answer><p>Configuration for <em>instances</em>, <em>handlers</em>, and <em>rules</em> is stored as Kubernetes
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<a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/>Custom Resources</a>.
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Configuration may be accessed by using <code>kubectl</code> to query the Kubernetes
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API server for the resources.</p><h2 id=rules>Rules</h2><p>To see the list of all rules, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl get rules --all-namespaces
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NAMESPACE NAME AGE
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istio-system kubeattrgenrulerule 20h
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istio-system promhttp 20h
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istio-system promtcp 20h
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istio-system stdiohttp 20h
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istio-system stdiotcp 20h
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istio-system tcpkubeattrgenrulerule 20h
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</code></pre><p>To see an individual rule configuration, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl -n <namespace> get rules <name> -o yaml
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</code></pre><h2 id=handlers>Handlers</h2><p>Handlers are defined based on Kubernetes <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/#customresourcedefinitions>Custom Resource
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Definitions</a>
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for adapters.</p><p>First, identify the list of adapter kinds:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl get crd -listio=mixer-adapter
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NAME AGE
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adapters.config.istio.io 20h
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bypasses.config.istio.io 20h
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circonuses.config.istio.io 20h
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deniers.config.istio.io 20h
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fluentds.config.istio.io 20h
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kubernetesenvs.config.istio.io 20h
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listcheckers.config.istio.io 20h
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memquotas.config.istio.io 20h
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noops.config.istio.io 20h
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opas.config.istio.io 20h
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prometheuses.config.istio.io 20h
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rbacs.config.istio.io 20h
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servicecontrols.config.istio.io 20h
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signalfxs.config.istio.io 20h
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solarwindses.config.istio.io 20h
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stackdrivers.config.istio.io 20h
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statsds.config.istio.io 20h
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stdios.config.istio.io 20h
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</code></pre><p>Then, for each adapter kind in that list, issue the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl get <adapter kind name> --all-namespaces
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</code></pre><p>Output for <code>stdios</code> will be similar to:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true>NAMESPACE NAME AGE
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istio-system handler 20h
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</code></pre><p>To see an individual handler configuration, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl -n <namespace> get <adapter kind name> <name> -o yaml
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</code></pre><h2 id=instances>Instances</h2><p>Instances are defined according to Kubernetes <a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/#customresourcedefinitions>Custom Resource
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Definitions</a>
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for instances.</p><p>First, identify the list of instance kinds:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl get crd -listio=mixer-instance
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NAME AGE
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apikeys.config.istio.io 20h
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authorizations.config.istio.io 20h
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checknothings.config.istio.io 20h
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edges.config.istio.io 20h
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instances.config.istio.io 20h
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kuberneteses.config.istio.io 20h
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listentries.config.istio.io 20h
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logentries.config.istio.io 20h
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metrics.config.istio.io 20h
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quotas.config.istio.io 20h
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reportnothings.config.istio.io 20h
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servicecontrolreports.config.istio.io 20h
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tracespans.config.istio.io 20h
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</code></pre><p>Then, for each instance kind in that list, issue the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl get <instance kind name> --all-namespaces
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</code></pre><p>Output for <code>metrics</code> will be similar to:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true>NAMESPACE NAME AGE
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istio-system requestcount 20h
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istio-system requestduration 20h
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istio-system requestsize 20h
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istio-system responsesize 20h
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istio-system tcpbytereceived 20h
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istio-system tcpbytesent 20h
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</code></pre><p>To see an individual instance configuration, execute the following:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl -n <namespace> get <instance kind name> <name> -o yaml
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</code></pre></div><h5 id=attribute-expressions class=question>What is the full set of attribute expressions Mixer supports?</h5><div class=answer><p>Please see the <a href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language
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Reference</a> for
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the full set of supported attribute expressions.</p></div><h5 id=mixer-self-monitoring class=question>Does Mixer provide any self-monitoring?</h5><div class=answer><p>Mixer exposes a monitoring endpoint (default port: <code>10514</code>). There are a few
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useful paths to investigate Mixer performance and audit
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function:</p><ul><li><code>/metrics</code> provides Prometheus metrics on the Mixer process as well as gRPC
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metrics related to API calls and metrics on adapter dispatch.</li><li><code>/debug/pprof</code> provides an endpoint for profiling data in <a href=https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/pprof/>pprof
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format</a>.</li><li><code>/debug/vars</code> provides an endpoint exposing server metrics in JSON format.</li></ul><p>Mixer logs can be accessed via a <code>kubectl logs</code> command, as follows:</p><ul><li>For the <code>istio-policy</code> service:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl -n istio-system logs -l app=policy -c mixer
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</code></pre><ul><li>For the <code>istio-telemetry</code> service:</li></ul><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true>$ kubectl -n istio-system logs -l app=telemetry -c mixer
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</code></pre><p>Mixer trace generation is controlled by command-line flags: <code>trace_zipkin_url</code>, <code>trace_jaeger_url</code>, and <code>trace_log_spans</code>. If
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any of those flag values are set, trace data will be written directly to those locations. If no tracing options are provided, Mixer
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will not generate any application-level trace information.</p></div><h5 id=writing-custom-adapters class=question>How can I write a custom adapter for Mixer?</h5><div class=answer><p>Learn how to implement a new adapter for Mixer by consulting the
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<a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Compiled-In-Adapter-Dev-Guide>Adapter Developer’s Guide</a>.</p><div><aside class="callout idea"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#callout-idea"/></svg></div><div class=content>Istio 1.0 introduces initial support for out-of-process adapters. This will
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be the recommended approach moving forward for integrating with Mixer. Initial documentation on
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how to build an out-of-process adapter is provided by the
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<a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Out-Of-Process-Adapter-Dev-Guide>Out Of Process Adapter Dev Guide</a>
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and the <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Out-Of-Process-Adapter-Walkthrough>Out of Process Adapter Walk-through</a>.</div></aside></div></div><h5 id=header-rules class=question>Why does my rule not match?</h5><div class=answer><p>Mixer rules must be valid to be applied at runtime. That means the match
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conditions are well-defined expressions in the
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<a href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>language</a>, the attributes
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|
are declared in an <a href=/v1.1/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>attribute
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manifest</a>, and rules have
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|
no dangling references to handlers and instances.</p><p>The attribute values are typically normalized before evaluating rules on
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them. For example, HTTP headers have lowercase keys in <code>request.headers</code> and
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|
<code>response.headers</code> attributes. An expression
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|
<code>request.headers["X-Forwarded-Proto"] == "http"</code> does not match any request
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|
even though HTTP headers are case-insensitive. Instead, use an expression
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|
<code>request.headers["x-forwarded-proto"] == "http"</code>.</p></div></div></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Security Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/security/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Security</a></div><div class=right><a title="Metrics and Logs Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/metrics-and-logs/>Metrics and Logs<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.1.9 now" href=https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/tag/1.1.9 aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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</a><a class=channel title="Join the Istio discussion board to participate in discussions and get help troubleshooting problems" href=https://discuss.istio.io aria-label="Istio discussion board"><span>discuss</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#discourse"/></svg></a>
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<a class=channel title="Stack Overflow is where you can ask questions and find curated answers on deploying, configuring, and using Istio" href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/istio aria-label="Stack Overflow"><span>stack overflow</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#stackoverflow"/></svg></a>
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1.1.9<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on June 18, 2019</p></div><div class=dev-links><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><span>github</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg></a>
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