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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><div id=header0 class=header title="A bunch of resources to help you deploy, configure and use Istio."><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#help"/></svg>Need Help?</div><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=header0><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=header0><li role=treeitem aria-label="Operations Guide"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Hints, tips, tricks about running an Istio mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/>Operations Guide</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.1/help/ops/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.1/help/ops/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to do low-level debugging of Istio components." href=/v1.1/help/ops/component-debugging/>Component Debugging</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="An introduction to Istio networking operational aspects.">Introduction to Network Operations</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides specific deployment and configuration guidelines." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/>Deployment and Configuration Guidelines</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes common networking issues and how to recognize and avoid them." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/troubleshooting/>Troubleshooting Networking Issues</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Pilot</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to debug authorization." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/debugging-authorization/>Debugging Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if Citadel is not behaving properly." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/repairing-citadel/>Repairing Citadel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if you suspect problems with Istio keys and certificates." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/keys-and-certs/>Keys and Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if mutual TLS authentication isn't working." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authorization is enabled, but requests make it through anyway." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/authorization-permissive/>Authorization Too Permissive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authorization is enabled and no requests make it through to the service." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/authorization-restrictive/>Authorization Too Restrictive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if end-user authentication doesn't work." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/end-user-auth/>End User Authentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.1/help/ops/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Telemetry><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/>Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Diagnose problems where metrics are not being collected." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/missing-metrics/>Missing Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with Grafana issues." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.1/help/ops/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Installation and Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you diagnose and repair Istio installations." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/>Installation and Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for server-side configuration validation." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/validation/>Configuration Validation Webhook</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/injection/>Sidecar Injection Webhook</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to check which capabilities are allowed for your pods." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/required-pod-capabilities/>Required Pod Capabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.1/help/ops/setup/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Advice on tackling common problems with Istio." href=/v1.1/help/ops/misc/>Miscellaneous</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=FAQ><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Frequently Asked Questions about Istio." href=/v1.1/help/faq/>FAQ</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/general/>General</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Setup Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/setup/>Setup</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Security Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/mixer/>Mixer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Metrics and Logs Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/metrics-and-logs/>Metrics and Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Distributed Tracing Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Traffic Management Q & A." href=/v1.1/help/faq/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.1/help/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.1/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/help/ title="A bunch of resources to help you deploy, configure and use Istio.">Help</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/help/ops/ title="Hints, tips, tricks about running an Istio mesh.">Operations Guide</a></li><li><a href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/ title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh.">Traffic Management</a></li><li>Introduction to Network Operations</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div><h1 id=title>Introduction to Network Operations</h1><p class=byline><span title="460 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>3 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Key Istio Concepts"><a href=#key-istio-concepts>Key Istio Concepts</a><li role=none aria-label="Network Layers Beneath the Mesh"><a href=#network-layers-beneath-the-mesh>Network Layers Beneath the Mesh</a></ol><hr></div></nav><p>This section is intended as a guide to operators of an Istio based
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deployment. It will provide information an operator of a Istio deployment
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would need to manage the networking aspects of an Istio service mesh. Much
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of the information and many of the procedures that an Istio operator
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would require are already documented in other sections of the Istio
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documentation so this section will rely heavily on pointers to that
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other content.</p><h2 id=key-istio-concepts>Key Istio Concepts</h2><p>When attempting to understand, monitor or troubleshoot the networking within
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an Istio deployment it is critical to understand the fundamental Istio
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concepts starting with the service mesh. The service mesh is described
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in <a href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/#architecture>Architecture</a>. As noted
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in the architecture section Istio has a distinct control plane and a data
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plane and operationally it will be important to be able to monitor the
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network state of both. The service mesh is a fully interconnected set of
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proxies that are utilized in both the control and data plane to provide
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the Istio features.</p><p>Another key concept to understand is how Istio performs traffic management.
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This is described in <a href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/traffic-management>Traffic Management Explained</a>.
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Traffic management allows fine grained control with respect to what external
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traffic can enter or exit the mesh and how those requests are routed. The
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traffic management configuration also dictates how requests between
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microservices within the mesh are handled. Full details on how to
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configure the traffic management is available
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here: <a href=/v1.1/docs/tasks/traffic-management>Traffic Management Configuration</a>.</p><p>The final concept that is essential for the operator to understand is how
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Istio uses gateways to allow traffic into the mesh or requests originating
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in the mesh from accessing external services. This is described with a
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configuration example here:
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<a href=/v1.1/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#gateways>Istio Gateways</a></p><h2 id=network-layers-beneath-the-mesh>Network Layers Beneath the Mesh</h2><p>Istio’s service mesh runs on top of the networking provided by the
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infrastructure environment (e.g. Kubernetes) on which the Istio mesh
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is deployed. Istio has certain requirements of this networking layer.
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This guide will not attempt to provide any operational insight to this
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networking layer as many options exist. In the case of Kubernetes a
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good reference to understand the container networking layer is
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<a href=https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-journeys/users/cluster-operator/foundational/>Kubernetes Cluster Operator</a>.
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Istio has the following requirements of the networking infrastructure
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underneath it:</p><ul><li><p>The mapping of a service name to workload IP is discoverable by Pilot (this is more a service discovery requirement than a networking requirement)</p></li><li><p>The Pilot discovery process can reach the environment specific API server for service discovery.</p></li><li><p>Service endpoints have L3 reachability to all endpoints for services in the Istio mesh.</p></li><li><p>Any firewall or ACL rules at the infrastructure networking layer don’t conflict with any of the Istio layer 3-7 traffic management rules</p></li><li><p>Any firewall or ACL rules at the infrastructure networking layer don’t conflict with any of the ports used for Istio control traffic</p></li></ul></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Provides specific deployment and configuration guidelines." href=/v1.1/help/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/>Deployment and Configuration Guidelines<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label="Key Istio Concepts"><a href=#key-istio-concepts>Key Istio Concepts</a><li role=none aria-label="Network Layers Beneath the Mesh"><a href=#network-layers-beneath-the-mesh>Network Layers Beneath the Mesh</a></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.1.9 now" href=https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/tag/1.1.9 aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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</a><a class=channel title="Join the Istio discussion board to participate in discussions and get help troubleshooting problems" href=https://discuss.istio.io aria-label="Istio discussion board"><span>discuss</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#discourse"/></svg></a>
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1.1.9<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on June 18, 2019</p></div><div class=dev-links><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><span>github</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.1/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg></a>
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