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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.12/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container><a href=/v1.12/news/releases/1.12.x/announcing-1.12.3/ class=banner data-title="Latest Release-2022-02-11 00:00:00 +0000 UTC" data-period-start=1644537600000 data-period-end=1645142400000 data-max-impressions=3 data-timeout><div class=content><p>Istio 1.12.3 is now available! Click here to learn more</p></div><div class=frame></div></a></div><article class=post itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BlogPosting><div class=header-content><h1>Mixer Adapter for Knative</h1><p>Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic.</p></div><p class=post-author>Sep 18, 2019 <span>|</span> By Idan Zach - IBM</p><div><p>This post demonstrates how you can use Mixer to push application logic
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into Istio. It describes a Mixer adapter which implements the <a href=https://knative.dev/>Knative</a> scale-from-zero logic
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with simple code and similar performance to the original implementation.</p><h2 id=knative-serving>Knative serving</h2><p><a href=https://knative.dev/docs/serving/>Knative Serving</a> builds on <a href=https://kubernetes.io/>Kubernetes</a> to support deploying
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and serving of serverless applications. A core capability of serverless platforms is scale-to-zero
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functionality which reduces resource usage and cost of inactive workloads.
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A new mechanism is required to scale from zero when an idle application receives a new request.</p><p>The following diagram represents the current Knative architecture for scale-from-zero.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:76.29350893697084%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.12/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-activator.png title="Knative scale-from-zero"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.12/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-activator.png alt="Knative scale-from-zero"></a></div><figcaption>Knative scale-from-zero</figcaption></figure><p>The traffic for an idle application is redirected to <strong>Activator</strong> component by programming Istio with <code>VirtualServices</code>
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and <code>DestinationRules</code>. When <strong>Activator</strong> receives a new request, it:</p><ol><li>buffers incoming requests</li><li>triggers the <strong>Autoscaler</strong></li><li>redirects requests to the application after it has been scaled up, including retries and load-balancing (if needed)</li></ol><p>Once the application is up and running again, Knative restores the routing from <strong>Activator</strong> to the running application.</p><h2 id=mixer-adapter>Mixer adapter</h2><p>Mixer provides a rich intermediation layer between the Istio components and infrastructure backends.
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It is designed as a stand-alone component, separate from <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/>Envoy</a>, and has a simple extensibility model
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to enable Istio to interoperate with a wide breadth of backends. Mixer is inherently easier to extend
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than Envoy is.</p><p>Mixer is an attribute processing engine that uses operator-supplied configuration to map request attributes from the Istio proxy into calls
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to the infrastructure backends systems via a pluggable set of adapters. Adapters enable <strong>Mixer</strong> to expose a single consistent API, independent of the
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infrastructure backends in use. The exact set of adapters used at runtime is determined through operator configuration and can easily
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be extended to target new or custom infrastructure backends.</p><p>In order to achieve Knative scale-from-zero, we use a Mixer <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Out-Of-Process-Adapter-Dev-Guide>out-of-process adapter</a>
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to call the Autoscaler. Out-of-process adapters for Mixer allow developers to use any
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programming language and to build and maintain your extension as a stand-alone program
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without the need to build the Istio proxy.</p><p>The following diagram represents the Knative design using the <strong>Mixer</strong> adapter.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:76.29350893697084%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.12/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-mixer-adapter.png title="Knative scale-from-zero"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.12/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-mixer-adapter.png alt="Knative scale-from-zero"></a></div><figcaption>Knative scale-from-zero</figcaption></figure><p>In this design, there is no need to change the routing from/to <strong>Activator</strong> for an idle application as in the original Knative setup.
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When the Istio proxy represented by the ingress gateway component receives a new request for an idle application, it informs <strong>Mixer</strong>, including all the
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relevant metadata information.
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<strong>Mixer</strong> then calls your adapter which triggers the Knative <strong>Autoscaler</strong> using the original Knative protocol.</p><div><aside class="callout idea"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.12/img/icons.svg#callout-idea"/></svg></div><div class=content>By using this design you do not need to deal with buffering, retries and load-balancing because it is already handled by the Istio proxy.</div></aside></div><p>Istio’s use of Mixer adapters makes it possible to replace otherwise complex networking-based application logic with a more
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straightforward implementation, as demonstrated in the <a href=https://github.com/zachidan/istio-kactivator>Knative adapter</a>.</p><p>When the adapter receives a message from <strong>Mixer</strong>, it sends a <code>StatMessage</code> directly to <strong>Autoscaler</strong>
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component using the Knative protocol.
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The metadata information (<code>namespace</code> and <code>service name</code>) required by <strong>Autoscaler</strong> are transferred by Istio proxy to
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<strong>Mixer</strong> and from there to the adapter.</p><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>I compared the cold-start time of the original Knative reference architecture to the new Istio Mixer adapter reference architecture.
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The results show similar cold-start times.
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The implementation using the Mixer adapter has greater simplicity. It is not necessary to handle low-level network-based mechanisms as these are handled by Envoy.</p><p>The next step is converting this Mixer adapter into an Envoy-specific filter running inside an ingress gateway.
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This will allow to further improve the latency overhead (no more calls to <strong>Mixer</strong> and the adapter) and
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to remove the dependency on the Istio Mixer.</p></div><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes." href=/v1.12/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.12/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></div><div class=right><a title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely." href=/v1.12/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/ class=next-link>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.12/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav></article><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use 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