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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.14/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb class=container-l><ol><li><a href title="Get a bit more in-depth info about the Istio project.">About</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.14/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.14/about/faq/ title="Frequently Asked Questions about Istio.">FAQ</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.14/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li>Traffic Management</li></ol></nav><main class="primary container about"><div class=article-container><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Traffic Management FAQ</h1></div></div><nav class="toc-inlined toc-forced"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlineTableOfContents><ol><li role=none aria-label="How can I view the current route rules I have configured with Istio?"><a href=#viewing-current-rules>How can I view the current route rules I have configured with Istio?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="On what ports does a sidecar proxy capture inbound traffic?"><a href=#controlling-inbound-ports>On what ports does a sidecar proxy capture inbound traffic?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="What is the difference between MUTUAL and ISTIO_MUTUAL TLS modes?"><a href=#difference-between-mutual-and-istio-mutual>What is the difference between MUTUAL and ISTIO_MUTUAL TLS modes?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="Can Istio be used with StatefulSets and headless Services?"><a href=#statefulsets>Can Istio be used with StatefulSets and headless Services?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="Can I use standard Ingress specification without any route rules?"><a href=#ingress-with-no-route-rules>Can I use standard Ingress specification without any route rules?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="Why is my CORS configuration not working?"><a href=#cors>Why is my CORS configuration not working?</a></li><li role=none aria-label="What protocols does Istio support?"><a href=#naming-port-convention>What protocols does Istio support?</a></li></ol></nav></div><hr></nav><div class=faq><h5 id=viewing-current-rules class=question>How can I view the current route rules I have configured with Istio?</h5><div class=answer><p>Rules can be viewed using <code>kubectl get virtualservice -o yaml</code></p></div><h5 id=controlling-inbound-ports class=question>On what ports does a sidecar proxy capture inbound traffic?</h5><div class=answer><p>Istio captures inbound traffic on all ports by default.
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You can override this behavior using the <code>traffic.sidecar.istio.io/includeInboundPorts</code> pod annotation
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to specify an explicit list of ports to capture, or using <code>traffic.sidecar.istio.io/excludeOutboundPorts</code>
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to specify a list of ports to bypass.</p></div><h5 id=difference-between-mutual-and-istio-mutual class=question>What is the difference between MUTUAL and ISTIO_MUTUAL TLS modes?</h5><div class=answer><p>Both of these <code>DestinationRule</code> settings will send mutual TLS traffic.
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With <code>ISTIO_MUTUAL</code>, Istio certificates will automatically be used.
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For <code>MUTUAL</code>, the key, certificate, and trusted CA must be configured.
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This allows initiating mutual TLS with non-Istio applications.</p></div><h5 id=statefulsets class=question>Can Istio be used with StatefulSets and headless Services?</h5><div class=answer><p>Yes, Istio fully supports these workloads as of <a href=/v1.14/blog/2021/statefulsets-made-easier/>Istio 1.10</a>.</p></div><h5 id=ingress-with-no-route-rules class=question>Can I use standard Ingress specification without any route rules?</h5><div class=answer><p>Simple ingress specifications, with host, TLS, and exact path based
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matches will work out of the box without the need for route
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rules. However, note that the path used in the ingress resource should
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not have any <code>.</code> characters.</p><p>For example, the following ingress resource matches requests for the
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example.com host, with /helloworld as the URL.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create -f - <<EOF
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Ingress
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metadata:
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name: simple-ingress
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annotations:
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kubernetes.io/ingress.class: istio
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spec:
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rules:
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- host: example.com
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http:
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paths:
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- path: /helloworld
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backend:
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serviceName: myservice
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servicePort: grpc
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EOF
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</code></pre><p>However, the following rules will not work because they use regular
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expressions in the path and <code>ingress.kubernetes.io</code> annotations:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create -f - <<EOF
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Ingress
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metadata:
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name: this-will-not-work
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annotations:
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kubernetes.io/ingress.class: istio
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# Ingress annotations other than ingress class will not be honored
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ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
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spec:
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rules:
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- host: example.com
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http:
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paths:
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- path: /hello(.*?)world/
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backend:
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serviceName: myservice
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servicePort: grpc
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EOF
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</code></pre></div><h5 id=cors class=question>Why is my CORS configuration not working?</h5><div class=answer><p>After applying <a href=/v1.14/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#CorsPolicy>CORS configuration</a>, you may find that seemingly nothing happened and wonder what went wrong.
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CORS is a commonly misunderstood HTTP concept that often leads to confusion when configuring.</p><p>To understand this, it helps to take a step back and look at <a href=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS>what CORS is</a> and when it should be used.
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By default, browsers have restrictions on “cross origin” requests initiated by scripts.
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This prevents, for example, a website <code>attack.example.com</code> from making a JavaScript request to <code>bank.example.com</code> and stealing a users sensitive information.</p><p>In order to allow this request, <code>bank.example.com</code> must allow <code>attack.example.com</code> to perform cross origin requests.
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This is where CORS comes in. If we were serving <code>bank.example.com</code> in an Istio enabled cluster, we could configure a <code>corsPolicy</code> to allow this:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
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kind: VirtualService
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metadata:
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name: bank
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spec:
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hosts:
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- bank.example.com
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http:
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- corsPolicy:
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allowOrigins:
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- exact: https://attack.example.com
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...
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</code></pre><p>In this case we explicitly allow a single origin; wildcards are common for non-sensitive pages.</p><p>Once we do this, a common mistake is to send a request like <code>curl bank.example.com -H "Origin: https://attack.example.com"</code>, and expect the request to be rejected.
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However, curl and many other clients will not see a rejected request, because CORS is a browser constraint.
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The CORS configuration simply adds <code>Access-Control-*</code> headers in the response; it is up to the client (browser) to reject the request if the response is not satisfactory.
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In browsers, this is done by a <a href=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS#preflighted_requests>Preflight request</a>.</p></div><h5 id=naming-port-convention class=question>What protocols does Istio support?</h5><div class=answer><p>Currently, Istio supports TCP based protocols. Additionally, Istio provides functionality such as routing and metrics for other protocols such as <code>http</code> and <code>mysql</code>.</p><p>For a list of all protocols, and information on how to configure protocols, view the <a href=/v1.14/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a> documentation.</p></div></div></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Distributed Tracing Q & A." href=/v1.14/about/faq/distributed-tracing/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.14/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Distributed Tracing</a></div><div class=right></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div></main><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon 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