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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.14/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><article class=post itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BlogPosting><div class=header-content><h1>Configuring failover for external services</h1><p>Learn how to configure locality load balancing and failover for endpoints that are outside of your mesh.</p></div><p class=post-author>Jun 4, 2021 <span>|</span> By Ram Vennam - Solo.io</p><div><p>Istio’s powerful APIs can be used to solve a variety of service mesh use cases. Many users know about its strong ingress and east-west capabilities but it also offers many features for egress (outgoing) traffic. This is especially useful when your application needs to talk to an external service - such as a database endpoint provided by a cloud provider. There are often multiple endpoints to chose from depending on where your workload is running. For example, Amazon’s DynamoDB provides <a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/ddb.html>several endpoints</a> across their regions. You typically want to choose the endpoint closest to your workload for latency reasons, but you may need to configure automatic failover to another endpoint in case things are not working as expected.</p><p>Similar to services running inside the service mesh, you can configure Istio to detect outliers and failover to a healthy endpoint, while still being completely transparent to your application. In this example, we’ll use Amazon DynamoDB endpoints and pick a primary region that is the same or close to workloads running in a Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) cluster. We’ll also configure a failover region.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Routing</th><th>Endpoint</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Primary</td><td><a href=http://dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com>http://dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com</a></td></tr><tr><td>Failover</td><td><a href=http://dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com>http://dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><img src=./external-locality-failover.png alt=failover></p><h2 id=define-external-endpoints-using-a-serviceentry>Define external endpoints using a ServiceEntry</h2><p><a href=/v1.14/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality load balancing</a> works based on <code>region</code> or <code>zone</code>, which are usually inferred from labels set on the Kubernetes nodes. First, determine the location of your workloads:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl describe node | grep failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/region
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failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/region=us-east1
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failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/region=us-east1
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</code></pre><p>In this example, the GKE cluster nodes are running in <code>us-east1</code>.</p><p>Next, create a <code>ServiceEntry</code> which aggregates the endpoints you want to use. In this example, we have selected <code>mydb.com</code> as the host. This is the address your application should be configured to connect to. Set the <code>locality</code> of the primary endpoint to the same region as your workload:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
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kind: ServiceEntry
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metadata:
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name: external-svc-dns
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spec:
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hosts:
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- mydb.com
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location: MESH_EXTERNAL
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ports:
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- number: 80
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name: http
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protocol: HTTP
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resolution: DNS
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endpoints:
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- address: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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locality: us-east1
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ports:
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http: 80
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- address: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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locality: us-west
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ports:
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http: 80
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</code></pre><p>Let’s deploy a sleep container to use as a test source for sending requests.</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.14/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
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</code></pre></div><p>From the sleep container try going to <code>http://mydb.com</code> 5 times:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for i in {1..5}; do kubectl exec deploy/sleep -c sleep -- curl -sS http://mydb.com; echo; sleep 2; done
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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</code></pre><p>You will see that Istio is sending requests to both endpoints. We only want it to send to the endpoint marked with the same region as our nodes.</p><p>For that, we need to configure a <code>DestinationRule</code>.</p><h2 id=set-failover-conditions-using-a-destinationrule>Set failover conditions using a <code>DestinationRule</code></h2><p>Istio’s <code>DestinationRule</code> lets you configure load balancing, connection pool, and outlier detection settings. We can specify the conditions used to identify an endpoint as unhealthy and remove it from the load balancing pool.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
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kind: DestinationRule
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metadata:
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name: mydynamodb
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spec:
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host: mydb.com
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trafficPolicy:
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outlierDetection:
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consecutive5xxErrors: 1
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interval: 15s
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baseEjectionTime: 1m
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</code></pre><p>The above <code>DestinationRule</code> configures the endpoints to be scanned every 15 seconds, and if any endpoint fails with a 5xx error code, even once, it will be marked unhealthy for one minute. If this circuit breaker is not triggered, the traffic will route to the same region as the pod.</p><p>If we run our curl again, we should see that traffic is always going to the <code>us-east1</code> endpoint.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for i in {1..5}; do kubectl exec deploy/sleep -c sleep -- curl -sS http://mydb.com; echo; sleep 2; done
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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</code></pre><h2 id=simulate-a-failure>Simulate a failure</h2><p>Next, let’s see what happens if the us-east endpoint goes down. To simulate this, let’s modify the ServiceEntry and set the <code>us-east</code> endpoint to an invalid port:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
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kind: ServiceEntry
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metadata:
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name: external-svc-dns
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spec:
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hosts:
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- mydb.com
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location: MESH_EXTERNAL
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ports:
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- number: 80
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name: http
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protocol: HTTP
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resolution: DNS
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endpoints:
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- address: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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locality: us-east1
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ports:
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http: 81 # INVALID - This is purposefully wrong to trigger failover
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- address: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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locality: us-west
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ports:
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http: 80
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</code></pre><p>Running our curl again shows that traffic is automatically failed over to our us-west region after failing to connect to the us-east endpoint:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for i in {1..5}; do kubectl exec deploy/sleep -c sleep -- curl -sS http://mydb.com; echo; sleep 2; done
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upstream connect error or disconnect/reset before headers. reset reason: connection failure
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healthy: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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healthy: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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</code></pre><p>You can check the outlier status of the us-east endpoint by running:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ istioctl pc endpoints <sleep-pod> | grep mydb
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ENDPOINT STATUS OUTLIER CHECK CLUSTER
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52.119.226.80:81 HEALTHY FAILED outbound|80||mydb.com
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52.94.12.144:80 HEALTHY OK outbound|80||mydb.com
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</code></pre><h2 id=failover-for-https>Failover for HTTPS</h2><p>Configuring failover for external HTTPS services is just as easy. Your application can still continue to use plain HTTP, and you can let the Istio proxy perform the TLS origination to the HTTPS endpoint.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
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kind: ServiceEntry
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metadata:
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name: external-svc-dns
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spec:
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hosts:
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- mydb.com
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ports:
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- number: 80
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name: http-port
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protocol: HTTP
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targetPort: 443
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resolution: DNS
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endpoints:
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- address: dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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locality: us-east1
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- address: dynamodb.us-west-1.amazonaws.com
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locality: us-west
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</code></pre><p>The above ServiceEntry defines the <code>mydb.com</code> service on port 80 and redirects traffic to the real DynamoDB endpoints on port 443.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
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kind: DestinationRule
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metadata:
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name: mydynamodb
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spec:
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host: mydb.com
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trafficPolicy:
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tls:
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mode: SIMPLE
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loadBalancer:
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simple: ROUND_ROBIN
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localityLbSetting:
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enabled: true
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failover:
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- from: us-east1
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to: us-west
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outlierDetection:
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consecutive5xxErrors: 1
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interval: 15s
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baseEjectionTime: 1m
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</code></pre><p>The <code>DestinationRule</code> now performs TLS origination and configures the outlier detection. The rule also has a <a href=/v1.14/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/#LocalityLoadBalancerSetting>failover</a> field configured where you can specify exactly what regions are failover targets. This is useful when you have several regions defined.</p><h2 id=wrapping-up>Wrapping Up</h2><p>Istio’s <code>VirtualService</code> and <code>DestinationRule</code> API’s provide traffic routing, failure recovery and fault injection features so that you can create resilient applications. The ServiceEntry API extends many of these features to external services that are not part of your service mesh.</p></div><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="An election announcement and an election result." href=/v1.14/blog/2021/steering-election/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.14/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Steering and TOC updates</a></div><div class=right><a title="Learn how to perform canary upgrades of your mesh control plane." href=/v1.14/blog/2021/revision-tags/ class=next-link>Safely upgrade the Istio control plane with revisions and tags<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.14/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav></article><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title="GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code" href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use 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