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<a href=/v1.20/zh/docs/setup/getting-started class="btn btn--primary" id=try-istio>试用 Istio</a></div></div><form id=search-form class=search name=cse role=search><input type=hidden name=cx value=002184991200833970123:iwwf17ikgf4>
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<button id=search-close title=取消搜索 type=reset aria-label=取消搜索><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.20/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><article class=post itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BlogPosting><div class=header-content><h1>Istio 使用网络策略</h1><p>Istio 的策略如何关联 Kubernetes 的网络策略 。</p></div><p class=post-author>Aug 10, 2017 <span>| </span>By Spike Curtis</p><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.20/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>该博客文章是在 Istio 0.1 的版本下编写的,因此其中某些内容现在可能已过时。</div></aside></div><div><p>使用网络策略去保护运行在 Kubernetes 上的应用程序现在是一种广泛接受的行业最佳实践。鉴于 Istio 也支持策略,我们希望花一些时间来解释 Istio 策略和 Kubernetes 网络策略的相互作用和互相支持提供应用程序的安全。</p><p>让我们从基础开始:为什么你想要同时使用 Istio 和 Kubernetes 网络策略?简短的回答是它们处理不同的事情。表格列出 Istio 和网络策略之间的主要区别我们将描述“典型”实现例如Calico但具体实现细节可能因不同的网络提供商而异</p><table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Istio 策略</th><th>网络策略</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>层级</strong></td><td>&ldquo;服务&rdquo; &mdash; L7</td><td>&ldquo;网络&rdquo; &mdash; L3-4</td></tr><tr><td><strong>实现</strong></td><td>用户空间</td><td>内核</td></tr><tr><td><strong>执行点</strong></td><td>Pod</td><td>节点</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=layer>层级</h2><p>从 OSI 模型的角度来看 7 层应用程序Istio 策略运行在网络应用程序的“服务”层。但事实上云原生应用程序模型是 7 层实际上至少包含两层:服务层和内容层。服务层通常是 HTTP 它封装了实际的应用程序数据内容层。Istio 的 Envoy 代理运行的 HTTP 服务层。相比之下,网络策略在 OSI 模型中的第 3 层(网络)和第 4 层(传输)运行。</p><p>运行在服务层为 Envoy 代理提供了一组丰富的属性,以便基础协议进行策略决策,其中包括 HTTP/1.1 和 HTTP/2gRPC 运行在 HTTP/2 上。因此您可以基于虚拟主机、URL 或其他 HTTP 头部应用策略。在未来Istio 将支持广泛的 7 层协议、以及通用的 TCP 和 UDP 传输。</p><p>相比之下Istio 策略运行在网络层具有通用的优势,因为所有网络应用程序都使用 IP。无论 7 层协议如何您都可以在网络层应用策略DNS 、SQL 数据库、实时流以及许多不使用 HTTP 的其他服务都可以得到保护。网络策略不仅限于经典防火墙的 IP 地址、协议和端口三元组Istio 和网络策略都可以使用丰富的 Kubernetes 标签来描述 pod 端点。</p><h2 id=implementation>实现</h2><p>Istio 的代理基于 <a href=https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy>Envoy</a>,它作为数据平面的用户空间守护进程实现的,使用标准套接字与网络层交互。这使它在处理方面具有很大的灵活性,并允许它在容器中分发(和升级!)。</p><p>网络策略数据平面通常在内核空间中实现(例如:使用 iptables 、eBPF 过滤器、或甚至自定义内核模块)。在内核空间使它们性能很好,但不像 Envoy 代理那样灵活。</p><h2 id=enforcement-point>执行点</h2><p>Envoy 代理的策略执行是在 pod 中,作为同一网络命名空间中的 sidecar 容器。这使得部署模型简单。某些容器赋予权限可以重新配置其 pod 中的网络(<code>CAP_NET_ADMIN</code>)。如果此类服务实例绕过代理受到损害或行为不当(如:在恶意租户中)。</p><p>虽然这不会让攻击者访问其他启用了 Istio 的 Pod但通过配置会打开几种攻击</p><ul><li>攻击未受保护的 Pod</li><li>尝试通过发送大量流量为受保护的 Pod 造成访问拒绝</li><li>在 pod 中收集的漏出数据</li><li>攻击集群基础设施(服务器或 Kubernetes 服务)</li><li>攻击网格外的服务,如数据库,存储阵列或遗留系统。</li></ul><p>网络策略通常在客户机的网络命名空间之外的主机节点处执行。这意味着必须避免受损或行为不当的 pod 进入根命名空间的执行。通过在 Kubernetes 1.8 中添加 egress 策略,这是网络策略成为保护基础设施免受工作负载受损的关键部分。</p><h2 id=examples>举例</h2><p>让我们来看一些 Istio 应用程序使用 Kubernetes 网络策略的示例。下面我们以 Bookinfo 应用程序为例,介绍网络策略功能的用例:</p><ul><li>减少应用程序入口的攻击面</li><li>在应用程序中实现细粒度隔离</li></ul><h3 id=reduce-attack-surface-of-the-application-ingress>减少应用程序入口的攻击面</h3><p>应用程序的 ingress 控制器是外部世界进入我们应用程序的主要入口。快速查看 <code>istio.yaml</code> (用于安装 Istio )定义了 Istio-ingress如下所示</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: istio-ingress
labels:
istio: ingress
spec:
type: LoadBalancer
ports:
- port: 80
name: http
- port: 443
name: https
selector:
istio: ingress
</code></pre><p><code>istio-ingress</code> 暴露端口 80 和 443 . 我们需要将流入流量限制在这两个端口上。Envoy 有 <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/operations/admin.html#operations-admin-interface><code>内置管理接口</code></a>,我们不希望错误配置 <code>istio-ingress</code> 镜像而导致意外地将我们的管理接口暴露给外界。这里深度防御的示例:正确配置的镜像应该暴露接口,正确配置的网络策略将阻止任何人连接到它,要么失败,要么配置错误,受到保护。</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: istio-ingress-lockdown
namespace: default
spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
istio: ingress
ingress:
- ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80
- protocol: TCP
port: 443
</code></pre><h3 id=enforce-fine-grained-isolation-within-the-application>在应用程序中实现细粒度隔离</h3><p>如下是 Bookinfo 应用程序的服务示意图:</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:59.086918235567985%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.20/zh/docs/examples/bookinfo/withistio.svg title="Bookinfo Service Graph"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.20/zh/docs/examples/bookinfo/withistio.svg alt="Bookinfo Service Graph"></a></div><figcaption>Bookinfo Service Graph</figcaption></figure><p>此图显示了一个正确功能的应用程序应该允许的每个连接。所有其他连接,例如从 Istio Ingress 直接到 Rating 服务不是应用程序的一部分。让我们排除那些无关的连接它们不能被攻击者所用。例如想象一下Ingress pod 受到攻击者的攻击,允许攻击者运行任意代码。如果我们使用网络策略只允许连接到 <code>productpage</code><code>http://$GATEWAY_URL/productpage</code>)的 Pod ,则攻击者不再获得对我的应用程序后端的访问权限,尽管它们已经破坏了服务网格的成员。</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: product-page-ingress
namespace: default
spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: productpage
ingress:
- ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 9080
from:
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
istio: ingress
</code></pre><p>推荐你可以而且应该为每个服务编写类似的策略,允许其他 pod 访问执行。</p><h2 id=summary>总结</h2><p>我们认为 Istio 和网络策略在应用策略方面有不同的优势。Istio 具有应用协议感知和高度灵活性,非常适合应用策略来支持运营目标,如:服务路由、重试、熔断等,以及在应用层开启的安全性,例如:令牌验证。网络策略是通用的、高效的、与 pod 隔离,使其成为应用策略以支持网络安全目标的理想选择。此外,拥有在网络堆栈的不同层运行的策略是一件非常好的事情,因为它为每个层提供特定的上下文而不会混合状态并允许责任分离。</p><p>这篇文章是基于 Spike Curtis 的三部分博客系列,他是 Tigera 的 Istio 团队成员之一。完整系列可以在这里找到:<a href=https://www.projectcalico.org/using-network-policy-in-concert-with-istio/>https://www.projectcalico.org/using-network-policy-in-concert-with-istio/</a></p></div><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="概要说明 Mixer 的插件架构。" href=/v1.20/zh/blog/2017/adapter-model/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.20/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Mixer 适配器模型</a></div><div class=right><a title="使用 Istio 创建自动缩放的金丝雀部署。" href=/v1.20/zh/blog/2017/0.1-canary/ class=next-link>使用 Istio 进行金丝雀部署<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.20/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav></article><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title='Istio 的代码在 GitHub 上开发' href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use xlink:href="/v1.20/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg>
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