mirror of https://github.com/istio/istio.io.git
46 lines
27 KiB
HTML
46 lines
27 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html><html lang=en itemscope itemtype=https://schema.org/WebPage><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content="IE=edge"><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no"><meta name=theme-color content="#466BB0"><meta name=title content="Mixer and the SPOF Myth"><meta name=description content="Improving availability and reducing latency."><meta name=author content="Martin Taillefer"><meta name=keywords content="microservices,services,mesh,adapters,mixer,policies,telemetry,availability,latency"><meta property="og:title" content="Mixer and the SPOF Myth"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:description" content="Improving availability and reducing latency."><meta property="og:url" content="/v1.21/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio.io/master/static/img/istio-social.png"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="The Istio sailboat logo"><meta property="og:image:width" content="4096"><meta property="og:image:height" content="2048"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Istio"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary_large_image"><meta name=twitter:site content="@IstioMesh"><title>Istioldie 1.21 / Mixer and the SPOF Myth</title>
|
||
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-98480406-2"></script><script>window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}gtag("js",new Date),gtag("config","UA-98480406-2")</script><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="Istio Blog" href=/v1.21/blog/feed.xml><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="Istio News" href=/v1.21/news/feed.xml><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="Istio Blog and News" href=/v1.21/feed.xml><link rel="shortcut icon" href=/v1.21/favicons/favicon.ico><link rel=apple-touch-icon href=/v1.21/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png sizes=180x180><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/favicon-16x16.png sizes=16x16><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/favicon-32x32.png sizes=32x32><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/android-36x36.png sizes=36x36><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/android-48x48.png sizes=48x48><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/android-72x72.png sizes=72x72><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/android-96x96.png sizes=96xW96><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/android-144x144.png sizes=144x144><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/android-192x192.png sizes=192x192><link rel=icon type=image/svg+xml href=/v1.21/favicons/favicon.svg><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/v1.21/favicons/favicon.png><link rel=mask-icon href=/v1.21/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg color=#466BB0><link rel=manifest href=/v1.21/manifest.json><meta name=apple-mobile-web-app-title content="Istio"><meta name=application-name content="Istio"><meta name=msapplication-config content="/browserconfig.xml"><meta name=msapplication-TileColor content="#466BB0"><meta name=theme-color content="#466BB0"><link rel=stylesheet href=/v1.21/css/all.css><link rel=preconnect href=https://fonts.googleapis.com><link rel=preconnect href=https://fonts.gstatic.com crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Barlow:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600&display=swap"><script src=/v1.21/js/themes_init.min.js></script></head><body class="language-unknown archive-site"><script>const branchName="release-1.21",docTitle="Mixer and the SPOF Myth",iconFile="/v1.21//img/icons.svg",buttonCopy="Copy to clipboard",buttonPrint="Print",buttonDownload="Download"</script><script src="https://www.google.com/cse/brand?form=search-form" defer></script><script src=/v1.21/js/all.min.js data-manual defer></script><header class=main-navigation><nav class="main-navigation-wrapper container-l"><div class=main-navigation-header><a id=brand href=/v1.21/ aria-label=logotype><span class=logo><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="128" height="60" viewBox="0 0 128 60"><path d="M58.434 48.823A.441.441.0 0158.3 48.497V22.583a.444.444.0 01.134-.326.446.446.0 01.327-.134h3.527a.447.447.0 01.325.134.447.447.0 01.134.326v25.914a.443.443.0 01-.134.326.444.444.0 01-.325.134h-3.527a.444.444.0 01-.327-.134z"/><path d="m70.969 48.477a6.556 6.556.0 01-2.818-1.955 4.338 4.338.0 01-1-2.78v-.345a.443.443.0 01.134-.326.444.444.0 01.326-.135h3.374a.444.444.0 01.326.135.445.445.0 01.134.326v.077a2.014 2.014.0 001.054 1.667 4.672 4.672.0 002.664.709 4.446 4.446.0 002.492-.633 1.862 1.862.0 00.958-1.591 1.426 1.426.0 00-.786-1.322 12.7 12.7.0 00-2.549-.939l-1.457-.46a21.526 21.526.0 01-3.3-1.227 6.57 6.57.0 01-2.262-1.783 4.435 4.435.0 01-.92-2.894 5.081 5.081.0 012.109-4.275 8.993 8.993.0 015.558-1.591 10.445 10.445.0 014.1.748 6.3 6.3.0 012.722 2.07 5 5 0 01.958 3.009.441.441.0 01-.134.326.441.441.0 01-.325.134h-3.258a.441.441.0 01-.326-.134.443.443.0 01-.134-.326 1.974 1.974.0 00-.978-1.667 4.647 4.647.0 00-2.665-.671 4.741 4.741.0 00-2.435.556 1.724 1.724.0 00-.938 1.553 1.512 1.512.0 00.9 1.4 15.875 15.875.0 003.01 1.055l.843.229a27.368 27.368.0 013.412 1.246 6.67 6.67.0 012.338 1.763 4.387 4.387.0 01.958 2.933 4.988 4.988.0 01-2.146 4.275 9.543 9.543.0 01-5.712 1.552 11.626 11.626.0 01-4.227-.709z"/><path d="m97.039 32.837a.443.443.0 01-.326.135h-3.911a.169.169.0 00-.191.192v9.239a2.951 2.951.0 00.632 2.108 2.7 2.7.0 002.013.652h1.15a.444.444.0 01.325.134.441.441.0 01.134.326v2.875a.471.471.0 01-.459.5l-1.994.039a8 8 0 01-4.524-1.035q-1.495-1.035-1.533-3.91V33.166A.17.17.0 0088.164 32.974H85.978A.441.441.0 0185.652 32.839.441.441.0 0185.518 32.513V29.83a.441.441.0 01.134-.326.444.444.0 01.326-.135h2.186a.169.169.0 00.191-.192v-4.485a.438.438.0 01.134-.326.44.44.0 01.325-.134h3.336a.443.443.0 01.325.134.442.442.0 01.135.326v4.485a.169.169.0 00.191.192h3.911a.446.446.0 01.326.135.446.446.0 01.134.326v2.683a.446.446.0 01-.133.324z"/><path d="m101.694 25.917a2.645 2.645.0 01-.767-1.955 2.65 2.65.0 01.767-1.955 2.65 2.65.0 011.955-.767 2.65 2.65.0 011.955.767 2.652 2.652.0 01.767 1.955 2.647 2.647.0 01-.767 1.955 2.646 2.646.0 01-1.955.767 2.645 2.645.0 01-1.955-.767zm-.211 22.906a.441.441.0 01-.134-.326V29.79a.444.444.0 01.134-.326.446.446.0 01.326-.134h3.527a.446.446.0 01.326.134.445.445.0 01.134.326v18.707a.443.443.0 01-.134.326.443.443.0 01-.326.134h-3.527a.443.443.0 01-.326-.134z"/><path d="m114.019 47.734a8.1 8.1.0 01-3.047-4.255 14.439 14.439.0 01-.652-4.37 14.3 14.3.0 01.614-4.371A7.869 7.869.0 01114 30.56a9.072 9.072.0 015.252-1.5 8.543 8.543.0 015.041 1.5 7.985 7.985.0 013.009 4.14 12.439 12.439.0 01.69 4.37 13.793 13.793.0 01-.651 4.37 8.255 8.255.0 01-3.028 4.275 8.475 8.475.0 01-5.1 1.553 8.754 8.754.0 01-5.194-1.534zm7.629-3.1a4.536 4.536.0 001.476-2.262 11.335 11.335.0 00.383-3.221 10.618 10.618.0 00-.383-3.22 4.169 4.169.0 00-1.457-2.243 4.066 4.066.0 00-2.531-.785 3.942 3.942.0 00-2.453.785 4.376 4.376.0 00-1.5 2.243 11.839 11.839.0 00-.383 3.22 11.84 11.84.0 00.383 3.221 4.222 4.222.0 001.476 2.262 4.075 4.075.0 002.549.8 3.8 3.8.0 002.44-.809z"/><path d="m15.105 32.057v15.565a.059.059.0 01-.049.059L.069 50.25A.06.06.0 01.005 50.167l14.987-33.47a.06.06.0 01.114.025z"/><path d="m17.631 23.087v24.6a.06.06.0 00.053.059l22.449 2.507a.06.06.0 00.061-.084L17.745.032a.06.06.0 00-.114.024z"/><path d="m39.961 52.548-24.833 7.45a.062.062.0 01-.043.0L.079 52.548a.059.059.0 01.026-.113h39.839a.06.06.0 01.017.113z"/></svg></span>
|
||
</a><button id=hamburger class=main-navigation-toggle aria-label="Open navigation">
|
||
<svg class="icon menu-hamburger"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#menu-hamburger"/></svg>
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button id=menu-close class=main-navigation-toggle aria-label="Close navigation"><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></div><div id=header-links class=main-navigation-links-wrapper><ul class=main-navigation-links><li class=main-navigation-links-item><a class="main-navigation-links-link has-dropdown"><span>About</span><svg class="icon dropdown-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#dropdown-arrow"/></svg></a><ul class=main-navigation-links-dropdown><li class=main-navigation-links-dropdown-item><a href=/v1.21/about/service-mesh class=main-navigation-links-link>Service mesh</a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-dropdown-item><a href=/v1.21/about/solutions class=main-navigation-links-link>Solutions</a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-dropdown-item><a href=/v1.21/about/case-studies class=main-navigation-links-link>Case studies</a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-dropdown-item><a href=/v1.21/about/ecosystem class=main-navigation-links-link>Ecosystem</a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-dropdown-item><a href=/v1.21/about/deployment class=main-navigation-links-link>Deployment</a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-dropdown-item><a href=/v1.21/about/faq class=main-navigation-links-link>FAQ</a></li></ul></li><li class=main-navigation-links-item><a href=/v1.21/blog/ class=main-navigation-links-link><span>Blog</span></a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-item><a href=/v1.21/news/ class=main-navigation-links-link><span>News</span></a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-item><a href=/v1.21/get-involved/ class=main-navigation-links-link><span>Get involved</span></a></li><li class=main-navigation-links-item><a href=/v1.21/docs/ class=main-navigation-links-link><span>Documentation</span></a></li></ul><div class=main-navigation-footer><button id=search-show class=search-show title='Search this site' aria-label=Search><svg class="icon magnifier"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#magnifier"/></svg></button>
|
||
<a href=/v1.21/docs/setup/getting-started class="btn btn--primary" id=try-istio>Try Istio</a></div></div><form id=search-form class=search name=cse role=search><input type=hidden name=cx value=002184991200833970123:iwwf17ikgf4>
|
||
<input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8>
|
||
<input type=hidden name=hl value=en>
|
||
<input type=hidden id=search-page-url value=/search>
|
||
<input id=search-textbox class="search-textbox form-control" name=q type=search aria-label='Search this site' placeholder=Search>
|
||
<button id=search-close title='Cancel search' type=reset aria-label='Cancel search'><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><article class=post itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BlogPosting><div class=header-content><h1>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</h1><p>Improving availability and reducing latency.</p></div><p class=post-author>Dec 7, 2017 <span>| </span>By Martin Taillefer</p><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>This blog post was written assuming Istio 0.3, so some of this content may now be outdated.</div></aside></div><div><p>As <a href=https://istio.io/v1.6/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Mixer</a> is in the request path, it is natural to question how it impacts
|
||
overall system availability and latency. A common refrain we hear when people first glance at Istio architecture diagrams is
|
||
“Isn’t this just introducing a single point of failure?”</p><p>In this post, we’ll dig deeper and cover the design principles that underpin Mixer and the surprising fact Mixer actually
|
||
increases overall mesh availability and reduces average request latency.</p><p>Istio’s use of Mixer has two main benefits in terms of overall system availability and latency:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Increased SLO</strong>. Mixer insulates proxies and services from infrastructure backend failures, enabling higher effective mesh availability. The mesh as a whole tends to experience a lower rate of failure when interacting with the infrastructure backends than if Mixer were not present.</p></li><li><p><strong>Reduced Latency</strong>. Through aggressive use of shared multi-level caches and sharding, Mixer reduces average observed latencies across the mesh.</p></li></ul><p>We’ll explain this in more detail below.</p><h2 id=how-we-got-here>How we got here</h2><p>For many years at Google, we’ve been using an internal API & service management system to handle the many APIs exposed by Google. This system has been fronting the world’s biggest services (Google Maps, YouTube, Gmail, etc) and sustains a peak rate of hundreds of millions of QPS. Although this system has served us well, it had problems keeping up with Google’s rapid growth, and it became clear that a new architecture was needed in order to tamp down ballooning operational costs.</p><p>In 2014, we started an initiative to create a replacement architecture that would scale better. The result has proven extremely successful and has been gradually deployed throughout Google, saving in the process millions of dollars a month in ops costs.</p><p>The older system was built around a centralized fleet of fairly heavy proxies into which all incoming traffic would flow, before being forwarded to the services where the real work was done. The newer architecture jettisons the shared proxy design and instead consists of a very lean and efficient distributed sidecar proxy sitting next to service instances, along with a shared fleet of sharded control plane intermediaries:</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:74.79295535770372%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/mixer-spof-myth-1.svg title="Google System Topology"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/mixer-spof-myth-1.svg alt="Google System Topology"></a></div><figcaption>Google's API & Service Management System</figcaption></figure><p>Look familiar? Of course: it’s just like Istio! Istio was conceived as a second generation of this distributed proxy architecture. We took the core lessons from this internal system, generalized many of the concepts by working with our partners, and created Istio.</p><h2 id=architecture-recap>Architecture recap</h2><p>As shown in the diagram below, Mixer sits between the mesh and the infrastructure backends that support it:</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:65.89948886170049%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/mixer-spof-myth-2.svg title="Istio Topology"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/mixer-spof-myth-2.svg alt="Istio Topology"></a></div><figcaption>Istio Topology</figcaption></figure><p>The Envoy sidecar logically calls Mixer before each request to perform precondition checks, and after each request to report telemetry.
|
||
The sidecar has local caching such that a relatively large percentage of precondition checks can be performed from cache. Additionally, the
|
||
sidecar buffers outgoing telemetry such that it only actually needs to call Mixer once for every several thousands requests. Whereas precondition
|
||
checks are synchronous to request processing, telemetry reports are done asynchronously with a fire-and-forget pattern.</p><p>At a high level, Mixer provides:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Backend Abstraction</strong>. Mixer insulates the Istio components and services within the mesh from the implementation details of individual infrastructure backends.</p></li><li><p><strong>Intermediation</strong>. Mixer allows operators to have fine-grained control over all interactions between the mesh and the infrastructure backends.</p></li></ul><p>However, even beyond these purely functional aspects, Mixer has other characteristics that provide the system with additional benefits.</p><h2 id=mixer-slo-booster>Mixer: SLO booster</h2><p>Contrary to the claim that Mixer is a SPOF and can therefore lead to mesh outages, we believe it in fact improves the effective availability of a mesh. How can that be? There are three basic characteristics at play:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Statelessness</strong>. Mixer is stateless in that it doesn’t manage any persistent storage of its own.</p></li><li><p><strong>Hardening</strong>. Mixer proper is designed to be a highly reliable component. The design intent is to achieve > 99.999% uptime for any individual Mixer instance.</p></li><li><p><strong>Caching and Buffering</strong>. Mixer is designed to accumulate a large amount of transient ephemeral state.</p></li></ul><p>The sidecar proxies that sit next to each service instance in the mesh must necessarily be frugal in terms of memory consumption, which constrains the possible amount of local caching and buffering. Mixer, however, lives independently and can use considerably larger caches and output buffers. Mixer thus acts as a highly-scaled and highly-available second-level cache for the sidecars.</p><p>Mixer’s expected availability is considerably higher than most infrastructure backends (those often have availability of perhaps 99.9%). Its local caches and buffers help mask infrastructure backend failures by being able to continue operating even when a backend has become unresponsive.</p><h2 id=mixer-latency-slasher>Mixer: Latency slasher</h2><p>As we explained above, the Istio sidecars generally have fairly effective first-level caching. They can serve the majority of their traffic from cache. Mixer provides a much greater shared pool of second-level cache, which helps Mixer contribute to a lower average per-request latency.</p><p>While it’s busy cutting down latency, Mixer is also inherently cutting down the number of calls your mesh makes to infrastructure backends. Depending on how you’re paying for these backends, this might end up saving you some cash by cutting down the effective QPS to the backends.</p><h2 id=work-ahead>Work ahead</h2><p>We have opportunities ahead to continue improving the system in many ways.</p><h3 id=configuration-canaries>Configuration canaries</h3><p>Mixer is highly scaled so it is generally resistant to individual instance failures. However, Mixer is still susceptible to cascading
|
||
failures in the case when a poison configuration is deployed which causes all Mixer instances to crash basically at the same time
|
||
(yeah, that would be a bad day). To prevent this from happening, configuration changes can be canaried to a small set of Mixer instances,
|
||
and then more broadly rolled out.</p><p>Mixer doesn’t yet do canarying of configuration changes, but we expect this to come online as part of Istio’s ongoing work on reliable
|
||
configuration distribution.</p><h3 id=cache-tuning>Cache tuning</h3><p>We have yet to fine-tune the sizes of the sidecar and Mixer caches. This work will focus on achieving the highest performance possible using the least amount of resources.</p><h3 id=cache-sharing>Cache sharing</h3><p>At the moment, each Mixer instance operates independently of all other instances. A request handled by one Mixer instance will not leverage data cached in a different instance. We will eventually experiment with a distributed cache such as memcached or Redis in order to provide a much larger mesh-wide shared cache, and further reduce the number of calls to infrastructure backends.</p><h3 id=sharding>Sharding</h3><p>In very large meshes, the load on Mixer can be great. There can be a large number of Mixer instances, each straining to keep caches primed to
|
||
satisfy incoming traffic. We expect to eventually introduce intelligent sharding such that Mixer instances become slightly specialized in
|
||
handling particular data streams in order to increase the likelihood of cache hits. In other words, sharding helps improve cache
|
||
efficiency by routing related traffic to the same Mixer instance over time, rather than randomly dispatching to
|
||
any available Mixer instance.</p><h2 id=conclusion>Conclusion</h2><p>Practical experience at Google showed that the model of a slim sidecar proxy and a large shared caching control plane intermediary hits a sweet
|
||
spot, delivering excellent perceived availability and latency. We’ve taken the lessons learned there and applied them to create more sophisticated and
|
||
effective caching, prefetching, and buffering strategies in Istio. We’ve also optimized the communication protocols to reduce overhead when a cache miss does occur.</p><p>Mixer is still young. As of Istio 0.3, we haven’t really done significant performance work within Mixer itself. This means when a request misses the sidecar
|
||
cache, we spend more time in Mixer to respond to requests than we should. We’re doing a lot of work to improve this in coming months to reduce the overhead
|
||
that Mixer imparts in the synchronous precondition check case.</p><p>We hope this post makes you appreciate the inherent benefits that Mixer brings to Istio.
|
||
Don’t hesitate to post comments or questions to <a href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-policies-and-telemetry>istio-policies-and-telemetry@</a>.</p></div><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture." href=/v1.21/blog/2017/adapter-model/ class=next-link>Mixer Adapter Model<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav></article><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title='GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code' href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg>
|
||
</a><a class=channel title="Access our team drive if you'd like to take a look at the Istio technical design documents" href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-team-drive-access aria-label="team drive"><svg class="icon drive"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#drive"/></svg>
|
||
</a><a class=channel title='Interactively discuss issues with the Istio community on Slack' href=https://slack.istio.io aria-label=slack><svg class="icon slack"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#slack"/></svg>
|
||
</a><a class=channel title='Stack Overflow is where you can ask questions and find curated answers on deploying, configuring, and using Istio' href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/istio aria-label="Stack Overflow"><svg class="icon stackoverflow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#stackoverflow"/></svg>
|
||
</a><a class=channel title='Follow us on Twitter to get the latest news' href=https://twitter.com/IstioMesh aria-label=Twitter><svg class="icon twitter"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#twitter"/></svg></a></div><hr class=footer-separator role=separator><div class="info footer-info"><a class=logo href=/v1.21/ aria-label=logotype><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="128" height="60" viewBox="0 0 128 60"><path d="M58.434 48.823A.441.441.0 0158.3 48.497V22.583a.444.444.0 01.134-.326.446.446.0 01.327-.134h3.527a.447.447.0 01.325.134.447.447.0 01.134.326v25.914a.443.443.0 01-.134.326.444.444.0 01-.325.134h-3.527a.444.444.0 01-.327-.134z"/><path d="m70.969 48.477a6.556 6.556.0 01-2.818-1.955 4.338 4.338.0 01-1-2.78v-.345a.443.443.0 01.134-.326.444.444.0 01.326-.135h3.374a.444.444.0 01.326.135.445.445.0 01.134.326v.077a2.014 2.014.0 001.054 1.667 4.672 4.672.0 002.664.709 4.446 4.446.0 002.492-.633 1.862 1.862.0 00.958-1.591 1.426 1.426.0 00-.786-1.322 12.7 12.7.0 00-2.549-.939l-1.457-.46a21.526 21.526.0 01-3.3-1.227 6.57 6.57.0 01-2.262-1.783 4.435 4.435.0 01-.92-2.894 5.081 5.081.0 012.109-4.275 8.993 8.993.0 015.558-1.591 10.445 10.445.0 014.1.748 6.3 6.3.0 012.722 2.07 5 5 0 01.958 3.009.441.441.0 01-.134.326.441.441.0 01-.325.134h-3.258a.441.441.0 01-.326-.134.443.443.0 01-.134-.326 1.974 1.974.0 00-.978-1.667 4.647 4.647.0 00-2.665-.671 4.741 4.741.0 00-2.435.556 1.724 1.724.0 00-.938 1.553 1.512 1.512.0 00.9 1.4 15.875 15.875.0 003.01 1.055l.843.229a27.368 27.368.0 013.412 1.246 6.67 6.67.0 012.338 1.763 4.387 4.387.0 01.958 2.933 4.988 4.988.0 01-2.146 4.275 9.543 9.543.0 01-5.712 1.552 11.626 11.626.0 01-4.227-.709z"/><path d="m97.039 32.837a.443.443.0 01-.326.135h-3.911a.169.169.0 00-.191.192v9.239a2.951 2.951.0 00.632 2.108 2.7 2.7.0 002.013.652h1.15a.444.444.0 01.325.134.441.441.0 01.134.326v2.875a.471.471.0 01-.459.5l-1.994.039a8 8 0 01-4.524-1.035q-1.495-1.035-1.533-3.91V33.166A.17.17.0 0088.164 32.974H85.978A.441.441.0 0185.652 32.839.441.441.0 0185.518 32.513V29.83a.441.441.0 01.134-.326.444.444.0 01.326-.135h2.186a.169.169.0 00.191-.192v-4.485a.438.438.0 01.134-.326.44.44.0 01.325-.134h3.336a.443.443.0 01.325.134.442.442.0 01.135.326v4.485a.169.169.0 00.191.192h3.911a.446.446.0 01.326.135.446.446.0 01.134.326v2.683a.446.446.0 01-.133.324z"/><path d="m101.694 25.917a2.645 2.645.0 01-.767-1.955 2.65 2.65.0 01.767-1.955 2.65 2.65.0 011.955-.767 2.65 2.65.0 011.955.767 2.652 2.652.0 01.767 1.955 2.647 2.647.0 01-.767 1.955 2.646 2.646.0 01-1.955.767 2.645 2.645.0 01-1.955-.767zm-.211 22.906a.441.441.0 01-.134-.326V29.79a.444.444.0 01.134-.326.446.446.0 01.326-.134h3.527a.446.446.0 01.326.134.445.445.0 01.134.326v18.707a.443.443.0 01-.134.326.443.443.0 01-.326.134h-3.527a.443.443.0 01-.326-.134z"/><path d="m114.019 47.734a8.1 8.1.0 01-3.047-4.255 14.439 14.439.0 01-.652-4.37 14.3 14.3.0 01.614-4.371A7.869 7.869.0 01114 30.56a9.072 9.072.0 015.252-1.5 8.543 8.543.0 015.041 1.5 7.985 7.985.0 013.009 4.14 12.439 12.439.0 01.69 4.37 13.793 13.793.0 01-.651 4.37 8.255 8.255.0 01-3.028 4.275 8.475 8.475.0 01-5.1 1.553 8.754 8.754.0 01-5.194-1.534zm7.629-3.1a4.536 4.536.0 001.476-2.262 11.335 11.335.0 00.383-3.221 10.618 10.618.0 00-.383-3.22 4.169 4.169.0 00-1.457-2.243 4.066 4.066.0 00-2.531-.785 3.942 3.942.0 00-2.453.785 4.376 4.376.0 00-1.5 2.243 11.839 11.839.0 00-.383 3.22 11.84 11.84.0 00.383 3.221 4.222 4.222.0 001.476 2.262 4.075 4.075.0 002.549.8 3.8 3.8.0 002.44-.809z"/><path d="m15.105 32.057v15.565a.059.059.0 01-.049.059L.069 50.25A.06.06.0 01.005 50.167l14.987-33.47a.06.06.0 01.114.025z"/><path d="m17.631 23.087v24.6a.06.06.0 00.053.059l22.449 2.507a.06.06.0 00.061-.084L17.745.032a.06.06.0 00-.114.024z"/><path d="m39.961 52.548-24.833 7.45a.062.062.0 01-.043.0L.079 52.548a.059.059.0 01.026-.113h39.839a.06.06.0 01.017.113z"/></svg></a><div class=footer-languages><a tabindex=-1 lang=en id=switch-lang-en class="footer-languages-item active"><svg class="icon tick"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#tick"/></svg>
|
||
English
|
||
</a><a tabindex=-1 lang=zh id=switch-lang-zh class=footer-languages-item>中文</a></div></div><ul class=footer-policies><li class=footer-policies-item><a class=footer-policies-link href=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/legal/terms>Terms and Conditions
|
||
</a>|
|
||
<a class=footer-policies-link href=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/legal/privacy-policy>Privacy policy
|
||
</a>|
|
||
<a class=footer-policies-link href=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/legal/trademark-usage>Trademarks
|
||
</a>|
|
||
<a class=footer-policies-link href=https://github.com/istio/istio.io/edit/release-1.21/content/en/index>Edit this Page on GitHub</a></li></ul><div class=footer-base><span class=footer-base-copyright>© 2024 the Istio Authors.</span>
|
||
<span class=footer-base-version>Version
|
||
Archive
|
||
1.21.2</span><ul class=footer-base-releases><li class=footer-base-releases-item><a tabindex=-1 class=footer-base-releases-link onclick='return navigateToUrlOrRoot("https://istio.io/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/"),!1'>current release</a></li><li class=footer-base-releases-item><a tabindex=-1 class=footer-base-releases-link onclick='return navigateToUrlOrRoot("https://preliminary.istio.io/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/"),!1'>next release</a></li><li class=footer-base-releases-item><a tabindex=-1 class=footer-base-releases-link href=https://istio.io/archive>older releases</a></li></ul></div></div></footer><div id=scroll-to-top-container aria-hidden=true><button id=scroll-to-top title='Back to top' tabindex=-1><svg class="icon top"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#top"/></svg></button></div></body></html> |