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<button id=search-close title='Cancel search' type=reset aria-label='Cancel search'><svg class="icon menu-close"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#menu-close"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><article class=post itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BlogPosting><div class=header-content><h1>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</h1><p>Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases.</p></div><p class=post-author>Jul 20, 2018 <span>| </span>By Limin Wang</p><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>This blog post was written assuming Istio 0.8, so some of this content may now be outdated.</div></aside></div><div><p>Micro-segmentation is a security technique that creates secure zones in cloud deployments and allows organizations to
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isolate workloads from one another and secure them individually.
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<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>Istio’s authorization feature</a>, also known as Istio Role Based Access Control,
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provides micro-segmentation for services in an Istio mesh. It features:</p><ul><li>Authorization at different levels of granularity, including namespace level, service level, and method level.</li><li>Service-to-service and end-user-to-service authorization.</li><li>High performance, as it is enforced natively on Envoy.</li><li>Role-based semantics, which makes it easy to use.</li><li>High flexibility as it allows users to define conditions using
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<a href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>combinations of attributes</a>.</li></ul><p>In this blog post, you’ll learn about the main authorization features and how to use them in different situations.</p><h2 id=characteristics>Characteristics</h2><h3 id=rpc-level-authorization>RPC level authorization</h3><p>Authorization is performed at the level of individual RPCs. Specifically, it controls “who can access my <code>bookstore</code> service”,
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or “who can access method <code>getBook</code> in my <code>bookstore</code> service”. It is not designed to control access to application-specific
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resource instances, like access to “storage bucket X” or access to “3rd book on 2nd shelf”. Today this kind of application
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specific access control logic needs to be handled by the application itself.</p><h3 id=role-based-access-control-with-conditions>Role-based access control with conditions</h3><p>Authorization is a <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-based_access_control>role-based access control (RBAC)</a> system,
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contrast this to an <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute-based_access_control>attribute-based access control (ABAC)</a>
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system. Compared to ABAC, RBAC has the following advantages:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Roles allow grouping of attributes.</strong> Roles are groups of permissions, which specifies the actions you are allowed
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to perform on a system. Users are grouped based on the roles within an organization. You can define the roles and reuse
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them for different cases.</p></li><li><p><strong>It is easier to understand and reason about who has access.</strong> The RBAC concepts map naturally to business concepts.
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For example, a DB admin may have all access to DB backend services, while a web client may only be able to view the
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frontend service.</p></li><li><p><strong>It reduces unintentional errors.</strong> RBAC policies make otherwise complex security changes easier. You won’t have
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duplicate configurations in multiple places and later forget to update some of them when you need to make changes.</p></li></ul><p>On the other hand, Istio’s authorization system is not a traditional RBAC system. It also allows users to define <strong>conditions</strong> using
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<a href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>combinations of attributes</a>. This gives Istio
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flexibility to express complex access control policies. In fact, <strong>the “RBAC + conditions” model
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that Istio authorization adopts, has all the benefits an RBAC system has, and supports the level of flexibility that
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normally an ABAC system provides.</strong> You’ll see some <a href=/v1.21/blog/2018/istio-authorization/#examples>examples</a> below.</p><h3 id=high-performance>High performance</h3><p>Because of its simple semantics, Istio authorization is enforced on Envoy as a native authorization support. At runtime, the
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authorization decision is completely done locally inside an Envoy filter, without dependency to any external module.
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This allows Istio authorization to achieve high performance and availability.</p><h3 id=work-withwithout-primary-identities>Work with/without primary identities</h3><p>Like any other RBAC system, Istio authorization is identity aware. In Istio authorization policy, there is a primary
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identity called <code>user</code>, which represents the principal of the client.</p><p>In addition to the primary identity, you can also specify any conditions that define the identities. For example,
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you can specify the client identity as “user Alice calling from Bookstore frontend service”, in which case,
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you have a combined identity of the calling service (<code>Bookstore frontend</code>) and the end user (<code>Alice</code>).</p><p>To improve security, you should enable <a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>authentication features</a>,
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and use authenticated identities in authorization policies. However, strongly authenticated identity is not required
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for using authorization. Istio authorization works with or without identities. If you are working with a legacy system,
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you may not have mutual TLS or JWT authentication setup for your mesh. In this case, the only way to identify the client is, for example,
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through IP. You can still use Istio authorization to control which IP addresses or IP ranges are allowed to access your service.</p><h2 id=examples>Examples</h2><p>The <a href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>authorization task</a> shows you how to
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use Istio’s authorization feature to control namespace level and service level access using the
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<a href=/v1.21/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>. In this section, you’ll see more examples on how to achieve
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micro-segmentation with Istio authorization.</p><h3 id=namespace-level-segmentation-via-rbac--conditions>Namespace level segmentation via RBAC + conditions</h3><p>Suppose you have services in the <code>frontend</code> and <code>backend</code> namespaces. You would like to allow all your services
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in the <code>frontend</code> namespace to access all services that are marked <code>external</code> in the <code>backend</code> namespace.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1"
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kind: ServiceRole
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metadata:
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name: external-api-caller
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namespace: backend
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spec:
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rules:
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- services: ["*"]
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methods: ["*”]
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constraints:
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- key: "destination.labels[visibility]”
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values: ["external"]
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---
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apiVersion: "rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1"
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kind: ServiceRoleBinding
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metadata:
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name: external-api-caller
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namespace: backend
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spec:
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subjects:
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- properties:
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source.namespace: "frontend”
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roleRef:
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kind: ServiceRole
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name: "external-api-caller"
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</code></pre><p>The <code>ServiceRole</code> and <code>ServiceRoleBinding</code> above expressed “<em>who</em> is allowed to do <em>what</em> under <em>which conditions</em>”
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(RBAC + conditions). Specifically:</p><ul><li><strong>“who”</strong> are the services in the <code>frontend</code> namespace.</li><li><strong>“what”</strong> is to call services in <code>backend</code> namespace.</li><li><strong>“conditions”</strong> is the <code>visibility</code> label of the destination service having the value <code>external</code>.</li></ul><h3 id=servicemethod-level-isolation-withwithout-primary-identities>Service/method level isolation with/without primary identities</h3><p>Here is another example that demonstrates finer grained access control at service/method level. The first step
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is to define a <code>book-reader</code> service role that allows READ access to <code>/books/*</code> resource in <code>bookstore</code> service.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1"
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kind: ServiceRole
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metadata:
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name: book-reader
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namespace: default
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spec:
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rules:
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- services: ["bookstore.default.svc.cluster.local"]
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paths: ["/books/*”]
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methods: ["GET”]
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</code></pre><h4 id=using-authenticated-client-identities>Using authenticated client identities</h4><p>Suppose you want to grant this <code>book-reader</code> role to your <code>bookstore-frontend</code> service. If you have enabled
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<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>mutual TLS authentication</a> for your mesh, you can use a
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service account to identify your <code>bookstore-frontend</code> service. Granting the <code>book-reader</code> role to the <code>bookstore-frontend</code>
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service can be done by creating a <code>ServiceRoleBinding</code> as shown below:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1"
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kind: ServiceRoleBinding
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metadata:
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name: book-reader
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namespace: default
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spec:
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subjects:
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- user: "cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookstore-frontend”
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roleRef:
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kind: ServiceRole
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name: "book-reader"
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</code></pre><p>You may want to restrict this further by adding a condition that “only users who belong to the <code>qualified-reviewer</code> group are
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allowed to read books”. The <code>qualified-reviewer</code> group is the end user identity that is authenticated by
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<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>JWT authentication</a>. In this case, the combination of the client service identity
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(<code>bookstore-frontend</code>) and the end user identity (<code>qualified-reviewer</code>) is used in the authorization policy.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1"
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kind: ServiceRoleBinding
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metadata:
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name: book-reader
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namespace: default
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spec:
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subjects:
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- user: "cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookstore-frontend"
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properties:
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request.auth.claims[group]: "qualified-reviewer"
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roleRef:
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kind: ServiceRole
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name: "book-reader"
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</code></pre><h4 id=client-does-not-have-identity>Client does not have identity</h4><p>Using authenticated identities in authorization policies is strongly recommended for security. However, if you have a
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legacy system that does not support authentication, you may not have authenticated identities for your services.
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You can still use Istio authorization to protect your services even without authenticated identities. The example below
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shows that you can specify allowed source IP range in your authorization policy.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1"
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kind: ServiceRoleBinding
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metadata:
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name: book-reader
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namespace: default
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spec:
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subjects:
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- properties:
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source.ip: 10.20.0.0/9
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roleRef:
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kind: ServiceRole
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name: "book-reader"
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</code></pre><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>Istio’s authorization feature provides authorization at namespace-level, service-level, and method-level granularity.
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It adopts “RBAC + conditions” model, which makes it easy to use and understand as an RBAC system, while providing the level of
|
||
flexibility that an ABAC system normally provides. Istio authorization achieves high performance as it is enforced
|
||
natively on Envoy. While it provides the best security by working together with
|
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<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>Istio authentication features</a>, Istio authorization can also be used to
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||
provide access control for legacy systems that do not have authentication.</p></div><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.21/blog/2018/delayering-istio/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></div><div class=right><a title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.21/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/ class=next-link>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav></article><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title='GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code' href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg>
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