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href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's WebAssembly Plugin system." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/wasm/>Extensibility</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Setup><a class=main title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/>Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prerequisites for platform setup for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/prerequisites/>Platform Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Istio on Amazon EKS in AWS cloud." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/amazon-eks/>Amazon EKS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an Huawei Cloud kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/huaweicloud/>Huawei Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up k3d for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/k3d/>k3d</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up kind for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/kind/>kind</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Kops for use with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/kops/>Kops</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up a KubeSphere Container Platform for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/kubesphere/>KubeSphere Container Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up minikube for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to prepare a cluster for Istio using Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE)." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Istio quickly in Tencent Cloud." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/tencent-cloud-mesh/>Tencent Cloud</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install and configure Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using Helm." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/helm/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Install Multicluster"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Install Multicluster</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before installing Istio on multiple clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary/>Install Multi-Primary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote/>Install Primary-Remote</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters on different networks." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary_multi-network/>Install Multi-Primary on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters on different networks." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote_multi-network/>Install Primary-Remote on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verify that Istio has been installed properly on multiple clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/verify/>Verify the installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio with an external control plane and a remote cluster data plane." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/external-controlplane/>Install Istio with an External Control Plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install multiple Istio control planes in a single cluster using revisions and discoverySelectors." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multiple-controlplanes/>Install Multiple Istio Control Planes in a Single Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy Istio and connect a workload running within a virtual machine to it." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/virtual-machine/>Virtual Machine Installation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/operator/>Istio Operator Install</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Upgrade, downgrade, and manage Istio across multiple control plane revisions." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade Istio by first running a canary deployment of a new control plane." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/canary/>Canary Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio in place." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/in-place/>In-place Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to upgrade Istio using Helm." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/helm/>Upgrade with Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/getting-started/>Getting Started with Istio and Kubernetes Gateway API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title='How to configure "compatibility versions", to decouple behavioral changes from releases.' href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/compatibility-versions/>Compatibility Versions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize Istio Gateways." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/gateway/>Installing Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to customize installation configuration options." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/customize-installation/>Customizing the installation configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to customize installation configuration options when installing with helm." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/customize-installation-helm/>Advanced Helm Chart Customization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio in Dual-Stack mode running on a Dual-Stack Kubernetes cluster." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/dual-stack/>Install Istio in Dual-Stack mode</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Pod Security admission controller." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/pod-security-admission/>Install Istio with Pod Security Admission</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Tasks><a class=main title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/>Tasks</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to set up request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Locality Load Balancing"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This series of tasks demonstrate how to configure locality load balancing in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before configuring locality load balancing." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates how to configure your mesh for locality failover." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/failover/>Locality failover</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This guide demonstrates how to configure locality distribution." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/distribute/>Locality weighted distribution</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Cleanup steps for locality load balancing." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/cleanup/>Cleanup</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress/>Secure Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to terminate TLS traffic at a sidecar without using an Ingress Gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sidecar-tls-termination/>Ingress Sidecar TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure a Kubernetes Ingress object to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/kubernetes-ingress/>Kubernetes Ingress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure the Kubernetes Gateway API with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/gateway-api/>Kubernetes Gateway API</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Certificate Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Management of the certificates in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/>Certificate Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with a root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/plugin-ca-cert/>Plug in CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use a Custom Certificate Authority (that integrates with the Kubernetes CSR API) to provision Istio workload certificates (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/custom-ca-k8s/>Custom CA Integration using Kubernetes CSR *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to set up mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to route requests based on JWT claims (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/jwt-route/>JWT claim based routing *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how users can copy their JWT claims to HTTP headers (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/claim-to-header/>Copy JWT Claims to HTTP Headers *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>HTTP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>TCP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for JWT token." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>JWT Token</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to integrate and delegate access control to an external authorization system." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-custom/>External Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Explicit Deny</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Ingress Access Control</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Trust Domain Migration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to dry-run an authorization policy without enforcing it (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-dry-run/>Dry Run *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="TLS Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="TLS configuration in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure the minimum TLS version for Istio workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/tls-configuration/workload-min-tls-version/>Istio Workload Minimum TLS Version Configuration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policy Enforcement"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policy Enforcement</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limit/>Enabling Rate Limits using Envoy</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure the Telemetry API (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/telemetry/>Telemetry API *</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics with Telemetry API." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/telemetry-api/>Customizing Istio Metrics with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/customize-metrics/>Customizing Istio Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to improve telemetry by grouping requests and responses by their type." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/classify-metrics/>Classifying Metrics Based on Request or Response</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to set up and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to send access logs with Telemetry API." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/telemetry-api/>Configure access logs with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Envoy Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to send access logs with OpenTelemetry collector." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/otel-provider/>OpenTelemetry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using Telemetry API." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/telemetry-api/>Configure tracing with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send OpenCensus-formatted spans to OpenTelemetry Collector." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/opencensusagent/>OpenCensus Agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using MeshConfig and pod annotations." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/mesh-and-proxy-config/>Configure tracing using MeshConfig and Pod annotations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Lightstep." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>Lightstep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Extensibility><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to extend mesh behavior." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/extensibility/>Extensibility</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to make remote WebAssembly modules available in the mesh (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/extensibility/wasm-module-distribution/>Distributing WebAssembly Modules *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Examples><a class=main title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/>Examples</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Set up a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Set up a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Operations><a class=main title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/>Operations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture for virtual machines." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/vm-architecture/>Virtual Machine Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Requirements of applications deployed in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Application Requirements</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to wait until a resource reaches a given status of readiness." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/config-resource-ready/>Wait on Resource Status for Applied Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure certificates within your mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/manage-mesh-certificates/>Managing In-Mesh Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure TLS settings to secure network traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Istio routes traffic through the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/traffic-routing/>Traffic Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How DNS interacts with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns/>DNS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure gateway network topology (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/network-topologies/>Configuring Gateway Network Topology *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure DNS proxying." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns-proxy/>DNS Proxying</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure how traffic is distributed among clusters in the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/multicluster/>Multi-cluster Traffic Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows common examples of using Istio security policy." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/security/security-policy-examples/>Security policy examples</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Prometheus to monitor multicluster Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/monitoring-multicluster-prometheus/>Monitoring Multicluster Istio with Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Extensibility><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage extensions to the service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/>Extensibility</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how Istio determines whether to pull Wasm modules or use cached versions (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/wasm-pull-policy/>Pull Policy for WebAssembly Modules *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use image signatures to verify the provenance of Istio images." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/image-signing-validation/>Image Signing and Validation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio upgrades." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/upgrade-issues/>Upgrade Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to use istioctl check-inject to confirm if Istio sidecar injection is properly enabled for your deployments." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/check-inject/>Verifying Istio Sidecar Injection with Istioctl Check-Inject</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into a running istiod component." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Istiod Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with Virtual Machines." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/virtual-machines/>Debugging Virtual Machines</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with multicluster and multi-network installations." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/multicluster/>Troubleshooting Multicluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues using Istio with the CNI plugin." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/cni/>Troubleshooting the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Ambient Mode"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Information for setting up and operating Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/>Ambient Mode</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to deploy and install Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/getting-started/>Getting Started with Ambient Mode</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Installation Guide"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Installation guide for Istio Ambient mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/install/>Installation Guide</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio in Ambient mode with Helm." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/install/helm-installation/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Platform-specific prerequisites for installing Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/install/platform-prerequisites/>Platform-Specific Prerequisites</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Upgrade Guide"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Upgrade guide for Istio Ambient mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/upgrade/>Upgrade Guide</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrading an ambient mode installation with Helm (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/upgrade/helm-upgrade/>Upgrade with Helm *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Ambient Mode User Guides"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="How to configure a mesh in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/>Ambient Mode User Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title='Understand and manage Istio&#39;s "zero-trust tunnel" proxy.' href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/ztunnel/>Layer 4 Networking & mTLS with Ztunnel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Gain the full set of Istio feature with optional waypoint proxies." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/waypoint/>Layer 7 Networking & Services with Waypoint Proxies</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understand how traffic is redirected between pods and the ztunnel node proxy." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/traffic-redirection/>Ztunnel traffic redirection</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A deep dive into the architecture of ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/architecture/>Ambient Mode Architecture</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Integrations><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Other software that Istio can integrate with to provide additional functionality." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/>Integrations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with cert-manager." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/certmanager/>cert-manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Grafana to set up Istio dashboards." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Jaeger." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Kiali." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/kiali/>Kiali</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Prometheus." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure Istio to integrate with SPIRE to get cryptographic identities through Envoy's SDS API." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/spire/>SPIRE</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Zipkin." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate Istio with third party load balancers." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/loadbalancers/>Third Party Load Balancers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Releases><a class=main title="Information relating to Istio releases." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/>Releases</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of features and their release stages." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/feature-stages/>Feature Status</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if you find a bug." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/bugs/>Reporting Bugs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How we handle security vulnerabilities." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/security-vulnerabilities/>Security Vulnerabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The currently supported Istio releases." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/supported-releases/>Supported Releases</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Contribute Documentation"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Details how to create and maintain Istio documentation pages." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/>Contribute Documentation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use GitHub to contribute to the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/github/>Work with GitHub</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute new documentation to Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/add-content/>Add New Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute retired documentation to Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/remove-content/>Remove Retired Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to locally build, test, serve, and preview the website." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/build/>Build and serve the website locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the front matter used in our documentation and the fields available." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/front-matter/>Front matter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how changes to the Istio documentation and website are reviewed and approved." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/review/>Documentation Review Process</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to include code in your documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/code-blocks/>Add Code Blocks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the shortcodes available and how to use them." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/shortcodes/>Use Shortcodes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the standard markup used to format Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/formatting/>Follow Formatting Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the style conventions used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/style-guide/>Style Guide</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the terminology standards used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/terminology/>Terminology Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides assets and instructions to create diagrams for the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/diagrams/>Diagram Creation Guidelines</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of recent changes to this website." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/log/>Website Content Changes</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Reference><a class=main title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/>Reference</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Telemetry configuration for workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the structure of messages generated by Istio analyzers." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/istio.analysis.v1alpha1/>Analysis Messages</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the role of the `status` field in configuration workflow." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/config-status/>Configuration Status Field</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Proxy Extensions"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio proxy extensions." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/>Proxy Extensions</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Extend the functionality provided by the Istio proxy through WebAssembly filters." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm-plugin/>Wasm Plugin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for AccessLogPolicy Filter." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/accesslogpolicy/>AccessLogPolicy Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stackdriver filter." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stackdriver/>Stackdriver Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stats Filter." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stats/>Stats Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable telemetry generation with the Wasm runtime (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm_telemetry/>Wasm-based Telemetry *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides configuration for individual workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/proxy-config/>ProxyConfig</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting VMs onboarded into the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/>Workload Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a collection of workload instances." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-group/>Workload Group</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration to validate JWT." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/jwt/>JWTRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported normalizations in authorization policies." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/normalization/>Authorization Policy Normalization</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Types"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes common types in Istio API." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/type/>Common Types</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Definition of a workload selector." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/type/workload-selector/>Workload Selector</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource labels used by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/labels/>Resource Labels</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configuration analysis." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0136/>AlphaAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0159/>ConflictingTelemetryWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0116/>DeploymentAssociatedToMultipleServices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0137/>DeploymentConflictingPorts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0135/>DeprecatedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0153/>EnvoyFilterUsesAddOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0151/>EnvoyFilterUsesRelativeOperation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0155/>EnvoyFilterUsesRelativeOperationWithProxyVersion</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0154/>EnvoyFilterUsesRemoveOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0152/>EnvoyFilterUsesReplaceOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0164/>ExternalControlPlaneAddressIsNotAHostname</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0150/>ExternalNameServiceTypeInvalidPortName</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0162/>GatewayPortNotDefinedOnService</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0167/>IneffectivePolicy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0166/>IneffectiveSelector</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0125/>InvalidAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0144/>InvalidApplicationUID</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0163/>InvalidExternalControlPlaneConfig</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0161/>InvalidGatewayCredential</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0122/>InvalidRegexp</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0157/>InvalidTelemetryProvider</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0143/>LocalhostListener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0160/>MultipleTelemetriesWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0123/>NamespaceMultipleInjectionLabels</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0127/>NoMatchingWorkloadsFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0128/>NoServerCertificateVerificationDestinationLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0129/>NoServerCertificateVerificationPortLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0158/>PodsIstioProxyImageMismatchInNamespace</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0134/>ServiceEntryAddressesRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0132/>VirtualServiceHostNotFoundInGateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0131/>VirtualServiceIneffectiveMatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0130/>VirtualServiceUnreachableRule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio CNI plugin on a node, detect and repair pod which is broken by race condition." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/install-cni/>install-cni</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button id=sidebar-toggle class=main-navigation-toggle aria-label="Open sidebar">
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Contents</button><article aria-labelledby=title><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Documentation</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/ title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses.">Concepts</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li>Security</li></ol></nav><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Security</h1><p class=byline><span class=reading-time title="4712 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>23 minute read</span>
<span>&nbsp;</span>
<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="High-level architecture"><a href=#high-level-architecture>High-level architecture</a><li role=none aria-label="Istio identity"><a href=#istio-identity>Istio identity</a><li role=none aria-label="Identity and certificate management"><a href=#pki>Identity and certificate management</a><li role=none aria-label=Authentication><a href=#authentication>Authentication</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Mutual TLS authentication"><a href=#mutual-tls-authentication>Mutual TLS authentication</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Permissive mode"><a href=#permissive-mode>Permissive mode</a><li role=none aria-label="Secure naming"><a href=#secure-naming>Secure naming</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Authentication architecture"><a href=#authentication-architecture>Authentication architecture</a><li role=none aria-label="Authentication policies"><a href=#authentication-policies>Authentication policies</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Policy storage"><a href=#policy-storage>Policy storage</a><li role=none aria-label="Selector field"><a href=#selector-field>Selector field</a><li role=none aria-label="Peer authentication"><a href=#peer-authentication>Peer authentication</a><li role=none aria-label="Request authentication"><a href=#request-authentication>Request authentication</a><li role=none aria-label=Principals><a href=#principals>Principals</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Updating authentication policies"><a href=#updating-authentication-policies>Updating authentication policies</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label=Authorization><a href=#authorization>Authorization</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Authorization architecture"><a href=#authorization-architecture>Authorization architecture</a><li role=none aria-label="Implicit enablement"><a href=#implicit-enablement>Implicit enablement</a><li role=none aria-label="Authorization policies"><a href=#authorization-policies>Authorization policies</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Policy Target"><a href=#policy-target>Policy Target</a><li role=none aria-label="Value matching"><a href=#value-matching>Value matching</a><li role=none aria-label="Exclusion matching"><a href=#exclusion-matching>Exclusion matching</a><li role=none aria-label="allow-nothing, deny-all and allow-all policy"><a href=#allow-nothing-deny-all-and-allow-all-policy><code>allow-nothing</code>, <code>deny-all</code> and <code>allow-all</code> policy</a><li role=none aria-label="Custom conditions"><a href=#custom-conditions>Custom conditions</a><li role=none aria-label="Authenticated and unauthenticated identity"><a href=#authenticated-and-unauthenticated-identity>Authenticated and unauthenticated identity</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Using Istio authorization on plain TCP protocols"><a href=#using-istio-authorization-on-plain-tcp-protocols>Using Istio authorization on plain TCP protocols</a><li role=none aria-label="Dependency on mutual TLS"><a href=#dependency-on-mutual-tls>Dependency on mutual TLS</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Learn more"><a href=#learn-more>Learn more</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>Breaking down a monolithic application into atomic services offers various
benefits, including better agility, better scalability and better ability to
reuse services. However, microservices also have particular security needs:</p><ul><li>To defend against man-in-the-middle attacks, they need traffic encryption.</li><li>To provide flexible service access control, they need mutual TLS and
fine-grained access policies.</li><li>To determine who did what at what time, they need auditing tools.</li></ul><p>Istio Security provides a comprehensive security solution to solve these issues.
This page gives an overview on how you can use Istio security features to secure
your services, wherever you run them. In particular, Istio security mitigates
both insider and external threats against your data, endpoints, communication,
and platform.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:56.25%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/overview.svg title="Security overview"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/overview.svg alt="Security overview"></a></div><figcaption>Security overview</figcaption></figure><p>The Istio security features provide strong identity, powerful policy,
transparent TLS encryption, and authentication, authorization and audit (AAA)
tools to protect your services and data. The goals of Istio security are:</p><ul><li>Security by default: no changes needed to application code and
infrastructure</li><li>Defense in depth: integrate with existing security systems to provide
multiple layers of defense</li><li>Zero-trust network: build security solutions on distrusted networks</li></ul><p>Visit our
<a href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>mutual TLS Migration docs</a>
to start using Istio security features with your deployed services. Visit our
<a href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/>Security Tasks</a> for detailed
instructions to use the security features.</p><h2 id=high-level-architecture>High-level architecture</h2><p>Security in Istio involves multiple components:</p><ul><li><p>A Certificate Authority (CA) for key and certificate management</p></li><li><p>The configuration API server distributes to the proxies:</p><ul><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authentication-policies>authentication policies</a></li><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authorization-policies>authorization policies</a></li><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#secure-naming>secure naming information</a></li></ul></li><li><p>Sidecar and perimeter proxies work as <a href=https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/policy_enforcement_point>Policy Enforcement Points</a>
(PEPs) to secure communication between clients and servers.</p></li><li><p>A set of Envoy proxy extensions to manage telemetry and auditing</p></li></ul><p>The control plane handles configuration from the API server and
configures the PEPs in the data plane. The PEPs are implemented using Envoy. The
following diagram shows the architecture.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:47.54566412484483%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/arch-sec.svg title="Security Architecture"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/arch-sec.svg alt="Security Architecture"></a></div><figcaption>Security Architecture</figcaption></figure><p>In the following sections, we introduce the Istio security features in detail.</p><h2 id=istio-identity>Istio identity</h2><p>Identity is a fundamental concept of any security infrastructure. At the
beginning of a workload-to-workload communication, the two parties must exchange
credentials with their identity information for mutual authentication purposes.
On the client side, the server&rsquo;s identity is checked against the
<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#secure-naming>secure naming</a>
information to see if it is an authorized runner of the workload. On the server
side, the server can determine what information the client can access based on
the
<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authorization-policies>authorization policies</a>,
audit who accessed what at what time, charge clients based on the workloads they
used, and reject any clients who failed to pay their bill from accessing the
workloads.</p><p>The Istio identity model uses the first-class <code>service identity</code> to
determine the identity of a request&rsquo;s origin. This model allows for great
flexibility and granularity for service identities to represent a human user, an
individual workload, or a group of workloads. On platforms without a service
identity, Istio can use other identities that can group workload
instances, such as service names.</p><p>The following list shows examples of service identities that you can use on different
platforms:</p><ul><li>Kubernetes: Kubernetes service account</li><li>GCE: GCP service account</li><li>On-premises (non-Kubernetes): user account, custom service account,
service name, Istio service account, or GCP service account. The custom
service account refers to the existing service account just like the
identities that the customer&rsquo;s Identity Directory manages.</li></ul><h2 id=pki>Identity and certificate management</h2><p>Istio securely provisions strong identities
to every workload with X.509 certificates. Istio agents, running alongside each Envoy proxy,
work together with <code>istiod</code> to automate key and certificate
rotation at scale. The following diagram shows the identity
provisioning flow.</p><figure style=width:40%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:91.58709730986384%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/id-prov.svg title="Identity Provisioning Workflow"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/id-prov.svg alt="Identity Provisioning Workflow"></a></div><figcaption>Identity Provisioning Workflow</figcaption></figure><p>Istio provisions keys and certificates through the following flow:</p><ol><li><code>istiod</code> offers a gRPC service to take <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request>certificate signing requests</a> (CSRs).</li><li>When started, the Istio agent creates the private key
and CSR, and then sends the CSR with its credentials to <code>istiod</code> for signing.</li><li>The CA in <code>istiod</code> validates the credentials carried in the CSR.
Upon successful validation, it signs the CSR to generate the certificate.</li><li>When a workload is started, Envoy requests the certificate and key from the Istio agent in the
same container via the
<a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/configuration/security/secret#secret-discovery-service-sds>Envoy secret discovery service (SDS)</a>
API.</li><li>The Istio agent sends the certificates received from <code>istiod</code> and the
private key to Envoy via the Envoy SDS API.</li><li>Istio agent monitors the expiration of the workload certificate.
The above process repeats periodically for certificate and key rotation.</li></ol><h2 id=authentication>Authentication</h2><p>Istio provides two types of authentication:</p><ul><li><p>Peer authentication: used for service-to-service authentication to verify
the client making the connection. Istio offers <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_authentication>mutual
TLS</a> as a full stack
solution for transport authentication, which can be enabled without
requiring service code changes. This solution:</p><ul><li>Provides each service with a strong identity representing its role
to enable interoperability across clusters and clouds.</li><li>Secures service-to-service communication.</li><li>Provides a key management system to automate key and certificate
generation, distribution, and rotation.</li></ul></li><li><p>Request authentication: Used for end-user authentication to verify the
credential attached to the request. Istio enables request-level
authentication with JSON Web Token (JWT) validation and a streamlined
developer experience using a custom authentication provider or any OpenID
Connect providers, for example:</p><ul><li><a href=https://www.ory.sh/>ORY Hydra</a></li><li><a href=https://www.keycloak.org/>Keycloak</a></li><li><a href=https://auth0.com/>Auth0</a></li><li><a href=https://firebase.google.com/docs/auth/>Firebase Auth</a></li><li><a href=https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/OpenIDConnect>Google Auth</a></li></ul></li></ul><p>In all cases, Istio stores the authentication policies in the <code>Istio config store</code> via a custom Kubernetes API. <span class=term data-title=Istiod data-body='<p>The Istiod component is the consolidated control plane binary that encapsulates the functions of Pilot, Galley, Citadel, and the sidecar injector.</p>
<p><a href="/blog/2020/istiod/">Learn more about Istiod</a>.</p>
'>Istiod</span> keeps them up-to-date for each proxy,
along with the keys where appropriate. Additionally, Istio supports
authentication in permissive mode to help you understand how a policy change can
affect your security posture before it is enforced.</p><h3 id=mutual-tls-authentication>Mutual TLS authentication</h3><p>Istio tunnels service-to-service communication through the client- and
server-side PEPs, which are implemented as <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/>Envoy
proxies</a>. When a workload sends a request
to another workload using mutual TLS authentication, the request is handled as
follows:</p><ol><li>Istio re-routes the outbound traffic from a client to the client&rsquo;s local
sidecar Envoy.</li><li>The client side Envoy starts a mutual TLS handshake with the server side
Envoy. During the handshake, the client side Envoy also does a
<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#secure-naming>secure naming</a>
check to verify that the service account presented in the server certificate
is authorized to run the target service.</li><li>The client side Envoy and the server side Envoy establish a mutual TLS
connection, and Istio forwards the traffic from the client side Envoy to the
server side Envoy.</li><li>The server side Envoy authorizes the request. If authorized, it forwards the traffic to the
backend service through local TCP connections.</li></ol><p>Istio configures <code>TLSv1_2</code> as the minimum TLS version for both client and server with
the following cipher suites:</p><ul><li><p><code>ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384</code></p></li><li><p><code>ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384</code></p></li><li><p><code>ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256</code></p></li><li><p><code>ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256</code></p></li><li><p><code>AES256-GCM-SHA384</code></p></li><li><p><code>AES128-GCM-SHA256</code></p></li></ul><h4 id=permissive-mode>Permissive mode</h4><p>Istio mutual TLS has a permissive mode, which allows a service to accept both
plaintext traffic and mutual TLS traffic at the same time. This feature greatly
improves the mutual TLS onboarding experience.</p><p>Many non-Istio clients communicating with a non-Istio server presents a problem
for an operator who wants to migrate that server to Istio with mutual TLS
enabled. Commonly, the operator cannot install an Istio sidecar for all clients
at the same time or does not even have the permissions to do so on some clients.
Even after installing the Istio sidecar on the server, the operator cannot
enable mutual TLS without breaking existing communications.</p><p>With the permissive mode enabled, the server accepts both plaintext and mutual
TLS traffic. The mode provides greater flexibility for the on-boarding process.
The server&rsquo;s installed Istio sidecar takes mutual TLS traffic immediately
without breaking existing plaintext traffic. As a result, the operator can
gradually install and configure the client&rsquo;s Istio sidecars to send mutual TLS
traffic. Once the configuration of the clients is complete, the operator can
configure the server to mutual TLS only mode. For more information, visit the
<a href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration tutorial</a>.</p><h4 id=secure-naming>Secure naming</h4><p>Server identities are encoded in certificates, but service names are retrieved
through the discovery service or DNS. The secure naming information maps the
server identities to the service names. A mapping of identity <code>A</code> to service
name <code>B</code> means &ldquo;<code>A</code> is authorized to run service <code>B</code>&rdquo;. The control plane watches
the <code>apiserver</code>, generates the secure naming mappings, and distributes them
securely to the PEPs. The following example explains why secure naming is
critical in authentication.</p><p>Suppose the legitimate servers that run the service <code>datastore</code> only use the
<code>infra-team</code> identity. A malicious user has the certificate and key for the
<code>test-team</code> identity. The malicious user intends to impersonate the service to
inspect the data sent from the clients. The malicious user deploys a forged
server with the certificate and key for the <code>test-team</code> identity. Suppose the
malicious user successfully hijacked (through DNS spoofing, BGP/route hijacking,
ARP spoofing, etc.) the traffic sent to the <code>datastore</code> and redirected it to the
forged server.</p><p>When a client calls the <code>datastore</code> service, it extracts the <code>test-team</code>
identity from the server&rsquo;s certificate, and checks whether <code>test-team</code> is
allowed to run <code>datastore</code> with the secure naming information. The client
detects that <code>test-team</code> is not allowed to run the <code>datastore</code> service and the
authentication fails.</p><p>Note that, for non HTTP/HTTPS traffic, secure naming doesn&rsquo;t protect from DNS spoofing,
in which case the attacker modifies the destination IPs for the service.
Since TCP traffic does not contain <code>Host</code> information and Envoy can only
rely on the destination IP for routing, Envoy may route traffic to
services on the hijacked IPs. This DNS spoofing can happen even
before the client-side Envoy receives the traffic.</p><h3 id=authentication-architecture>Authentication architecture</h3><p>You can specify authentication requirements for workloads receiving requests in
an Istio mesh using peer and request authentication policies. The mesh operator
uses <code>.yaml</code> files to specify the policies. The policies are saved in the Istio
configuration storage once deployed. The Istio controller watches the
configuration storage.</p><p>Upon any policy changes, the new policy is translated to the appropriate
configuration telling the PEP how to perform the required authentication
mechanisms. The control plane may fetch the public key and attach it to the
configuration for JWT validation. Alternatively, Istiod provides the path to the
keys and certificates the Istio system manages and installs them to the
application pod for mutual TLS. You can find more info in the <a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#pki>Identity and certificate management section</a>.</p><p>Istio sends configurations to the targeted endpoints asynchronously. Once the
proxy receives the configuration, the new authentication requirement takes
effect immediately on that pod.</p><p>Client services, those that send requests, are responsible for following the
necessary authentication mechanism. For request authentication, the application is
responsible for acquiring and attaching the JWT credential to the request. For
peer authentication, Istio automatically upgrades all traffic between two PEPs to mutual
TLS. If authentication policies disable mutual TLS mode, Istio continues to use
plain text between PEPs. To override this behavior explicitly disable mutual
TLS mode with
<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#destination-rules>destination rules</a>.
You can find out more about how mutual TLS works in the
<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>Mutual TLS authentication section</a>.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:69.53840153094185%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/authn.svg title="Authentication Architecture"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/authn.svg alt="Authentication Architecture"></a></div><figcaption>Authentication Architecture</figcaption></figure><p>Istio outputs identities with both types of authentication, as well as other
claims in the credential if applicable, to the next layer:
<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>authorization</a>.</p><h3 id=authentication-policies>Authentication policies</h3><p>This section provides more details about how Istio authentication policies work.
As you&rsquo;ll remember from the
<a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/#authentication-architecture>Architecture section</a>,
authentication policies apply to requests that a service receives. To specify
client-side authentication rules in mutual TLS, you need to specify the
<code>TLSSettings</code> in the <code>DestinationRule</code>. You can find more information in our
<a href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/#ClientTLSSettings>TLS settings reference docs</a>.</p><p>Like other Istio configurations, you can specify authentication policies in
<code>.yaml</code> files. You deploy policies using <code>kubectl</code>.
The following example authentication policy specifies that transport
authentication for the workloads with the <code>app:reviews</code> label must use mutual
TLS:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
name: &#34;example-peer-policy&#34;
namespace: &#34;foo&#34;
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: reviews
mtls:
mode: STRICT
</code></pre><h4 id=policy-storage>Policy storage</h4><p>Istio stores mesh-scope policies in the root namespace. These policies have an
empty selector apply to all workloads in the mesh. Policies that have a
namespace scope are stored in the corresponding namespace. They only apply to
workloads within their namespace. If you configure a <code>selector</code> field, the
authentication policy only applies to workloads matching the conditions you
configured.</p><p>Peer and request authentication policies are stored separately by kind,
<code>PeerAuthentication</code> and <code>RequestAuthentication</code> respectively.</p><h4 id=selector-field>Selector field</h4><p>Peer and request authentication policies use <code>selector</code> fields to specify the
label of the workloads to which the policy applies. The following example shows
the selector field of a policy that applies to workloads with the
<code>app:product-page</code> label:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>selector:
matchLabels:
app: product-page
</code></pre><p>If you don&rsquo;t provide a value for the <code>selector</code> field, Istio matches the policy
to all workloads in the storage scope of the policy. Thus, the <code>selector</code> fields
help you specify the scope of the policies:</p><ul><li>Mesh-wide policy: A policy specified for the root namespace without or
with an empty <code>selector</code> field.</li><li>Namespace-wide policy: A policy specified for a non-root namespace without
or with an empty <code>selector</code> field.</li><li>Workload-specific policy: a policy defined in the regular namespace, with
non-empty selector field.</li></ul><p>Peer and request authentication policies follow the same hierarchy principles
for the <code>selector</code> fields, but Istio combines and applies them in slightly
different ways.</p><p>There can be only one mesh-wide peer authentication policy, and only one
namespace-wide peer authentication policy per namespace. When you configure
multiple mesh- or namespace-wide peer authentication policies for the same mesh
or namespace, Istio ignores the newer policies. When more than one
workload-specific peer authentication policy matches, Istio picks the oldest
one.</p><p>Istio applies the narrowest matching policy for each workload using the
following order:</p><ol><li>workload-specific</li><li>namespace-wide</li><li>mesh-wide</li></ol><p>Istio can combine all matching request authentication policies to work as if
they come from a single request authentication policy. Thus, you can have
multiple mesh-wide or namespace-wide policies in a mesh or namespace. However,
it is still a good practice to avoid having multiple mesh-wide or namespace-wide
request authentication policies.</p><h4 id=peer-authentication>Peer authentication</h4><p>Peer authentication policies specify the mutual TLS mode Istio enforces on
target workloads. The following modes are supported:</p><ul><li>PERMISSIVE: Workloads accept both mutual TLS and plain text traffic. This
mode is most useful during migrations when workloads without sidecar cannot
use mutual TLS. Once workloads are migrated with sidecar injection, you should
switch the mode to STRICT.</li><li>STRICT: Workloads only accept mutual TLS traffic.</li><li>DISABLE: Mutual TLS is disabled. From a security perspective, you
shouldn&rsquo;t use this mode unless you provide your own security solution.</li></ul><p>When the mode is unset, the mode of the parent scope is inherited. Mesh-wide
peer authentication policies with an unset mode use the <code>PERMISSIVE</code> mode by
default.</p><p>The following peer authentication policy requires all workloads in namespace
<code>foo</code> to use mutual TLS:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
name: &#34;example-policy&#34;
namespace: &#34;foo&#34;
spec:
mtls:
mode: STRICT
</code></pre><p>With workload-specific peer authentication policies, you can specify different
mutual TLS modes for different ports. You can only use ports that workloads have
claimed for port-wide mutual TLS configuration. The following example disables
mutual TLS on port <code>80</code> for the <code>app:example-app</code> workload, and uses the mutual TLS
settings of the namespace-wide peer authentication policy for all other ports:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
name: &#34;example-workload-policy&#34;
namespace: &#34;foo&#34;
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: example-app
portLevelMtls:
80:
mode: DISABLE
</code></pre><p>The peer authentication policy above works only because the service
configuration below bound the requests from the <code>example-app</code> workload to port
<code>80</code> of the <code>example-service</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: example-service
namespace: foo
spec:
ports:
- name: http
port: 8000
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: example-app
</code></pre><h4 id=request-authentication>Request authentication</h4><p>Request authentication policies specify the values needed to validate a JSON Web
Token (JWT). These values include, among others, the following:</p><ul><li>The location of the token in the request</li><li>The issuer or the request</li><li>The public JSON Web Key Set (JWKS)</li></ul><p>Istio checks the presented token, if presented against the rules in the request
authentication policy, and rejects requests with invalid tokens. When requests
carry no token, they are accepted by default. To reject requests without tokens,
provide authorization rules that specify the restrictions for specific
operations, for example paths or actions.</p><p>Request authentication policies can specify more than one JWT if each uses a
unique location. When more than one policy matches a workload, Istio combines
all rules as if they were specified as a single policy. This behavior is useful
to program workloads to accept JWT from different providers. However, requests
with more than one valid JWT are not supported because the output principal of
such requests is undefined.</p><h4 id=principals>Principals</h4><p>When you use peer authentication policies and mutual TLS, Istio extracts the
identity from the peer authentication into the <code>source.principal</code>. Similarly,
when you use request authentication policies, Istio assigns the identity from
the JWT to the <code>request.auth.principal</code>. Use these principals to set
authorization policies and as telemetry output.</p><h3 id=updating-authentication-policies>Updating authentication policies</h3><p>You can change an authentication policy at any time and Istio pushes the new
policies to the workloads almost in real time. However, Istio can&rsquo;t guarantee
that all workloads receive the new policy at the same time. The following
recommendations help avoid disruption when updating your authentication
policies:</p><ul><li>Use intermediate peer authentication policies using the <code>PERMISSIVE</code> mode
when changing the mode from <code>DISABLE</code> to <code>STRICT</code> and vice-versa. When all
workloads switch successfully to the desired mode, you can apply the policy
with the final mode. You can use Istio telemetry to verify that workloads
have switched successfully.</li><li>When migrating request authentication policies from one JWT to another, add
the rule for the new JWT to the policy without removing the old rule.
Workloads then accept both types of JWT, and you can remove the old rule
when all traffic switches to the new JWT. However, each JWT has to use a
different location.</li></ul><h2 id=authorization>Authorization</h2><p>Istio&rsquo;s authorization features provide mesh-, namespace-, and workload-wide
access control for your workloads in the mesh. This level of control provides
the following benefits:</p><ul><li>Workload-to-workload and end-user-to-workload authorization.</li><li>A simple API: it includes a single <a href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/><code>AuthorizationPolicy</code> CRD</a>,
which is easy to use and maintain.</li><li>Flexible semantics: operators can define custom conditions on Istio attributes, and use CUSTOM, DENY and ALLOW actions.</li><li>High performance: Istio authorization (<code>ALLOW</code> and <code>DENY</code>) is enforced natively on Envoy.</li><li>High compatibility: supports gRPC, HTTP, HTTPS and HTTP/2 natively, as well as any plain TCP protocols.</li></ul><h3 id=authorization-architecture>Authorization architecture</h3><p>The authorization policy enforces access control to the inbound traffic in the
server side Envoy proxy. Each Envoy proxy runs an authorization engine that authorizes requests at
runtime. When a request comes to the proxy, the authorization engine evaluates
the request context against the current authorization policies, and returns the
authorization result, either <code>ALLOW</code> or <code>DENY</code>. Operators specify Istio
authorization policies using <code>.yaml</code> files.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:50.38227195500615%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/authz.svg title="Authorization Architecture"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/authz.svg alt="Authorization Architecture"></a></div><figcaption>Authorization Architecture</figcaption></figure><h3 id=implicit-enablement>Implicit enablement</h3><p>You don&rsquo;t need to explicitly enable Istio&rsquo;s authorization features; they are available after installation.
To enforce access control to your workloads, you apply an authorization policy.</p><p>For workloads without authorization policies applied, Istio allows all requests.</p><p>Authorization policies support <code>ALLOW</code>, <code>DENY</code> and <code>CUSTOM</code> actions. You can apply multiple policies, each with a
different action, as needed to secure access to your workloads.</p><p>Istio checks for matching policies in layers, in this order: <code>CUSTOM</code>, <code>DENY</code>, and then <code>ALLOW</code>. For each type of action,
Istio first checks if there is a policy with the action applied, and then checks if the request matches the policy&rsquo;s
specification. If a request doesn&rsquo;t match a policy in one of the layers, the check continues to the next layer.</p><p>The following graph shows the policy precedence in detail:</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:111.2994350282486%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/authz-eval.svg title="Authorization Policy Precedence"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/authz-eval.svg alt="Authorization Policy Precedence"></a></div><figcaption>Authorization Policy Precedence</figcaption></figure><p>When you apply multiple authorization policies to the same workload, Istio applies them additively.</p><h3 id=authorization-policies>Authorization policies</h3><p>To configure an authorization policy, you create an
<a href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/><code>AuthorizationPolicy</code> custom resource</a>.
An authorization policy includes a selector, an action, and a list of rules:</p><ul><li>The <code>selector</code> field specifies the target of the policy</li><li>The <code>action</code> field specifies whether to allow or deny the request</li><li>The <code>rules</code> specify when to trigger the action<ul><li>The <code>from</code> field in the <code>rules</code> specifies the sources of the request</li><li>The <code>to</code> field in the <code>rules</code> specifies the operations of the request</li><li>The <code>when</code> field specifies the conditions needed to apply the rule</li></ul></li></ul><p>The following example shows an authorization policy that allows two sources, the
<code>cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep</code> service account and the <code>dev</code> namespace, to
access the workloads with the <code>app: httpbin</code> and <code>version: v1</code> labels in the
<code>foo</code> namespace when requests sent have a valid JWT token.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: httpbin
namespace: foo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: httpbin
version: v1
action: ALLOW
rules:
- from:
- source:
principals: [&#34;cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep&#34;]
- source:
namespaces: [&#34;dev&#34;]
to:
- operation:
methods: [&#34;GET&#34;]
when:
- key: request.auth.claims[iss]
values: [&#34;https://accounts.google.com&#34;]
</code></pre><p>The following example shows an authorization policy that denies requests if the
source is not the <code>foo</code> namespace:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: httpbin-deny
namespace: foo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: httpbin
version: v1
action: DENY
rules:
- from:
- source:
notNamespaces: [&#34;foo&#34;]
</code></pre><p>The deny policy takes precedence over the allow policy. Requests matching allow
policies can be denied if they match a deny policy. Istio evaluates deny
policies first to ensure that an allow policy can&rsquo;t bypass a deny policy.</p><h4 id=policy-target>Policy Target</h4><p>You can specify a policy&rsquo;s scope or target with the
<code>metadata/namespace</code> field and an optional <code>selector</code> field.
A policy applies to the namespace in the <code>metadata/namespace</code> field. If
set its value to the root namespace, the policy applies to all namespaces in a
mesh. The value of the root namespace is configurable, and the default is
<code>istio-system</code>. If set to any other namespace, the policy only applies to the
specified namespace.</p><p>You can use a <code>selector</code> field to further restrict policies to apply to specific
workloads. The <code>selector</code> uses labels to select the target workload. The
selector contains a list of <code>{key: value}</code> pairs, where the <code>key</code> is the name of
the label. If not set, the authorization policy applies to all workloads in the
same namespace as the authorization policy.</p><p>For example, the <code>allow-read</code> policy allows <code>"GET"</code> and <code>"HEAD"</code> access to the
workload with the <code>app: products</code> label in the <code>default</code> namespace.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: allow-read
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: products
action: ALLOW
rules:
- to:
- operation:
methods: [&#34;GET&#34;, &#34;HEAD&#34;]
</code></pre><h4 id=value-matching>Value matching</h4><p>Most fields in authorization policies support all the following matching
schemas:</p><ul><li>Exact match: exact string match.</li><li>Prefix match: a string with an ending <code>"*"</code>. For example, <code>"test.abc.*"</code>
matches <code>"test.abc.com"</code>, <code>"test.abc.com.cn"</code>, <code>"test.abc.org"</code>, etc.</li><li>Suffix match: a string with a starting <code>"*"</code>. For example, <code>"*.abc.com"</code>
matches <code>"eng.abc.com"</code>, <code>"test.eng.abc.com"</code>, etc.</li><li>Presence match: <code>*</code> is used to specify anything but not empty. To specify
that a field must be present, use the <code>fieldname: ["*"]</code>format. This is
different from leaving a field unspecified, which means match anything,
including empty.</li></ul><p>There are a few exceptions. For example, the following fields only support exact
match:</p><ul><li>The <code>key</code> field under the <code>when</code> section</li><li>The <code>ipBlocks</code> under the <code>source</code> section</li><li>The <code>ports</code> field under the <code>to</code> section</li></ul><p>The following example policy allows access at paths with the <code>/test/*</code> prefix
or the <code>*/info</code> suffix.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: tester
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: products
action: ALLOW
rules:
- to:
- operation:
paths: [&#34;/test/*&#34;, &#34;*/info&#34;]
</code></pre><h4 id=exclusion-matching>Exclusion matching</h4><p>To match negative conditions like <code>notValues</code> in the <code>when</code> field, <code>notIpBlocks</code>
in the <code>source</code> field, <code>notPorts</code> in the <code>to</code> field, Istio supports exclusion
matching.
The following example requires a valid request principals, which is derived from
JWT authentication, if the request path is not <code>/healthz</code>. Thus, the policy
excludes requests to the <code>/healthz</code> path from the JWT authentication:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: disable-jwt-for-healthz
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: products
action: ALLOW
rules:
- to:
- operation:
notPaths: [&#34;/healthz&#34;]
from:
- source:
requestPrincipals: [&#34;*&#34;]
</code></pre><p>The following example denies the request to the <code>/admin</code> path for requests
without request principals:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: enable-jwt-for-admin
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: products
action: DENY
rules:
- to:
- operation:
paths: [&#34;/admin&#34;]
from:
- source:
notRequestPrincipals: [&#34;*&#34;]
</code></pre><h4 id=allow-nothing-deny-all-and-allow-all-policy><code>allow-nothing</code>, <code>deny-all</code> and <code>allow-all</code> policy</h4><p>The following example shows an <code>ALLOW</code> policy that matches nothing. If there are no other <code>ALLOW</code> policies, requests
will always be denied because of the &ldquo;deny by default&rdquo; behavior.</p><p>Note the &ldquo;deny by default&rdquo; behavior applies only if the workload has at least one authorization policy with the <code>ALLOW</code> action.</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>It is a good security practice to start with the <code>allow-nothing</code> policy and incrementally add more <code>ALLOW</code> policies to open more
access to the workload.</div></aside></div><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: allow-nothing
spec:
action: ALLOW
# the rules field is not specified, and the policy will never match.
</code></pre><p>The following example shows a <code>DENY</code> policy that explicitly denies all access. It will always deny the request even if
there is another <code>ALLOW</code> policy allowing the request because the <code>DENY</code> policy takes precedence over the <code>ALLOW</code> policy.
This is useful if you want to temporarily disable all access to the workload.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: deny-all
spec:
action: DENY
# the rules field has an empty rule, and the policy will always match.
rules:
- {}
</code></pre><p>The following example shows an <code>ALLOW</code> policy that allows full access to the workload. It will make other <code>ALLOW</code> policies
useless as it will always allow the request. It might be useful if you want to temporarily expose full access to the
workload. Note the request could still be denied due to <code>CUSTOM</code> and <code>DENY</code> policies.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: allow-all
spec:
action: ALLOW
# This matches everything.
rules:
- {}
</code></pre><h4 id=custom-conditions>Custom conditions</h4><p>You can also use the <code>when</code> section to specify additional conditions. For
example, the following <code>AuthorizationPolicy</code> definition includes a condition
that <code>request.headers[version]</code> is either <code>"v1"</code> or <code>"v2"</code>. In this case, the
key is <code>request.headers[version]</code>, which is an entry in the Istio attribute
<code>request.headers</code>, which is a map.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: httpbin
namespace: foo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: httpbin
version: v1
action: ALLOW
rules:
- from:
- source:
principals: [&#34;cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep&#34;]
to:
- operation:
methods: [&#34;GET&#34;]
when:
- key: request.headers[version]
values: [&#34;v1&#34;, &#34;v2&#34;]
</code></pre><p>The supported <code>key</code> values of a condition are listed on the <a href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>conditions page</a>.</p><h4 id=authenticated-and-unauthenticated-identity>Authenticated and unauthenticated identity</h4><p>If you want to make a workload publicly accessible, you need to leave the
<code>source</code> section empty. This allows sources from all (both authenticated and
unauthenticated) users and workloads, for example:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: httpbin
namespace: foo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: httpbin
version: v1
action: ALLOW
rules:
- to:
- operation:
methods: [&#34;GET&#34;, &#34;POST&#34;]
</code></pre><p>To allow only authenticated users, set <code>principals</code> to <code>"*"</code> instead, for
example:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: httpbin
namespace: foo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: httpbin
version: v1
action: ALLOW
rules:
- from:
- source:
principals: [&#34;*&#34;]
to:
- operation:
methods: [&#34;GET&#34;, &#34;POST&#34;]
</code></pre><h3 id=using-istio-authorization-on-plain-tcp-protocols>Using Istio authorization on plain TCP protocols</h3><p>Istio authorization supports workloads using any plain TCP protocols, such as
MongoDB. In this case, you configure the authorization policy in the same way
you did for the HTTP workloads. The difference is that certain fields and
conditions are only applicable to HTTP workloads. These fields include:</p><ul><li>The <code>request_principals</code> field in the source section of the authorization policy object</li><li>The <code>hosts</code>, <code>methods</code> and <code>paths</code> fields in the operation section of the authorization policy object</li></ul><p>The supported conditions are listed in the
<a href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>conditions page</a>.
If you use any HTTP only fields for a TCP workload, Istio will ignore HTTP-only
fields in the authorization policy.</p><p>Assuming you have a MongoDB service on port <code>27017</code>, the following example
configures an authorization policy to only allows the <code>bookinfo-ratings-v2</code>
service in the Istio mesh to access the MongoDB workload.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1
kind: AuthorizationPolicy
metadata:
name: mongodb-policy
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: mongodb
action: ALLOW
rules:
- from:
- source:
principals: [&#34;cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-ratings-v2&#34;]
to:
- operation:
ports: [&#34;27017&#34;]
</code></pre><h3 id=dependency-on-mutual-tls>Dependency on mutual TLS</h3><p>Istio uses mutual TLS to securely pass some information from the client to the server. Mutual TLS must be enabled before
using any of the following fields in the authorization policy:</p><ul><li>the <code>principals</code> and <code>notPrincipals</code> field under the <code>source</code> section</li><li>the <code>namespaces</code> and <code>notNamespaces</code> field under the <code>source</code> section</li><li>the <code>source.principal</code> custom condition</li><li>the <code>source.namespace</code> custom condition</li></ul><p>Note it is strongly recommended to always use these fields with <strong>strict</strong> mutual TLS mode in the <code>PeerAuthentication</code> to avoid
potential unexpected requests rejection or policy bypass when plain text traffic is used with the permissive mutual TLS mode.</p><p>Check the <a href=/v1.21/news/security/istio-security-2021-004/>security advisory</a> for more details and alternatives if you cannot enable
strict mutual TLS mode.</p><h2 id=learn-more>Learn more</h2><p>After learning the basic concepts, there are more resources to review:</p><ul><li><p>Try out the security policy by following the <a href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>authentication</a>
and <a href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>authorization</a> tasks.</p></li><li><p>Learn some security <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/security/security-policy-examples/>policy examples</a> that could be
used to improve security in your mesh.</p></li><li><p>Read <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>common problems</a> to better troubleshoot security policy issues
when something goes wrong.</p></li></ul><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-dry-run/>Dry Run</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to dry-run an authorization policy without enforcing it.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Explicit Deny</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-custom/>External Authorization</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to integrate and delegate access control to an external authorization system.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>HTTP Traffic</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Ingress Access Control</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control on an ingress gateway.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>TCP Traffic</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/traffic-management/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Traffic Management</a></div><div class=right><a title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/observability/ class=next-link>Observability<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick='sendFeedback("en",1)'>Yes</button>
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