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<button id=search-show2 class=search-show title='Search this site' aria-label=Search><svg class="icon magnifier"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#magnifier"/></svg></button></form></div><div class=card><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=header0><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=header0><li role=treeitem aria-label=Concepts><a class=main title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/>Concepts</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's WebAssembly Plugin system." href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/wasm/>Extensibility</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Setup><a class=main title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/>Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prerequisites for platform setup for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/prerequisites/>Platform Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Istio on Amazon EKS in AWS cloud." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/amazon-eks/>Amazon EKS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an Huawei Cloud kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/huaweicloud/>Huawei Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up k3d for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/k3d/>k3d</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up kind for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/kind/>kind</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Kops for use with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/kops/>Kops</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up a KubeSphere Container Platform for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/kubesphere/>KubeSphere Container Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up minikube for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to prepare a cluster for Istio using Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE)." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to set up Istio quickly in Tencent Cloud." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/platform-setup/tencent-cloud-mesh/>Tencent Cloud</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install and configure Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using Helm." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/helm/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Install Multicluster"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Install Multicluster</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before installing Istio on multiple clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary/>Install Multi-Primary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote/>Install Primary-Remote</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple primary clusters on different networks." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/multi-primary_multi-network/>Install Multi-Primary on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across primary and remote clusters on different networks." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/primary-remote_multi-network/>Install Primary-Remote on different networks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verify that Istio has been installed properly on multiple clusters." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multicluster/verify/>Verify the installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio with an external control plane and a remote cluster data plane." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/external-controlplane/>Install Istio with an External Control Plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install multiple Istio control planes in a single cluster using revisions and discoverySelectors." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/multiple-controlplanes/>Install Multiple Istio Control Planes in a Single Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy Istio and connect a workload running within a virtual machine to it." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/virtual-machine/>Virtual Machine Installation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/install/operator/>Istio Operator Install</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Upgrade, downgrade, and manage Istio across multiple control plane revisions." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade Istio by first running a canary deployment of a new control plane." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/canary/>Canary Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio in place." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/in-place/>In-place Upgrades</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to upgrade Istio using Helm." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/upgrade/helm/>Upgrade with Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/getting-started/>Getting Started with Istio and Kubernetes Gateway API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title='How to configure "compatibility versions", to decouple behavioral changes from releases.' href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/compatibility-versions/>Compatibility Versions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize Istio Gateways." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/gateway/>Installing Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to customize installation configuration options." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/customize-installation/>Customizing the installation configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to customize installation configuration options when installing with helm." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/customize-installation-helm/>Advanced Helm Chart Customization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio in Dual-Stack mode running on a Dual-Stack Kubernetes cluster." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/dual-stack/>Install Istio in Dual-Stack mode</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Pod Security admission controller." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/pod-security-admission/>Install Istio with Pod Security Admission</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.21/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Tasks><a class=main title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/>Tasks</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to set up request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Locality Load Balancing"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This series of tasks demonstrate how to configure locality load balancing in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Initial steps before configuring locality load balancing." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/before-you-begin/>Before you begin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates how to configure your mesh for locality failover." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/failover/>Locality failover</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This guide demonstrates how to configure locality distribution." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/distribute/>Locality weighted distribution</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Cleanup steps for locality load balancing." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/cleanup/>Cleanup</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress/>Secure Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to terminate TLS traffic at a sidecar without using an Ingress Gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sidecar-tls-termination/>Ingress Sidecar TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure a Kubernetes Ingress object to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/kubernetes-ingress/>Kubernetes Ingress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure the Kubernetes Gateway API with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/gateway-api/>Kubernetes Gateway API</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Certificate Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Management of the certificates in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/>Certificate Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with a root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/plugin-ca-cert/>Plug in CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use a Custom Certificate Authority (that integrates with the Kubernetes CSR API) to provision Istio workload certificates (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/custom-ca-k8s/>Custom CA Integration using Kubernetes CSR *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to set up mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to route requests based on JWT claims (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/jwt-route/>JWT claim based routing *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how users can copy their JWT claims to HTTP headers (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/claim-to-header/>Copy JWT Claims to HTTP Headers *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>HTTP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>TCP Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for JWT token." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>JWT Token</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to integrate and delegate access control to an external authorization system." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-custom/>External Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Explicit Deny</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Ingress Access Control</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Trust Domain Migration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to dry-run an authorization policy without enforcing it (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-dry-run/>Dry Run *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="TLS Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="TLS configuration in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure the minimum TLS version for Istio workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/security/tls-configuration/workload-min-tls-version/>Istio Workload Minimum TLS Version Configuration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policy Enforcement"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policy Enforcement</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limit/>Enabling Rate Limits using Envoy</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure the Telemetry API (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/telemetry/>Telemetry API *</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics with Telemetry API." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/telemetry-api/>Customizing Istio Metrics with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/customize-metrics/>Customizing Istio Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to improve telemetry by grouping requests and responses by their type." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/classify-metrics/>Classifying Metrics Based on Request or Response</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to set up and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to send access logs with Telemetry API." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/telemetry-api/>Configure access logs with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Envoy Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to send access logs with OpenTelemetry collector." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/logs/otel-provider/>OpenTelemetry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using Telemetry API." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/telemetry-api/>Configure tracing with Telemetry API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send OpenCensus-formatted spans to OpenTelemetry Collector." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/opencensusagent/>OpenCensus Agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options using MeshConfig and pod annotations." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/mesh-and-proxy-config/>Configure tracing using MeshConfig and Pod annotations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Lightstep." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>Lightstep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Extensibility><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Demonstrates how to extend mesh behavior." href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/extensibility/>Extensibility</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to make remote WebAssembly modules available in the mesh (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/extensibility/wasm-module-distribution/>Distributing WebAssembly Modules *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Examples><a class=main title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/>Examples</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Set up a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Set up a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Operations><a class=main title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/>Operations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button class=show aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture for virtual machines." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/vm-architecture/>Virtual Machine Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Requirements of applications deployed in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Application Requirements</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to wait until a resource reaches a given status of readiness." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/config-resource-ready/>Wait on Resource Status for Applied Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure certificates within your mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/manage-mesh-certificates/>Managing In-Mesh Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure TLS settings to secure network traffic." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/tls-configuration/>TLS Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Istio routes traffic through the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/traffic-routing/>Traffic Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How DNS interacts with Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns/>DNS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure gateway network topology (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/network-topologies/>Configuring Gateway Network Topology *</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure DNS proxying." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns-proxy/>DNS Proxying</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure how traffic is distributed among clusters in the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/multicluster/>Multi-cluster Traffic Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows common examples of using Istio security policy." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/security/security-policy-examples/>Security policy examples</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Prometheus to monitor multicluster Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/monitoring-multicluster-prometheus/>Monitoring Multicluster Istio with Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Extensibility><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Helps you manage extensions to the service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/>Extensibility</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how Istio determines whether to pull Wasm modules or use cached versions (Alpha)" href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/extensibility/wasm-pull-policy/>Pull Policy for WebAssembly Modules *</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use image signatures to verify the provenance of Istio images." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/image-signing-validation/>Image Signing and Validation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio upgrades." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/common-problems/upgrade-issues/>Upgrade Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to use istioctl check-inject to confirm if Istio sidecar injection is properly enabled for your deployments." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/check-inject/>Verifying Istio Sidecar Injection with Istioctl Check-Inject</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into a running istiod component." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Istiod Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with Virtual Machines." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/virtual-machines/>Debugging Virtual Machines</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues with multicluster and multi-network installations." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/multicluster/>Troubleshooting Multicluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose issues using Istio with the CNI plugin." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/cni/>Troubleshooting the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Ambient Mode"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Information for setting up and operating Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/>Ambient Mode</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to deploy and install Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/getting-started/>Getting Started with Ambient Mode</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Installation Guide"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Installation guide for Istio Ambient mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/install/>Installation Guide</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install Istio in Ambient mode with Helm." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/install/helm-installation/>Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Platform-specific prerequisites for installing Istio in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/install/platform-prerequisites/>Platform-Specific Prerequisites</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Upgrade Guide"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Upgrade guide for Istio Ambient mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/upgrade/>Upgrade Guide</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrading an ambient mode installation with Helm (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/upgrade/helm-upgrade/>Upgrade with Helm *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Ambient Mode User Guides"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="How to configure a mesh in ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/>Ambient Mode User Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title='Understand and manage Istio's "zero-trust tunnel" proxy.' href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/ztunnel/>Layer 4 Networking & mTLS with Ztunnel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Gain the full set of Istio feature with optional waypoint proxies." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/waypoint/>Layer 7 Networking & Services with Waypoint Proxies</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understand how traffic is redirected between pods and the ztunnel node proxy." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/usage/traffic-redirection/>Ztunnel traffic redirection</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A deep dive into the architecture of ambient mode." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ambient/architecture/>Ambient Mode Architecture</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Integrations><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Other software that Istio can integrate with to provide additional functionality." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/>Integrations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with cert-manager." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/certmanager/>cert-manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Grafana to set up Istio dashboards." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Jaeger." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Kiali." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/kiali/>Kiali</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Prometheus." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure Istio to integrate with SPIRE to get cryptographic identities through Envoy's SDS API." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/spire/>SPIRE</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Zipkin." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate Istio with third party load balancers." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/integrations/loadbalancers/>Third Party Load Balancers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Releases><a class=main title="Information relating to Istio releases." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/>Releases</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of features and their release stages." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/feature-stages/>Feature Status</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if you find a bug." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/bugs/>Reporting Bugs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How we handle security vulnerabilities." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/security-vulnerabilities/>Security Vulnerabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The currently supported Istio releases." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/supported-releases/>Supported Releases</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Contribute Documentation"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Details how to create and maintain Istio documentation pages." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/>Contribute Documentation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use GitHub to contribute to the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/github/>Work with GitHub</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute new documentation to Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/add-content/>Add New Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details how to contribute retired documentation to Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/remove-content/>Remove Retired Documentation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to locally build, test, serve, and preview the website." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/build/>Build and serve the website locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the front matter used in our documentation and the fields available." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/front-matter/>Front matter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how changes to the Istio documentation and website are reviewed and approved." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/review/>Documentation Review Process</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to include code in your documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/code-blocks/>Add Code Blocks</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the shortcodes available and how to use them." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/shortcodes/>Use Shortcodes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the standard markup used to format Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/formatting/>Follow Formatting Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the style conventions used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/style-guide/>Style Guide</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains the terminology standards used in the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/terminology/>Terminology Standards</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides assets and instructions to create diagrams for the Istio documentation." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/contribute/diagrams/>Diagram Creation Guidelines</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="List of recent changes to this website." href=/v1.21/docs/releases/log/>Website Content Changes</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Reference><a class=main title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/>Reference</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Telemetry configuration for workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the structure of messages generated by Istio analyzers." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/istio.analysis.v1alpha1/>Analysis Messages</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the role of the `status` field in configuration workflow." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/config-status/>Configuration Status Field</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Proxy Extensions"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio proxy extensions." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/>Proxy Extensions</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Extend the functionality provided by the Istio proxy through WebAssembly filters." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm-plugin/>Wasm Plugin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for AccessLogPolicy Filter." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/accesslogpolicy/>AccessLogPolicy Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stackdriver filter." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stackdriver/>Stackdriver Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stats Filter." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stats/>Stats Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable telemetry generation with the Wasm runtime (Experimental)" href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm_telemetry/>Wasm-based Telemetry *</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides configuration for individual workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/proxy-config/>ProxyConfig</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting VMs onboarded into the mesh." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/>Workload Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a collection of workload instances." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-group/>Workload Group</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration to validate JWT." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/jwt/>JWTRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported normalizations in authorization policies." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/security/normalization/>Authorization Policy Normalization</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Types"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes common types in Istio API." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/type/>Common Types</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Definition of a workload selector." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/type/workload-selector/>Workload Selector</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource labels used by Istio." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/labels/>Resource Labels</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configuration analysis." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0136/>AlphaAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0159/>ConflictingTelemetryWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0116/>DeploymentAssociatedToMultipleServices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0137/>DeploymentConflictingPorts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0135/>DeprecatedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0153/>EnvoyFilterUsesAddOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0151/>EnvoyFilterUsesRelativeOperation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0155/>EnvoyFilterUsesRelativeOperationWithProxyVersion</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0154/>EnvoyFilterUsesRemoveOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0152/>EnvoyFilterUsesReplaceOperationIncorrectly</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0164/>ExternalControlPlaneAddressIsNotAHostname</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0150/>ExternalNameServiceTypeInvalidPortName</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0162/>GatewayPortNotDefinedOnService</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0167/>IneffectivePolicy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0166/>IneffectiveSelector</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0125/>InvalidAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0144/>InvalidApplicationUID</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0163/>InvalidExternalControlPlaneConfig</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0161/>InvalidGatewayCredential</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0122/>InvalidRegexp</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0157/>InvalidTelemetryProvider</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0143/>LocalhostListener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0160/>MultipleTelemetriesWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0123/>NamespaceMultipleInjectionLabels</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0127/>NoMatchingWorkloadsFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0128/>NoServerCertificateVerificationDestinationLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0129/>NoServerCertificateVerificationPortLevel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0158/>PodsIstioProxyImageMismatchInNamespace</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0134/>ServiceEntryAddressesRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0132/>VirtualServiceHostNotFoundInGateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0131/>VirtualServiceIneffectiveMatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title href=/v1.21/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0130/>VirtualServiceUnreachableRule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true tabindex=-1></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio CNI plugin on a node, detect and repair pod which is broken by race condition." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/install-cni/>install-cni</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.21/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button id=sidebar-toggle class=main-navigation-toggle aria-label="Open sidebar">
|
||
<svg class="icon hamburger-sidebar"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#hamburger-sidebar"/></svg>
|
||
Contents</button><article aria-labelledby=title><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Documentation</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/ title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh.">Operations</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/ title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment.">Deployment</a><svg class="icon breadcrumb-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#breadcrumb-arrow"/></svg></li><li>Deployment Models</li></ol></nav><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Deployment Models</h1><p class=byline><span class=reading-time title="3206 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>16 minute read</span>
|
||
<span> </span>
|
||
<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Cluster models"><a href=#cluster-models>Cluster models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single cluster"><a href=#single-cluster>Single cluster</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple clusters"><a href=#multiple-clusters>Multiple clusters</a><li role=none aria-label="DNS with multiple clusters"><a href=#dns-with-multiple-clusters>DNS with multiple clusters</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Network models"><a href=#network-models>Network models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single network"><a href=#single-network>Single network</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple networks"><a href=#multiple-networks>Multiple networks</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Control plane models"><a href=#control-plane-models>Control plane models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Endpoint discovery with multiple control planes"><a href=#endpoint-discovery-with-multiple-control-planes>Endpoint discovery with multiple control planes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Identity and trust models"><a href=#identity-and-trust-models>Identity and trust models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Trust within a mesh"><a href=#trust-within-a-mesh>Trust within a mesh</a><li role=none aria-label="Trust between meshes"><a href=#trust-between-meshes>Trust between meshes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Mesh models"><a href=#mesh-models>Mesh models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single mesh"><a href=#single-mesh>Single mesh</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple meshes"><a href=#multiple-meshes>Multiple meshes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Tenancy models"><a href=#tenancy-models>Tenancy models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Namespace tenancy"><a href=#namespace-tenancy>Namespace tenancy</a><li role=none aria-label="Cluster tenancy"><a href=#cluster-tenancy>Cluster tenancy</a><li role=none aria-label="Mesh Tenancy"><a href=#mesh-tenancy>Mesh Tenancy</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>When configuring a production deployment of Istio, you need to answer a number of questions.
|
||
Will the mesh be confined to a single <span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
|
||
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
|
||
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>
|
||
">cluster</span> or distributed across
|
||
multiple clusters? Will all the services be located in a single fully connected network, or will
|
||
gateways be required to connect services across multiple networks? Is there a single
|
||
<span class=term data-title="Control Plane" data-body="<p>A control plane is a set of system services that configure the mesh or a subset of
|
||
the mesh to manage the communication between the workload instances within.</p>
|
||
">control plane</span>, potentially shared across clusters,
|
||
or are there multiple control planes deployed to ensure high availability (HA)?
|
||
Are all clusters going to be connected into a single <span class=term data-title=Multicluster data-body='<p>Multicluster is a deployment model that consists of a
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">mesh</a> with multiple
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">clusters</a>.</p>
|
||
'>multicluster</span>
|
||
service mesh or will they be federated into a <span class=term data-title=Multi-Mesh data-body='<p>Multi-mesh is a deployment model that consists of two or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">service meshes</a>.
|
||
Each mesh has independent administration for naming and identities but you can
|
||
expose services between meshes through <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#mesh-federation">mesh federation</a>.
|
||
The resulting deployment is a multi-mesh deployment.</p>
|
||
'>multi-mesh</span> deployment?</p><p>All of these questions, among others, represent independent dimensions of configuration for an Istio deployment.</p><ol><li>single or multiple cluster</li><li>single or multiple network</li><li>single or multiple control plane</li><li>single or multiple mesh</li></ol><p>In a production environment involving multiple clusters, you can use a mix
|
||
of deployment models. For example, having more than one control plane is recommended for HA,
|
||
but you could achieve this for a 3 cluster deployment by deploying 2 clusters with
|
||
a single shared control plane and then adding the third cluster with a second
|
||
control plane in a different network. All three clusters could then be configured
|
||
to share both control planes so that all the clusters have 2 sources of control
|
||
to ensure HA.</p><p>Choosing the right deployment model depends on the isolation, performance,
|
||
and HA requirements for your use case. This guide describes the various options and
|
||
considerations when configuring your Istio deployment.</p><h2 id=cluster-models>Cluster models</h2><p>The workload instances of your application run in one or more
|
||
<span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
|
||
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
|
||
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>
|
||
">clusters</span>. For isolation, performance, and
|
||
high availability, you can confine clusters to availability zones and regions.</p><p>Production systems, depending on their requirements, can run across multiple
|
||
clusters spanning a number of zones or regions, leveraging cloud load balancers
|
||
to handle things like locality and zonal or regional fail over.</p><p>In most cases, clusters represent boundaries for configuration and endpoint
|
||
discovery. For example, each Kubernetes cluster has an API Server which manages
|
||
the configuration for the cluster as well as serving
|
||
<span class=term data-title="Service Endpoint" data-body='<p>The network-reachable manifestation of a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service">service</a>.
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">Workload instances</a> expose service endpoints but not all
|
||
services have service endpoints.</p>
|
||
'>service endpoint</span> information as pods are brought up
|
||
or down. Since Kubernetes configures this behavior on a per-cluster basis, this
|
||
approach helps limit the potential problems caused by incorrect configurations.</p><p>In Istio, you can configure a single service mesh to span any number of
|
||
clusters.</p><h3 id=single-cluster>Single cluster</h3><p>In the simplest case, you can confine an Istio mesh to a single
|
||
<span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
|
||
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
|
||
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>
|
||
">cluster</span>. A cluster usually operates over a
|
||
<a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#single-network>single network</a>, but it varies between infrastructure
|
||
providers. A single cluster and single network model includes a control plane,
|
||
which results in the simplest Istio deployment.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:91.74921915843377%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg title="Single cluster"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg alt="A service mesh with a single cluster"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a single cluster</figcaption></figure><p>Single cluster deployments offer simplicity, but lack other features, for
|
||
example, fault isolation and fail over. If you need higher availability, you
|
||
should use multiple clusters.</p><h3 id=multiple-clusters>Multiple clusters</h3><p>You can configure a single mesh to include
|
||
multiple <span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
|
||
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
|
||
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>
|
||
">clusters</span>. Using a
|
||
<span class=term data-title=Multicluster data-body='<p>Multicluster is a deployment model that consists of a
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">mesh</a> with multiple
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">clusters</a>.</p>
|
||
'>multicluster</span> deployment within a single mesh affords
|
||
the following capabilities beyond that of a single cluster deployment:</p><ul><li>Fault isolation and fail over: <code>cluster-1</code> goes down, fail over to <code>cluster-2</code>.</li><li>Location-aware routing and fail over: Send requests to the nearest service.</li><li>Various <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#control-plane-models>control plane models</a>: Support different
|
||
levels of availability.</li><li>Team or project isolation: Each team runs its own set of clusters.</li></ul><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:65.0971323771268%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-cluster.svg title=Multicluster><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-cluster.svg alt="A service mesh with multiple clusters"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with multiple clusters</figcaption></figure><p>Multicluster deployments give you a greater degree of isolation and
|
||
availability but increase complexity. If your systems have high availability
|
||
requirements, you likely need clusters across multiple zones and regions. You
|
||
can canary configuration changes or new binary releases in a single cluster,
|
||
where the configuration changes only affect a small amount of user traffic.
|
||
Additionally, if a cluster has a problem, you can temporarily route traffic to
|
||
nearby clusters until you address the issue.</p><p>You can configure inter-cluster communication based on the
|
||
<a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#network-models>network</a> and the options supported by your cloud provider. For
|
||
example, if two clusters reside on the same underlying network, you can enable
|
||
cross-cluster communication by simply configuring firewall rules.</p><p>Within a multicluster mesh, all services are shared by default, according to the
|
||
concept of <span class=term data-title="Namespace Sameness" data-body='<p>Within a multicluster mesh, <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-multicluster/namespace-sameness-position-statement.md">namespace sameness</a>
|
||
applies and all namespaces with a given name are considered to be the same namespace. If multiple clusters contain a
|
||
<code>Service</code> with the same namespaced name, they will be recognized as a single combined service. By default, traffic is
|
||
load-balanced across all clusters in the mesh for a given service.</p>
|
||
<p>Ports that match on <em>number</em> must also have the same port <em>name</em> to be considered as a combined <code>service port</code>.</p>
|
||
'>namespace sameness</span>.
|
||
<a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/multicluster/>Traffic management rules</a>
|
||
provide fine-grained control over the behavior of multicluster traffic.</p><h3 id=dns-with-multiple-clusters>DNS with multiple clusters</h3><p>When a client application makes a request to some host, it must first perform a
|
||
DNS lookup for the hostname to obtain an IP address before it can proceed with
|
||
the request.
|
||
In Kubernetes, the DNS server residing within the cluster typically handles
|
||
this DNS lookup, based on the configured <code>Service</code> definitions.</p><p>Istio uses the virtual IP returned by the DNS lookup to load balance
|
||
across the list of active endpoints for the requested service, taking into account any
|
||
Istio configured routing rules.
|
||
Istio uses either Kubernetes <code>Service</code>/<code>Endpoint</code> or Istio <code>ServiceEntry</code> to
|
||
configure its internal mapping of hostname to workload IP addresses.</p><p>This two-tiered naming system becomes more complicated when you have multiple
|
||
clusters. Istio is inherently multicluster-aware, but Kubernetes is not
|
||
(today). Because of this, the client cluster must have a DNS entry for the
|
||
service in order for the DNS lookup to succeed, and a request to be
|
||
successfully sent. This is true even if there are no instances of that
|
||
service’s pods running in the client cluster.</p><p>To ensure that DNS lookup succeeds, you must deploy a Kubernetes <code>Service</code> to
|
||
each cluster that consumes that service. This ensures that regardless of
|
||
where the request originates, it will pass DNS lookup and be handed to Istio
|
||
for proper routing.
|
||
This can also be achieved with Istio <code>ServiceEntry</code>, rather than Kubernetes
|
||
<code>Service</code>. However, a <code>ServiceEntry</code> does not configure the Kubernetes DNS server.
|
||
This means that DNS will need to be configured either manually or
|
||
with automated tooling such as the
|
||
<a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns-proxy/#address-auto-allocation>Address auto allocation</a>
|
||
feature of <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/dns-proxy/>Istio DNS Proxying</a>.</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content><p>There are a few efforts in progress that will help simplify the DNS story:</p><ul><li><p><a href=/v1.21/blog/2020/dns-proxy/>DNS sidecar proxy</a>
|
||
support is available for preview in Istio 1.8. This provides DNS interception
|
||
for all workloads with a sidecar, allowing Istio to perform DNS lookup
|
||
on behalf of the application.</p></li><li><p><a href=https://github.com/istio-ecosystem/admiral>Admiral</a> is an Istio community
|
||
project that provides a number of multicluster capabilities. If you need to support multi-network
|
||
topologies, managing this configuration across multiple clusters at scale is challenging.
|
||
Admiral takes an opinionated view on this configuration and provides automatic provisioning and
|
||
synchronization across clusters.</p></li><li><p><a href=https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-multicluster/1645-multi-cluster-services-api>Kubernetes Multi-Cluster Services</a>
|
||
is a Kubernetes Enhancement Proposal (KEP) that defines an API for exporting
|
||
services to multiple clusters. This effectively pushes the responsibility of
|
||
service visibility and DNS resolution for the entire <code>clusterset</code> onto
|
||
Kubernetes. There is also work in progress to build layers of <code>MCS</code> support
|
||
into Istio, which would allow Istio to work with any cloud vendor <code>MCS</code>
|
||
controller or even act as the <code>MCS</code> controller for the entire mesh.</p></li></ul></div></aside></div><h2 id=network-models>Network models</h2><p>Istio uses a simplified definition of <span class=term data-title=Network data-body='<p>Istio uses a simplified definition of network based on general connectivity.
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">Workload instances</a> are on the same
|
||
network if they are able to communicate directly, without a gateway.</p>
|
||
'>network</span> to
|
||
refer to <span class=term data-title="Workload Instance" data-body='<p>A single instantiation of a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload">workload&rsquo;s</a> binary.
|
||
A workload instance can expose zero or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-endpoint">service endpoints</a>,
|
||
and can consume zero or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service">services</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Workload instances have a number of properties:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Name and namespace</li>
|
||
<li>Unique ID</li>
|
||
<li>IP Address</li>
|
||
<li>Labels</li>
|
||
<li>Principal</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>These properties are available in policy and telemetry configuration
|
||
using the many <a href="https://istio.io/v1.6/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/"><code>source.*</code> and <code>destination.*</code> attributes</a>.</p>
|
||
'>workload instance</span>s that have direct
|
||
reachability. For example, by default all workload instances in a single
|
||
cluster are on the same network.</p><p>Many production systems require multiple networks or subnets for isolation
|
||
and high availability. Istio supports spanning a service mesh over a variety of
|
||
network topologies. This approach allows you to select the network model that
|
||
fits your existing network topology.</p><h3 id=single-network>Single network</h3><p>In the simplest case, a service mesh operates over a single fully connected
|
||
network. In a single network model, all
|
||
<span class=term data-title="Workload Instance" data-body='<p>A single instantiation of a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload">workload&rsquo;s</a> binary.
|
||
A workload instance can expose zero or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-endpoint">service endpoints</a>,
|
||
and can consume zero or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service">services</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Workload instances have a number of properties:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Name and namespace</li>
|
||
<li>Unique ID</li>
|
||
<li>IP Address</li>
|
||
<li>Labels</li>
|
||
<li>Principal</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>These properties are available in policy and telemetry configuration
|
||
using the many <a href="https://istio.io/v1.6/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/"><code>source.*</code> and <code>destination.*</code> attributes</a>.</p>
|
||
'>workload instances</span>
|
||
can reach each other directly without an Istio gateway.</p><p>A single network allows Istio to configure service consumers in a uniform
|
||
way across the mesh with the ability to directly address workload instances.
|
||
Note, however, that for a single network across multiple clusters,
|
||
services and endpoints cannot have overlapping IP addresses.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.78194040013328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-net.svg title="Single network"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-net.svg alt="A service mesh with a single network"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a single network</figcaption></figure><h3 id=multiple-networks>Multiple networks</h3><p>You can span a single service mesh across multiple networks; such a
|
||
configuration is known as <strong>multi-network</strong>.</p><p>Multiple networks afford the following capabilities beyond that of single networks:</p><ul><li>Overlapping IP or VIP ranges for <strong>service endpoints</strong></li><li>Crossing of administrative boundaries</li><li>Fault tolerance</li><li>Scaling of network addresses</li><li>Compliance with standards that require network segmentation</li></ul><p>In this model, the workload instances in different networks can only reach each
|
||
other through one or more <a href=/v1.21/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#gateways>Istio gateways</a>.
|
||
Istio uses <strong>partitioned service discovery</strong> to provide consumers a different
|
||
view of <span class=term data-title="Service Endpoint" data-body='<p>The network-reachable manifestation of a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service">service</a>.
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">Workload instances</a> expose service endpoints but not all
|
||
services have service endpoints.</p>
|
||
'>service endpoint</span>s. The view depends on the
|
||
network of the consumers.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.57262768530374%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-net.svg title="Multi-network deployment"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-net.svg alt="A service mesh with multiple networks"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with multiple networks</figcaption></figure><p>This solution requires exposing all services (or a subset) through the gateway.
|
||
Cloud vendors may provide options that will not require exposing services on
|
||
the public internet. Such an option, if it exists and meets your requirements,
|
||
will likely be the best choice.</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>In order to ensure secure communications in a multi-network scenario, Istio
|
||
only supports cross-network communication to workloads with an Istio proxy.
|
||
This is due to the fact that Istio exposes services at the Ingress Gateway with TLS
|
||
pass-through, which enables mTLS directly to the workload. A workload without
|
||
an Istio proxy, however, will likely not be able to participate in mutual
|
||
authentication with other workloads. For this reason, Istio filters
|
||
out-of-network endpoints for proxyless services.</div></aside></div><h2 id=control-plane-models>Control plane models</h2><p>An Istio mesh uses the <span class=term data-title="Control Plane" data-body="<p>A control plane is a set of system services that configure the mesh or a subset of
|
||
the mesh to manage the communication between the workload instances within.</p>
|
||
">control plane</span> to configure all
|
||
communication between workload instances within the mesh. Workload instances
|
||
connect to a control plane instance to get their configuration.</p><p>In the simplest case, you can run your mesh with a control plane on a single
|
||
cluster.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:91.74921915843377%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg title="Single control plane"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg alt="A single cluster with a control plane"></a></div><figcaption>A single cluster with a control plane</figcaption></figure><p>A cluster like this one, with its own local control plane, is referred to as
|
||
a <span class=term data-title="Primary Cluster" data-body='<p>A primary cluster is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">cluster</a> with a
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>. A single
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">mesh</a> can have more than
|
||
one primary cluster for HA or to reduce latency. Primary clusters can act as the
|
||
control plane for <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#remote-cluster">remote clusters</a>.</p>
|
||
'>primary cluster</span>.</p><p>Multicluster deployments can also share control plane instances. In this case,
|
||
the control plane instances can reside in one or more primary clusters.
|
||
Clusters without their own control plane are referred to as
|
||
<span class=term data-title="Remote Cluster" data-body='<p>A remote cluster is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">cluster</a> that
|
||
connects to a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>
|
||
residing outside of the cluster. A remote cluster can connect to a control plane
|
||
running in a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#primary-cluster">primary cluster</a>
|
||
or to an <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#external-control-plane">external control plane</a>.</p>
|
||
'>remote clusters</span>.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:52.89403650064289%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/shared-control.svg title="Shared control plane"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/shared-control.svg alt="A service mesh with a primary and a remote cluster"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a primary and a remote cluster</figcaption></figure><p>To support remote clusters in a multicluster mesh, the control plane in
|
||
a primary cluster must be accessible via a stable IP (e.g., a cluster IP).
|
||
For clusters spanning networks,
|
||
this can be achieved by exposing the control plane through an Istio gateway.
|
||
Cloud vendors may provide options, such as internal load balancers, for
|
||
providing this capability without exposing the control plane on the
|
||
public internet. Such an option, if it exists and meets your requirements,
|
||
will likely be the best choice.</p><p>In multicluster deployments with more than one primary cluster, each primary
|
||
cluster receives its configuration (i.e., <code>Service</code> and <code>ServiceEntry</code>,
|
||
<code>DestinationRule</code>, etc.) from the Kubernetes API Server residing in the same
|
||
cluster. Each primary cluster, therefore, has an independent source of
|
||
configuration.
|
||
This duplication of configuration across primary clusters does require
|
||
additional steps when rolling out changes. Large production
|
||
systems may automate this process with tooling, such as CI/CD systems, in
|
||
order to manage configuration rollout.</p><p>Instead of running control planes in primary clusters inside the mesh, a
|
||
service mesh composed entirely of remote clusters can be controlled by an
|
||
<span class=term data-title="External Control Plane" data-body='<p>An external control plane is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>
|
||
that externally manages mesh workloads running in their own <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">clusters</a>
|
||
or other infrastructure. The control plane may, itself, be deployed in a cluster, although not
|
||
in one of the clusters that is part of the mesh it&rsquo;s controlling.
|
||
Its purpose is to cleanly separate the control plane from the data plane of a mesh.</p>
|
||
'>external control plane</span>. This provides isolated
|
||
management and complete separation of the control plane deployment from the
|
||
data plane services that comprise the mesh.</p><figure style=width:100%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:41.21621621621622%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster-external-control-plane.svg title="External control plane"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster-external-control-plane.svg alt="A single cluster with an external control plane"></a></div><figcaption>A single cluster with an external control plane</figcaption></figure><p>A cloud vendor’s <span class=term data-title="Managed Control Plane" data-body='<p>A managed control plane is an <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#external-control-plane">external control plane</a>
|
||
that cloud providers manage for their customers.
|
||
Managed control planes reduce the complexity of user deployments
|
||
and typically guarantee some level of performance and availability.</p>
|
||
'>managed control plane</span> is a
|
||
typical example of an external control plane.</p><p>For high availability, you should deploy multiple control planes across
|
||
clusters, zones, or regions.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:92.28423056604902%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-control.svg title="Multiple control planes"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-control.svg alt="A service mesh with control plane instances for each region"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with control plane instances for each region</figcaption></figure><p>This model affords the following benefits:</p><ul><li><p>Improved availability: If a control plane becomes unavailable, the scope of
|
||
the outage is limited to only workloads in clusters managed by that control plane.</p></li><li><p>Configuration isolation: You can make configuration changes in one cluster,
|
||
zone, or region without impacting others.</p></li><li><p>Controlled rollout: You have more fine-grained control over configuration
|
||
rollout (e.g., one cluster at a time). You can also canary configuration changes in a sub-section of the mesh
|
||
controlled by a given primary cluster.</p></li><li><p>Selective service visibility: You can restrict service visibility to part
|
||
of the mesh, helping to establish service-level isolation. For example, an
|
||
administrator may choose to deploy the <code>HelloWorld</code> service to Cluster A,
|
||
but not Cluster B. Any attempt to call <code>HelloWorld</code> from Cluster B will
|
||
fail the DNS lookup.</p></li></ul><p>The following list ranks control plane deployment examples by availability:</p><ul><li>One cluster per region (<strong>lowest availability</strong>)</li><li>Multiple clusters per region</li><li>One cluster per zone</li><li>Multiple clusters per zone</li><li>Each cluster (<strong>highest availability</strong>)</li></ul><h3 id=endpoint-discovery-with-multiple-control-planes>Endpoint discovery with multiple control planes</h3><p>An Istio control plane manages traffic within the mesh by providing each proxy
|
||
with the list of service endpoints. In order to make this work in a
|
||
multicluster scenario, each control plane must observe endpoints from the API
|
||
Server in every cluster.</p><p>To enable endpoint discovery for a cluster, an administrator generates a
|
||
<code>remote secret</code> and deploys it to each primary cluster in the mesh. The
|
||
<code>remote secret</code> contains credentials, granting access to the API server in the
|
||
cluster.
|
||
The control planes will then connect and discover the service endpoints for
|
||
the cluster, enabling cross-cluster load balancing for these services.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/endpoint-discovery.svg title="Primary clusters with endpoint discovery"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/endpoint-discovery.svg alt="Primary clusters with endpoint discovery"></a></div><figcaption>Primary clusters with endpoint discovery</figcaption></figure><p>By default, Istio will load balance requests evenly between endpoints in
|
||
each cluster. In large systems that span geographic regions, it may be
|
||
desirable to use <a href=/v1.21/docs/tasks/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>locality load balancing</a>
|
||
to prefer that traffic stay in the same zone or region.</p><p>In some advanced scenarios, load balancing across clusters may not be desired.
|
||
For example, in a blue/green deployment, you may deploy different versions of
|
||
the system to different clusters. In this case, each cluster is effectively
|
||
operating as an independent mesh. This behavior can be achieved in a couple of
|
||
ways:</p><ul><li><p>Do not exchange remote secrets between the clusters. This offers the
|
||
strongest isolation between the clusters.</p></li><li><p>Use <code>VirtualService</code> and <code>DestinationRule</code> to disallow routing between two
|
||
versions of the services.</p></li></ul><p>In either case, cross-cluster load balancing is prevented. External traffic
|
||
can be routed to one cluster or the other using an external load balancer.</p><h2 id=identity-and-trust-models>Identity and trust models</h2><p>When a workload instance is created within a service mesh, Istio assigns the
|
||
workload an <span class=term data-title=Identity data-body="<p>Identity is a fundamental security infrastructure concept. The Istio identity
|
||
model is based on a first-class workload identity. At the beginning of
|
||
service-to-service communication, the two parties exchange credentials with
|
||
their identity information for mutual authentication purposes.</p>
|
||
<p>Clients check the server’s identity against their secure naming information to
|
||
determine if the server is authorized to run the service.</p>
|
||
<p>Servers check the client&rsquo;s identity to determine what information the client can
|
||
access. Servers base that determination on the configured authorization
|
||
policies.</p>
|
||
<p>Using identity, servers can audit the time information was accessed and what
|
||
information was accessed by a specific client. They can also charge clients
|
||
based on the services they use and reject any clients that failed to pay their
|
||
bill from accessing the services.</p>
|
||
<p>The Istio identity model is flexible and granular enough to represent a human
|
||
user, an individual service, or a group of services. On platforms without
|
||
first-class service identity, Istio can use other identities that can group
|
||
service instances, such as service names.</p>
|
||
<p>Istio supports the following service identities on different platforms:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Kubernetes: Kubernetes service account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>GKE/GCE: GCP service account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>GCP: GCP service account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>AWS: AWS IAM user/role account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>On-premises (non-Kubernetes): user account, custom service account, service
|
||
name, Istio service account, or GCP service account. The custom service
|
||
account refers to the existing service account just like the identities that
|
||
the customer’s Identity Directory manages.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
">identity</span>.</p><p>The Certificate Authority (CA) creates and signs the certificates used to verify
|
||
the identities used within the mesh. You can verify the identity of the message sender
|
||
with the public key of the CA that created and signed the certificate
|
||
for that identity. A <strong>trust bundle</strong> is the set of all CA public keys used by
|
||
an Istio mesh. With a mesh’s trust bundle, anyone can verify the sender of any
|
||
message coming from that mesh.</p><h3 id=trust-within-a-mesh>Trust within a mesh</h3><p>Within a single Istio mesh, Istio ensures each workload instance has an
|
||
appropriate certificate representing its own identity, and the trust bundle
|
||
necessary to recognize all identities within the mesh and any federated meshes.
|
||
The CA creates and signs the certificates for those identities. This model
|
||
allows workload instances in the mesh to authenticate each other when
|
||
communicating.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:91.74921915843377%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-trust.svg title="Trust within a mesh"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-trust.svg alt="A service mesh with a common certificate authority"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a common certificate authority</figcaption></figure><h3 id=trust-between-meshes>Trust between meshes</h3><p>To enable communication between two meshes with different CAs, you must
|
||
exchange the trust bundles of the meshes. Istio does not provide any tooling
|
||
to exchange trust bundles across meshes. You can exchange the trust bundles
|
||
either manually or automatically using a protocol such as <a href=https://github.com/spiffe/spiffe/blob/main/standards/SPIFFE_Federation.md>SPIFFE Trust Domain Federation</a>.
|
||
Once you import a trust bundle to a mesh, you can configure local policies for
|
||
those identities.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:52.79593627076436%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-trust.svg title="Trust between meshes"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-trust.svg alt="Multiple service meshes with different certificate authorities"></a></div><figcaption>Multiple service meshes with different certificate authorities</figcaption></figure><h2 id=mesh-models>Mesh models</h2><p>Istio supports having all of your services in a
|
||
<span class=term data-title="Service Mesh" data-body='<p>A <em>service mesh</em> or simply <em>mesh</em> is an infrastructure layer that enables
|
||
managed, observable and secure communication between
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">workload instances</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Service names combined with a namespace are unique within a mesh.
|
||
In a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#multicluster">multicluster</a> mesh, for example,
|
||
the <code>bar</code> service in the <code>foo</code> namespace in <code>cluster-1</code> is considered the same
|
||
service as the <code>bar</code> service in the <code>foo</code> namespace in <code>cluster-2</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Since <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#identity">identities</a> are shared within the service
|
||
mesh, <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">workload instances</a> can authenticate communication with any other <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">workload
|
||
instance</a> within the same service mesh.</p>
|
||
'>mesh</span>, or federating multiple meshes
|
||
together, which is also known as <span class=term data-title=Multi-Mesh data-body='<p>Multi-mesh is a deployment model that consists of two or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">service meshes</a>.
|
||
Each mesh has independent administration for naming and identities but you can
|
||
expose services between meshes through <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#mesh-federation">mesh federation</a>.
|
||
The resulting deployment is a multi-mesh deployment.</p>
|
||
'>multi-mesh</span>.</p><h3 id=single-mesh>Single mesh</h3><p>The simplest Istio deployment is a single mesh. Within a mesh, service names are
|
||
unique. For example, only one service can have the name <code>mysvc</code> in the <code>foo</code>
|
||
namespace. Additionally, workload instances share a common identity since
|
||
service account names are unique within a namespace, just like service names.</p><p>A single mesh can span <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#cluster-models>one or more clusters</a> and
|
||
<a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#network-models>one or more networks</a>. Within a mesh,
|
||
<a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#namespace-tenancy>namespaces</a> are used for <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#tenancy-models>tenancy</a>.</p><h3 id=multiple-meshes>Multiple meshes</h3><p>Multiple mesh deployments result from <span class=term data-title="Mesh Federation" data-body='<p>Mesh federation is the act of exposing services between meshes and enabling
|
||
communication across mesh boundaries. Each mesh may expose a subset of its
|
||
services to enable one or more other meshes to consume the exposed services. You
|
||
can use mesh federation to enable communication between meshes in a
|
||
<a href="/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-meshes">multi-mesh deployment</a>.</p>
|
||
'>mesh federation</span>.</p><p>Multiple meshes afford the following capabilities beyond that of a single mesh:</p><ul><li>Organizational boundaries: lines of business</li><li>Service name or namespace reuse: multiple distinct uses of the <code>default</code>
|
||
namespace</li><li>Stronger isolation: isolating test workloads from production workloads</li></ul><p>You can enable inter-mesh communication with <span class=term data-title="Mesh Federation" data-body='<p>Mesh federation is the act of exposing services between meshes and enabling
|
||
communication across mesh boundaries. Each mesh may expose a subset of its
|
||
services to enable one or more other meshes to consume the exposed services. You
|
||
can use mesh federation to enable communication between meshes in a
|
||
<a href="/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-meshes">multi-mesh deployment</a>.</p>
|
||
'>mesh federation</span>. When federating, each mesh can expose a set of services and
|
||
identities, which all participating meshes can recognize.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:68.06079261254328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-mesh.svg title=Multi-mesh><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-mesh.svg alt="Multiple service meshes"></a></div><figcaption>Multiple service meshes</figcaption></figure><p>To avoid service naming collisions, you can give each mesh a globally unique
|
||
<strong>mesh ID</strong>, to ensure that the fully qualified domain
|
||
name (FQDN) for each service is distinct.</p><p>When federating two meshes that do not share the same
|
||
<span class=term data-title="Trust Domain" data-body='<p><a href="https://spiffe.io/docs/latest/spiffe-about/spiffe-concepts/#trust-domain">Trust domain</a> corresponds to the trust root of a system and is part of a workload identity.</p>
|
||
<p>Istio uses a trust domain to create all <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#identity">identities</a> within a mesh.
|
||
For example in <code>spiffe://mytrustdomain.com/ns/default/sa/myname</code> the substring <code>mytrustdomain.com</code> specifies that the workload is from a trust domain called <code>mytrustdomain.com</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>You can have one or more trust domains in a multicluster mesh, as long as the clusters share the same root of trust.</p>
|
||
'>trust domain</span>, you must federate
|
||
<span class=term data-title=Identity data-body="<p>Identity is a fundamental security infrastructure concept. The Istio identity
|
||
model is based on a first-class workload identity. At the beginning of
|
||
service-to-service communication, the two parties exchange credentials with
|
||
their identity information for mutual authentication purposes.</p>
|
||
<p>Clients check the server’s identity against their secure naming information to
|
||
determine if the server is authorized to run the service.</p>
|
||
<p>Servers check the client&rsquo;s identity to determine what information the client can
|
||
access. Servers base that determination on the configured authorization
|
||
policies.</p>
|
||
<p>Using identity, servers can audit the time information was accessed and what
|
||
information was accessed by a specific client. They can also charge clients
|
||
based on the services they use and reject any clients that failed to pay their
|
||
bill from accessing the services.</p>
|
||
<p>The Istio identity model is flexible and granular enough to represent a human
|
||
user, an individual service, or a group of services. On platforms without
|
||
first-class service identity, Istio can use other identities that can group
|
||
service instances, such as service names.</p>
|
||
<p>Istio supports the following service identities on different platforms:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Kubernetes: Kubernetes service account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>GKE/GCE: GCP service account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>GCP: GCP service account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>AWS: AWS IAM user/role account</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>On-premises (non-Kubernetes): user account, custom service account, service
|
||
name, Istio service account, or GCP service account. The custom service
|
||
account refers to the existing service account just like the identities that
|
||
the customer’s Identity Directory manages.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
">identity</span> and <strong>trust bundles</strong> between them. See the
|
||
section on <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#trust-between-meshes>Trust between meshes</a> for more details.</p><h2 id=tenancy-models>Tenancy models</h2><p>In Istio, a <strong>tenant</strong> is a group of users that share
|
||
common access and privileges for a set of deployed workloads.
|
||
Tenants can be used to provide a level of isolation between different teams.</p><p>You can configure tenancy models to satisfy the following organizational
|
||
requirements for isolation:</p><ul><li>Security</li><li>Policy</li><li>Capacity</li><li>Cost</li><li>Performance</li></ul><p>Istio supports three types of tenancy models:</p><ul><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#namespace-tenancy>Namespace tenancy</a></li><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#cluster-tenancy>Cluster tenancy</a></li><li><a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#mesh-tenancy>Mesh tenancy</a></li></ul><h3 id=namespace-tenancy>Namespace tenancy</h3><p>A cluster can be shared across multiple teams, each using a different namespace.
|
||
You can grant a team permission to deploy its workloads only to a given namespace
|
||
or set of namespaces.</p><p>By default, services from multiple namespaces can communicate with each other,
|
||
but you can increase isolation by selectively choosing which services to expose to other
|
||
namespaces. You can configure authorization policies for exposed services to restrict
|
||
access to only the appropriate callers.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.78194040013328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/exp-ns.svg title="Namespaces with an exposed service"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/exp-ns.svg alt="A service mesh with two namespaces and an exposed service"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with two namespaces and an exposed service</figcaption></figure><p>Namespace tenancy can extend beyond a single cluster.
|
||
When using <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-clusters>multiple clusters</a>, the namespaces in each
|
||
cluster sharing the same name are considered the same namespace by default.
|
||
For example, <code>Service B</code> in the <code>Team-1</code> namespace of cluster <code>West</code> and <code>Service B</code> in the
|
||
<code>Team-1</code> namespace of cluster <code>East</code> refer to the same service, and Istio merges their
|
||
endpoints for service discovery and load balancing.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.78194040013328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-ns.svg title="Multicluster namespaces"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-ns.svg alt="A service mesh with two clusters with the same namespace"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with clusters with the same namespace</figcaption></figure><h3 id=cluster-tenancy>Cluster tenancy</h3><p>Istio supports using clusters as a unit of tenancy. In this case, you can give
|
||
each team a dedicated cluster or set of clusters to deploy their
|
||
workloads. Permissions for a cluster are usually limited to the members of the
|
||
team that owns it. You can set various roles for finer grained control, for
|
||
example:</p><ul><li>Cluster administrator</li><li>Developer</li></ul><p>To use cluster tenancy with Istio, you configure each team’s cluster with its
|
||
own <span class=term data-title="Control Plane" data-body="<p>A control plane is a set of system services that configure the mesh or a subset of
|
||
the mesh to manage the communication between the workload instances within.</p>
|
||
">control plane</span>, allowing each team to manage its own configuration.
|
||
Alternatively, you can use Istio to implement a group of clusters as a single tenant
|
||
using <span class=term data-title="Remote Cluster" data-body='<p>A remote cluster is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">cluster</a> that
|
||
connects to a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>
|
||
residing outside of the cluster. A remote cluster can connect to a control plane
|
||
running in a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#primary-cluster">primary cluster</a>
|
||
or to an <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#external-control-plane">external control plane</a>.</p>
|
||
'>remote clusters</span> or multiple
|
||
synchronized <span class=term data-title="Primary Cluster" data-body='<p>A primary cluster is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">cluster</a> with a
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>. A single
|
||
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">mesh</a> can have more than
|
||
one primary cluster for HA or to reduce latency. Primary clusters can act as the
|
||
control plane for <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#remote-cluster">remote clusters</a>.</p>
|
||
'>primary clusters</span>.
|
||
Refer to <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#control-plane-models>control plane models</a> for details.</p><h3 id=mesh-tenancy>Mesh Tenancy</h3><p>In a multi-mesh deployment with <span class=term data-title="Mesh Federation" data-body='<p>Mesh federation is the act of exposing services between meshes and enabling
|
||
communication across mesh boundaries. Each mesh may expose a subset of its
|
||
services to enable one or more other meshes to consume the exposed services. You
|
||
can use mesh federation to enable communication between meshes in a
|
||
<a href="/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-meshes">multi-mesh deployment</a>.</p>
|
||
'>mesh federation</span>, each mesh
|
||
can be used as the unit of isolation.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:76.17309435102204%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-iso.svg title="Cluster isolation"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-iso.svg alt="Two isolated service meshes with two clusters and two namespaces"></a></div><figcaption>Two isolated service meshes with two clusters and two namespaces</figcaption></figure><p>Since a different team or organization operates each mesh, service naming
|
||
is rarely distinct. For example, a <code>Service C</code> in the <code>foo</code> namespace of
|
||
cluster <code>Team-1</code> and the <code>Service C</code> service in the <code>foo</code> namespace of cluster
|
||
<code>Team-2</code> will not refer to the same service. The most common example is the
|
||
scenario in Kubernetes where many teams deploy their workloads to the <code>default</code>
|
||
namespace.</p><p>When each team has its own mesh, cross-mesh communication follows the
|
||
concepts described in the <a href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-meshes>multiple meshes</a> model.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.21/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></p><p class=desc>Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/ class=next-link><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Architecture</a></div><div class=right><a title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture for virtual machines." href=/v1.21/docs/ops/deployment/vm-architecture/ class=next-link>Virtual Machine Architecture<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick='sendFeedback("en",1)'>Yes</button>
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<button class="btn feedback" onclick='sendFeedback("en",0)'>No</button></div><div id=feedback-comment>Do you have any suggestions for improvement?<br><br><input id=feedback-textbox type=text placeholder='Help us improve...' data-lang=en></div><div id=feedback-thankyou>Thanks for your feedback!</div></div><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label="Cluster models"><a href=#cluster-models>Cluster models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single cluster"><a href=#single-cluster>Single cluster</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple clusters"><a href=#multiple-clusters>Multiple clusters</a><li role=none aria-label="DNS with multiple clusters"><a href=#dns-with-multiple-clusters>DNS with multiple clusters</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Network models"><a href=#network-models>Network models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single network"><a href=#single-network>Single network</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple networks"><a href=#multiple-networks>Multiple networks</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Control plane models"><a href=#control-plane-models>Control plane models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Endpoint discovery with multiple control planes"><a href=#endpoint-discovery-with-multiple-control-planes>Endpoint discovery with multiple control planes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Identity and trust models"><a href=#identity-and-trust-models>Identity and trust models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Trust within a mesh"><a href=#trust-within-a-mesh>Trust within a mesh</a><li role=none aria-label="Trust between meshes"><a href=#trust-between-meshes>Trust between meshes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Mesh models"><a href=#mesh-models>Mesh models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single mesh"><a href=#single-mesh>Single mesh</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple meshes"><a href=#multiple-meshes>Multiple meshes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Tenancy models"><a href=#tenancy-models>Tenancy models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Namespace tenancy"><a href=#namespace-tenancy>Namespace tenancy</a><li role=none aria-label="Cluster tenancy"><a href=#cluster-tenancy>Cluster tenancy</a><li role=none aria-label="Mesh Tenancy"><a href=#mesh-tenancy>Mesh Tenancy</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer class=footer><div class="footer-wrapper container-l"><div class="user-links footer-links"><a class=channel title='GitHub is where development takes place on Istio code' href=https://github.com/istio/community aria-label=GitHub><svg class="icon github"><use xlink:href="/v1.21/img/icons.svg#github"/></svg>
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