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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class="primary notoc"><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card24 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card24-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card24 role=region id=card24-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card24><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture, and its design goals." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's WebAssembly Plugin system." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/wasm/>Extensibility</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card47 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." aria-controls=card47-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card47 role=region id=card47-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card47><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup kind for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/kind/>kind</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a KubeSphere Container Platform for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/kubesphere/>KubeSphere Container Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Customizable Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/standalone-operator/>Standalone Operator Install</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Multicluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with replicated control plane instances." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/>Replicated control planes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with a shared control plane." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared/>Shared control plane (single and multiple networks)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the upgrade guide that corresponds to the approach you previously used to install Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio using the istioctl upgrade command." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/upgrade/istioctl-upgrade/>Upgrade Istio using istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade the Istio control plane, and optionally, the CNI plug-in using Helm." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/upgrade/cni-helm-upgrade/>Upgrade using Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card77 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card77-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card77 role=region id=card77-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card77><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using file-mounted certificates." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-mount/>Secure Gateways (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using the secret discovery service (SDS)." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-sds/>Secure Gateways (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to obtain Let's Encrypt TLS certificates for Kubernetes Ingress automatically using Cert-Manager." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-certmgr/>Kubernetes Ingress with Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress with Mixer (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control with JWT in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>Authorization with JWT</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Authorization policies with a deny action</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Authorization on Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Authorization Policy Trust Domain Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with an existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in existing CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/dns-cert/>Istio DNS Certificate Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing (Deprecated)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to LightStep." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>LightStep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Using Mixer for Telemetry (deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh using Mixer." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/>Using Mixer for Telemetry (deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics using Mixer." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics With Mixer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services with Mixer</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs with Mixer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Mixer and Fluentd</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card92 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card92-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card92 role=region id=card92-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card92><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Virtual Machines"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples that add workloads running on virtual machines to an Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Virtual Machines</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your single network Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/single-network/>Virtual Machines in Single-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Setup a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Setup a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card113 title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card113-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card113 role=region id=card113-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card113><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how Citadel determines whether to create service account secrets." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/secret-creation/>Service Account Secret Creation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues.">Traffic Management Best Practices</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card161 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card161-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card161 role=region id=card161-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card161><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using Helm charts." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options (Helm)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration to validate JWT." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/jwt/>JWTRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC (deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/constraints-and-properties/>RBAC Constraints and Properties (deprecated)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Telemetry V2"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio telemetry V2." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/>Telemetry V2</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure v2 metrics (experimental)." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/configurable_metrics/>Configurable Metrics (Experimental)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable Telemetry V2 with Wasm runtime (experimental)." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/telemetry_v2_with_wasm/>Telemetry V2 with Wasm runtime (Experimental)</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configurarion analysis." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0104/>GatewayPortNotOnWorkload</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0105/>IstioProxyImageMismatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0119/>JwtFailureDueToInvalidServicePortPrefix</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0113/>MTLSPolicyConflict</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mixer Policies and Telemetry (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Mixer Policies and Telemetry (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the configuration model for Istio's policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer Configuration Model (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mixer Adapters (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Mixer Adapters (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apache-skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to enforce authentication and authorization policies for web apps and APIs." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/app-identity-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An Istio Mixer adapter to send telemetry data to New Relic." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/newrelic/>New Relic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Layer5." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/layer5/>Layer5</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.5/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.5/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.5/docs/ops/ title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh.">Operations</a></li><li><a href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/ title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh.">Best Practices</a></li><li>Traffic Management Best Practices</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Traffic Management Best Practices</h1><p class=byline><span title="1644 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>8 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class="toc-inlined toc-forced" aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Set default routes for services"><a href=#set-default-routes-for-services>Set default routes for services</a><li role=none aria-label="Control configuration sharing across namespaces"><a href=#cross-namespace-configuration>Control configuration sharing across namespaces</a><li role=none aria-label="Split large virtual services and destination rules into multiple resources"><a href=#split-virtual-services>Split large virtual services and destination rules into multiple resources</a><li role=none aria-label="Avoid 503 errors while reconfiguring service routes"><a href=#avoid-503-errors-while-reconfiguring-service-routes>Avoid 503 errors while reconfiguring service routes</a></ol><hr></div></nav><p>This section provides specific deployment or configuration guidelines to avoid networking or traffic management issues.</p><h2 id=set-default-routes-for-services>Set default routes for services</h2><p>Although the default Istio behavior conveniently sends traffic from any
source to all versions of a destination service without any rules being set,
creating a <code>VirtualService</code> with a default route for every service,
right from the start, is generally considered a best practice in Istio.</p><p>Even if you initially have only one version of a service, as soon as you decide
to deploy a second version, you need to have a routing rule in place <strong>before</strong>
the new version is started, to prevent it from immediately receiving traffic
in an uncontrolled way.</p><p>Another potential issue when relying on Istio&rsquo;s default round-robin routing is
due to a subtlety in Istio&rsquo;s destination rule evaluation algorithm.
When routing a request, Envoy first evaluates route rules in virtual services
to determine if a particular subset is being routed to.
If so, only then will it activate any destination rule policies corresponding to the subset.
Consequently, Istio only applies the policies you define for specific subsets if
you <strong>explicitly</strong> routed traffic to the corresponding subset.</p><p>For example, consider the following destination rule as the one and only configuration defined for the
<em>reviews</em> service, that is, there are no route rules in a corresponding <code>VirtualService</code> definition:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: reviews
spec:
host: reviews
subsets:
- name: v1
labels:
version: v1
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
tcp:
maxConnections: 100
</code></pre><p>Even if Istio’s default round-robin routing calls &ldquo;v1&rdquo; instances on occasion,
maybe even always if &ldquo;v1&rdquo; is the only running version, the above traffic policy
will never be invoked.</p><p>You can fix the above example in one of two ways. You can either move the
traffic policy up a level in the <code>DestinationRule</code> to make it apply to any version:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: reviews
spec:
host: reviews
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
tcp:
maxConnections: 100
subsets:
- name: v1
labels:
version: v1
</code></pre><p>Or, better yet, define a proper route rule for the service in the <code>VirtualService</code> definition.
For example, add a simple route rule for &ldquo;reviews:v1&rdquo;:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: reviews
spec:
hosts:
- reviews
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: reviews
subset: v1
</code></pre><h2 id=cross-namespace-configuration>Control configuration sharing across namespaces</h2><p>You can define virtual services, destination rules, or service entries
in one namespace and then reuse them in other namespaces, if they are exported
to those namespaces.
Istio exports all traffic management resources to all namespaces by default,
but you can override the visibility with the <code>exportTo</code> field.
For example, only clients in the same namespace can use the following virtual service:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myservice
spec:
hosts:
- myservice.com
exportTo:
- &#34;.&#34;
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: myservice
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>You can similarly control the visibility of a Kubernetes <code>Service</code> using the <code>networking.istio.io/exportTo</code> annotation.</div></aside></div><p>Setting the visibility of destination rules in a particular namespace doesn&rsquo;t
guarantee the rule is used. Exporting a destination rule to other namespaces enables you to use it
in those namespaces, but to actually be applied during a request the namespace also needs to be
on the destination rule lookup path:</p><ol><li>client namespace</li><li>service namespace</li><li>Istio configuration root (<code>istio-system</code> by default)</li></ol><p>For example, consider the following destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: myservice
spec:
host: myservice.default.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
tcp:
maxConnections: 100
</code></pre><p>Let&rsquo;s assume you create this destination rule in namespace <code>ns1</code>.</p><p>If you send a request to the <code>myservice</code> service from a client in <code>ns1</code>, the destination
rule would be applied, because it is in the first namespace on the lookup path, that is,
in the client namespace.</p><p>If you now send the request from a different namespace, for example <code>ns2</code>,
the client is no longer in the same namespace as the destination rule, <code>ns1</code>.
Because the corresponding service, <code>myservice.default.svc.cluster.local</code>, is also not in <code>ns1</code>,
but rather in the <code>default</code> namespace, the destination rule will also not be found in
the second namespace of the lookup path, the service namespace.</p><p>Even if the <code>myservice</code> service is exported to all namespaces and therefore visible
in <code>ns2</code> and the destination rule is also exported to all namespaces, including <code>ns2</code>,
it will not be applied during the request from <code>ns2</code> because it&rsquo;s not in any
of the namespaces on the lookup path.</p><p>You can avoid this problem by creating the destination rule in the same namespace as
the corresponding service, <code>default</code> in this example. It would then get applied to requests
from clients in any namespace.
You can also move the destination rule to the <code>istio-system</code> namespace, the third namespace on
the lookup path, although this isn&rsquo;t recommended unless the destination rule is really a global
configuration that is applicable in all namespaces, and it would require administrator authority.</p><p>Istio uses this restricted destination rule lookup path for two reasons:</p><ol><li>Prevent destination rules from being defined that can override the behavior of services
in completely unrelated namespaces.</li><li>Have a clear lookup order in case there is more than one destination rule for
the same host.</li></ol><h2 id=split-virtual-services>Split large virtual services and destination rules into multiple resources</h2><p>In situations where it is inconvenient to define the complete set of route rules or policies for a particular
host in a single <code>VirtualService</code> or <code>DestinationRule</code> resource, it may be preferable to incrementally specify
the configuration for the host in multiple resources.
Pilot will merge such destination rules
and merge such virtual services if they are bound to a gateway.</p><p>Consider the case of a <code>VirtualService</code> bound to an ingress gateway exposing an application host which uses
path-based delegation to several implementation services, something like this:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
hosts:
- myapp.com
gateways:
- myapp-gateway
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /service1
route:
- destination:
host: service1.default.svc.cluster.local
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /service2
route:
- destination:
host: service2.default.svc.cluster.local
- match:
...
</code></pre><p>The downside of this kind of configuration is that other configuration (e.g., route rules) for any of the
underlying microservices, will need to also be included in this single configuration file, instead of
in separate resources associated with, and potentially owned by, the individual service teams.
See <a href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/#route-rules-have-no-effect-on-ingress-gateway-requests>Route rules have no effect on ingress gateway requests</a>
for details.</p><p>To avoid this problem, it may be preferable to break up the configuration of <code>myapp.com</code> into several
<code>VirtualService</code> fragments, one per backend service. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myapp-service1
spec:
hosts:
- myapp.com
gateways:
- myapp-gateway
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /service1
route:
- destination:
host: service1.default.svc.cluster.local
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myapp-service2
spec:
hosts:
- myapp.com
gateways:
- myapp-gateway
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /service2
route:
- destination:
host: service2.default.svc.cluster.local
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: myapp-...
</code></pre><p>When a second and subsequent <code>VirtualService</code> for an existing host is applied, <code>istio-pilot</code> will merge
the additional route rules into the existing configuration of the host. There are, however, several
caveats with this feature that must be considered carefully when using it.</p><ol><li>Although the order of evaluation for rules in any given source <code>VirtualService</code> will be retained,
the cross-resource order is UNDEFINED. In other words, there is no guaranteed order of evaluation
for rules across the fragment configurations, so it will only have predictable behavior if there
are no conflicting rules or order dependency between rules across fragments.</li><li>There should only be one &ldquo;catch-all&rdquo; rule (i.e., a rule that matches any request path or header) in the fragments.
All such &ldquo;catch-all&rdquo; rules will be moved to the end of the list in the merged configuration, but
since they catch all requests, whichever is applied first will essentially override and disable any others.</li><li>A <code>VirtualService</code> can only be fragmented this way if it is bound to a gateway.
Host merging is not supported in sidecars.</li></ol><p>A <code>DestinationRule</code> can also be fragmented with similar merge semantic and restrictions.</p><ol><li>There should only be one definition of any given subset across multiple destination rules for the same host.
If there is more than one with the same name, the first definition is used and any following duplicates are discarded.
No merging of subset content is supported.</li><li>There should only be one top-level <code>trafficPolicy</code> for the same host.
When top-level traffic policies are defined in multiple destination rules, the first one will be used.
Any following top-level <code>trafficPolicy</code> configuration is discarded.</li><li>Unlike virtual service merging, destination rule merging works in both sidecars and gateways.</li></ol><h2 id=avoid-503-errors-while-reconfiguring-service-routes>Avoid 503 errors while reconfiguring service routes</h2><p>When setting route rules to direct traffic to specific versions (subsets) of a service, care must be taken to ensure
that the subsets are available before they are used in the routes. Otherwise, calls to the service may return
503 errors during a reconfiguration period.</p><p>Creating both the <code>VirtualServices</code> and <code>DestinationRules</code> that define the corresponding subsets using a single <code>kubectl</code>
call (e.g., <code>kubectl apply -f myVirtualServiceAndDestinationRule.yaml</code> is not sufficient because the
resources propagate (from the configuration server, i.e., Kubernetes API server) to the Pilot instances in an eventually consistent manner. If the
<code>VirtualService</code> using the subsets arrives before the <code>DestinationRule</code> where the subsets are defined, the Envoy configuration generated by Pilot would refer to non-existent upstream pools. This results in HTTP 503 errors until all configuration objects are available to Pilot.</p><p>To make sure services will have zero down-time when configuring routes with subsets, follow a &ldquo;make-before-break&rdquo; process as described below:</p><ul><li><p>When adding new subsets:</p><ol><li><p>Update <code>DestinationRules</code> to add a new subset first, before updating any <code>VirtualServices</code> that use it. Apply the rule using <code>kubectl</code> or any platform-specific tooling.</p></li><li><p>Wait a few seconds for the <code>DestinationRule</code> configuration to propagate to the Envoy sidecars</p></li><li><p>Update the <code>VirtualService</code> to refer to the newly added subsets.</p></li></ol></li><li><p>When removing subsets:</p><ol><li><p>Update <code>VirtualServices</code> to remove any references to a subset, before removing the subset from a <code>DestinationRule</code>.</p></li><li><p>Wait a few seconds for the <code>VirtualService</code> configuration to propagate to the Envoy sidecars.</p></li><li><p>Update the <code>DestinationRule</code> to remove the unused subsets.</p></li></ol></li></ul></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Deployment Best Practices</a></div><div class=right><a title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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