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365 lines
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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class="primary notoc"><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card24 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card24-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card24 role=region id=card24-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card24><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture, and its design goals." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's WebAssembly Plugin system." href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/wasm/>Extensibility</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card47 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." aria-controls=card47-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card47 role=region id=card47-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card47><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup kind for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/kind/>kind</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a KubeSphere Container Platform for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/kubesphere/>KubeSphere Container Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Customizable Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/standalone-operator/>Standalone Operator Install</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Multicluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with replicated control plane instances." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/>Replicated control planes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with a shared control plane." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared/>Shared control plane (single and multiple networks)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the upgrade guide that corresponds to the approach you previously used to install Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio using the istioctl upgrade command." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/upgrade/istioctl-upgrade/>Upgrade Istio using istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade the Istio control plane, and optionally, the CNI plug-in using Helm." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/upgrade/cni-helm-upgrade/>Upgrade using Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.5/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card77 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card77-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card77 role=region id=card77-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card77><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using file-mounted certificates." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-mount/>Secure Gateways (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using the secret discovery service (SDS)." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-sds/>Secure Gateways (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to obtain Let's Encrypt TLS certificates for Kubernetes Ingress automatically using Cert-Manager." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-certmgr/>Kubernetes Ingress with Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress with Mixer (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control with JWT in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>Authorization with JWT</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Authorization policies with a deny action</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Authorization on Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Authorization Policy Trust Domain Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with an existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in existing CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/dns-cert/>Istio DNS Certificate Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing (Deprecated)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to LightStep." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>LightStep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Using Mixer for Telemetry (deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh using Mixer." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/>Using Mixer for Telemetry (deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics using Mixer." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics With Mixer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services with Mixer</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs with Mixer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Mixer and Fluentd</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card92 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card92-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card92 role=region id=card92-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card92><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Virtual Machines"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples that add workloads running on virtual machines to an Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Virtual Machines</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your single network Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/single-network/>Virtual Machines in Single-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Setup a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Setup a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card113 title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card113-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card113 role=region id=card113-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card113><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how Citadel determines whether to create service account secrets." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/secret-creation/>Service Account Secret Creation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems.">Security Problems</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card161 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card161-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card161 role=region id=card161-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card161><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using Helm charts." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options (Helm)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration to validate JWT." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/jwt/>JWTRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC (deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/security/constraints-and-properties/>RBAC Constraints and Properties (deprecated)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Telemetry V2"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio telemetry V2." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/>Telemetry V2</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure v2 metrics (experimental)." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/configurable_metrics/>Configurable Metrics (Experimental)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable Telemetry V2 with Wasm runtime (experimental)." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/telemetry/telemetry_v2_with_wasm/>Telemetry V2 with Wasm runtime (Experimental)</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configurarion analysis." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0104/>GatewayPortNotOnWorkload</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0105/>IstioProxyImageMismatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0119/>JwtFailureDueToInvalidServicePortPrefix</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0113/>MTLSPolicyConflict</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mixer Policies and Telemetry (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Mixer Policies and Telemetry (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the configuration model for Istio's policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer Configuration Model (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mixer Adapters (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Mixer Adapters (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apache-skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to enforce authentication and authorization policies for web apps and APIs." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/app-identity-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An Istio Mixer adapter to send telemetry data to New Relic." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/newrelic/>New Relic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Layer5." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/layer5/>Layer5</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.5/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.5/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.5/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.5/docs/ops/ title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh.">Operations</a></li><li><a href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/ title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio.">Common Problems</a></li><li>Security Problems</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Security Problems</h1><p class=byline><span title="2263 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>11 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class="toc-inlined toc-forced" aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="End-user authentication fails"><a href=#end-user-authentication-fails>End-user authentication fails</a><li role=none aria-label="Authorization is too restrictive"><a href=#authorization-is-too-restrictive>Authorization is too restrictive</a><li role=none aria-label="Authorization is too permissive"><a href=#authorization-is-too-permissive>Authorization is too permissive</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure Istiod accepts the policies"><a href=#ensure-istiod-accepts-the-policies>Ensure Istiod accepts the policies</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure Istiod distributes policies to proxies correctly"><a href=#ensure-istiod-distributes-policies-to-proxies-correctly>Ensure Istiod distributes policies to proxies correctly</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly"><a href=#ensure-proxies-enforce-policies-correctly>Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly</a><li role=none aria-label="Keys and certificates errors"><a href=#keys-and-certificates-errors>Keys and certificates errors</a><li role=none aria-label="Mutual TLS errors"><a href=#mutual-tls-errors>Mutual TLS errors</a><li role=none aria-label="Citadel is not behaving properly"><a href=#repairing-citadel>Citadel is not behaving properly</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><h2 id=end-user-authentication-fails>End-user authentication fails</h2><p>With Istio, you can enable authentication for end users through <a href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/#end-user-authentication>request authentication policies</a>. Follow these steps to troubleshoot the policy specification.</p><ol><li><p>If <code>jwksUri</code> isn’t set, make sure the JWT issuer is of url format and <code>url + /.well-known/openid-configuration</code> can be opened in browser; for example, if the JWT issuer is <code>https://accounts.google.com</code>, make sure <code>https://accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration</code> is a valid url and can be opened in a browser.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "security.istio.io/v1beta1"
|
||
kind: "RequestAuthentication"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "example-3"
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
matchLabels:
|
||
app: httpbin
|
||
jwtRules:
|
||
- issuer: "testing@secure.istio.io"
|
||
jwksUri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.5/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json"
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>If the JWT token is placed in the Authorization header in http requests, make sure the JWT token is valid (not expired, etc). The fields in a JWT token can be decoded by using online JWT parsing tools, e.g., <a href=https://jwt.io/>jwt.io</a>.</p></li><li><p>Verify the Envoy proxy configuration of the target workload using <code>istioctl proxy-config</code> command.</p><p>With the example policy above applied, use the following command to check the <code>listener</code> configuration on the inbound port <code>80</code>. You should see <code>envoy.filters.http.jwt_authn</code> filter with settings matching the issuer and JWKS as specified in the policy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=httpbin -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
|
||
$ istioctl proxy-config listener ${POD} -n foo --port 80 --type HTTP -o json
|
||
<redacted>
|
||
{
|
||
"name": "envoy.filters.http.jwt_authn",
|
||
"typedConfig": {
|
||
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.filter.http.jwt_authn.v2alpha.JwtAuthentication",
|
||
"providers": {
|
||
"origins-0": {
|
||
"issuer": "testing@secure.istio.io",
|
||
"localJwks": {
|
||
"inlineString": "*redacted*"
|
||
},
|
||
"payloadInMetadata": "testing@secure.istio.io"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"match": {
|
||
"prefix": "/"
|
||
},
|
||
"requires": {
|
||
"requiresAny": {
|
||
"requirements": [
|
||
{
|
||
"providerName": "origins-0"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"allowMissing": {}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
<redacted>
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=authorization-is-too-restrictive>Authorization is too restrictive</h2><p>When you first enable authorization for a service, all requests are denied by default. After you add one or more authorization policies, then
|
||
matching requests should flow through. If all requests continue to be denied, you can try the following:</p><ol><li><p>Make sure there is no typo in your policy YAML file.</p></li><li><p>Avoid enabling authorization for <span class=term data-title=Istiod data-body='<p>The Istiod component is the consolidated monolithic control plane binary that encapsulates the functions of Pilot, Citadel, Mixer, and Galley.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/#fewer-moving-parts">Learn more about Istiod</a>.</p>'>Istiod</span>. Istio authorization policy is designed for authorizing access to workloads in Istio Mesh. Enabling it for Istiod may cause unexpected behavior.</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your authorization policies are in the right namespace (as specified in <code>metadata/namespace</code> field).</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your authorization policies with ALLOW action don’t use any HTTP only fields for TCP traffic.
|
||
Otherwise, Istio ignores the ALLOW policies as if they don’t exist.</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your authorization policies with DENY action don’t use any HTTP only fields for TCP traffic.
|
||
Otherwise, Istio ignores the rules with HTTP only fields within the DENY policies as if they don’t exist.</p></li></ol><h2 id=authorization-is-too-permissive>Authorization is too permissive</h2><p>If authorization checks are enabled for a service and yet requests to the
|
||
service aren’t being blocked, then authorization was likely not enabled
|
||
successfully. To verify, follow these steps:</p><ol><li><p>Check the <a href=/v1.5/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>authorization concept documentation</a>
|
||
to correctly apply Istio authorization.</p></li><li><p>Make sure there is no typo in your policy YAML file. Especially check to make sure the authorization policy is applied
|
||
to the right workload and namespace.</p></li><li><p>Avoid enabling authorization for istiod. The Istio authorization features are designed for
|
||
authorizing access to workloads in an Istio Mesh. Enabling the authorization
|
||
features for istiod can cause unexpected behavior.</p></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-istiod-accepts-the-policies>Ensure Istiod accepts the policies</h2><p>Istiod converts and distributes your authorization policies to the proxies. The following steps help
|
||
you ensure Istiod is working as expected:</p><ol><li><p>Run the following command to export the Istiod <code>ControlZ</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl port-forward $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l app=istiod -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -n istio-system 9876:9876
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify you see the following output:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:9876 -> 9876
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Start your browser and open the <code>ControlZ</code> page at <code>http://127.0.0.1:9876/scopez/</code>.</p></li><li><p>Change the <code>rbac</code> Output Level to <code>debug</code>.</p></li><li><p>Use <code>Ctrl+C</code> in the terminal you started in step 1 to stop the port-forward command.</p></li><li><p>Print the log of Istiod and search for <code>rbac</code> with the following command:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>You probably need to first delete and then re-apply your authorization policies so that
|
||
the debug output is generated for these policies.</div></aside></div><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l app=istiod -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c discovery -n istio-system | grep rbac
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the output and verify:</p><ul><li>There are no errors.</li><li>There is a <code>building v1beta1 policy</code> message which indicates the filter was generated
|
||
for the target workload.</li></ul></li><li><p>For example, you might see something similar to the following:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>2020-03-05T23:43:21.621339Z debug rbac found authorization allow policies for workload [app=ext-authz-server,pod-template-hash=5fd587cc9d,security.istio.io/tlsMode=istio,service.istio.io/canonical-name=ext-authz-server,service.istio.io/canonical-revision=latest] in foo
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621348Z debug rbac building filter for HTTP listener protocol
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621351Z debug rbac building v1beta1 policy
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621399Z debug rbac constructed internal model: &{Permissions:[{Services:[] Hosts:[] NotHosts:[] Paths:[] NotPaths:[] Methods:[] NotMethods:[] Ports:[] NotPorts:[] Constraints:[] AllowAll:true v1beta1:true}] Principals:[{Users:[] Names:[cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account] NotNames:[] Group: Groups:[] NotGroups:[] Namespaces:[] NotNamespaces:[] IPs:[] NotIPs:[] RequestPrincipals:[] NotRequestPrincipals:[] Properties:[] AllowAll:false v1beta1:true}]}
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621528Z info ads LDS: PUSH for node:sleep-6bdb595bcb-vmchz.foo listeners:38
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.621997Z debug rbac generated policy ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]: permissions:<and_rules:<rules:<any:true > > > principals:<and_ids:<ids:<or_ids:<ids:<metadata:<filter:"istio_authn" path:<key:"source.principal" > value:<string_match:<exact:"cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account" > > > > > > > >
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.622052Z debug rbac added HTTP filter to filter chain 0
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623532Z debug rbac found authorization allow policies for workload [app=ext-authz-server,pod-template-hash=5fd587cc9d,security.istio.io/tlsMode=istio,service.istio.io/canonical-name=ext-authz-server,service.istio.io/canonical-revision=latest] in foo
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623543Z debug rbac building filter for TCP listener protocol
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623546Z debug rbac building v1beta1 policy
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623572Z debug rbac constructed internal model: &{Permissions:[{Services:[] Hosts:[] NotHosts:[] Paths:[] NotPaths:[] Methods:[] NotMethods:[] Ports:[] NotPorts:[] Constraints:[] AllowAll:true v1beta1:true}] Principals:[{Users:[] Names:[cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account] NotNames:[] Group: Groups:[] NotGroups:[] Namespaces:[] NotNamespaces:[] IPs:[] NotIPs:[] RequestPrincipals:[] NotRequestPrincipals:[] Properties:[] AllowAll:false v1beta1:true}]}
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623625Z debug rbac generated policy ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]: permissions:<and_rules:<rules:<any:true > > > principals:<and_ids:<ids:<or_ids:<ids:<authenticated:<principal_name:<exact:"spiffe://cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account" > > > > > > >
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623645Z debug rbac added TCP filter to filter chain 0
|
||
2020-03-05T23:43:21.623648Z debug rbac added TCP filter to filter chain 1
|
||
</code></pre><p>This shows that Istiod generated:</p><ul><li><p>An HTTP filter config with policy <code>ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]</code> for workload with labels <code>app=ext-authz-server,...</code>.</p></li><li><p>A TCP filter config with policy <code>ns[foo]-policy[ext-authz-server]-rule[0]</code> for workload with labels <code>app=ext-authz-server,...</code>.</p></li></ul></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-istiod-distributes-policies-to-proxies-correctly>Ensure Istiod distributes policies to proxies correctly</h2><p>Pilot distributes the authorization policies to proxies. The following steps help you ensure Pilot
|
||
is working as expected:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>The command used in this section assumes you have deployed <a href=/v1.5/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>,
|
||
otherwise you should replace <code>"-l app=productpage"</code> with your actual pod.</div></aside></div><ol><li><p>Run the following command to get the proxy configuration dump for the <code>productpage</code> service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request GET config_dump
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the log and verify:</p><ul><li>The log includes an <code>envoy.filters.http.rbac</code> filter to enforce the authorization policy
|
||
on each incoming request.</li><li>Istio updates the filter accordingly after you update your authorization policy.</li></ul></li><li><p>The following output means the proxy of <code>productpage</code> has enabled the <code>envoy.filters.http.rbac</code> filter
|
||
with rules that allows anyone to access it via <code>GET</code> method. The <code>shadow_rules</code> are not used and you can ignored them safely.</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>{
|
||
"name": "envoy.filters.http.rbac",
|
||
"config": {
|
||
"rules": {
|
||
"policies": {
|
||
"productpage-viewer": {
|
||
"permissions": [
|
||
{
|
||
"and_rules": {
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"or_rules": {
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"header": {
|
||
"exact_match": "GET",
|
||
"name": ":method"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
],
|
||
"principals": [
|
||
{
|
||
"and_ids": {
|
||
"ids": [
|
||
{
|
||
"any": true
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"shadow_rules": {
|
||
"policies": {}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-proxies-enforce-policies-correctly>Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly</h2><p>Proxies eventually enforce the authorization policies. The following steps help you ensure the proxy
|
||
is working as expected:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>The command used in this section assumes you have deployed <a href=/v1.5/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>.
|
||
otherwise you should replace <code>"-l app=productpage"</code> with your actual pod.</div></aside></div><ol><li><p>Turn on the authorization debug logging in proxy with the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request POST 'logging?rbac=debug'
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify you see the following output:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>active loggers:
|
||
... ...
|
||
rbac: debug
|
||
... ...
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Visit the <code>productpage</code> in your browser to generate some logs.</p></li><li><p>Print the proxy logs with the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the output and verify:</p><ul><li><p>The output log shows either <code>enforced allowed</code> or <code>enforced denied</code> depending on whether the request
|
||
was allowed or denied respectively.</p></li><li><p>Your authorization policy expects the data extracted from the request.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>The following output means there is a <code>GET</code> request at path <code>/productpage</code> and the policy allows the request.
|
||
The <code>shadow denied</code> has no effect and you can ignore it safely.</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>...
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:79] checking request: remoteAddress: 10.60.0.139:51158, localAddress: 10.60.0.93:9080, ssl: uriSanPeerCertificate: spiffe://cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account, subjectPeerCertificate: O=, headers: ':authority', '35.238.0.62'
|
||
':path', '/productpage'
|
||
':method', 'GET'
|
||
'upgrade-insecure-requests', '1'
|
||
'user-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.99 Safari/537.36'
|
||
'dnt', '1'
|
||
'accept', 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8'
|
||
'accept-encoding', 'gzip, deflate'
|
||
'accept-language', 'en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7'
|
||
'x-forwarded-for', '10.60.0.1'
|
||
'x-forwarded-proto', 'http'
|
||
'x-request-id', 'e23ea62d-b25d-91be-857c-80a058d746d4'
|
||
'x-b3-traceid', '5983108bf6d05603'
|
||
'x-b3-spanid', '5983108bf6d05603'
|
||
'x-b3-sampled', '1'
|
||
'x-istio-attributes', 'CikKGGRlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2UubmFtZRINEgtwcm9kdWN0cGFnZQoqCh1kZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLm5hbWVzcGFjZRIJEgdkZWZhdWx0Ck8KCnNvdXJjZS51aWQSQRI/a3ViZXJuZXRlczovL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LTc2NjY0Y2NmY2Ytd3hjcjQuaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtCj4KE2Rlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2USJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApDChhkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLmhvc3QSJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApBChdkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLnVpZBImEiRpc3RpbzovL2RlZmF1bHQvc2VydmljZXMvcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2U='
|
||
'content-length', '0'
|
||
'x-envoy-internal', 'true'
|
||
'sec-istio-authn-payload', 'CkVjbHVzdGVyLmxvY2FsL25zL2lzdGlvLXN5c3RlbS9zYS9pc3Rpby1pbmdyZXNzZ2F0ZXdheS1zZXJ2aWNlLWFjY291bnQSRWNsdXN0ZXIubG9jYWwvbnMvaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtL3NhL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LXNlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudA=='
|
||
, dynamicMetadata: filter_metadata {
|
||
key: "istio_authn"
|
||
value {
|
||
fields {
|
||
key: "request.auth.principal"
|
||
value {
|
||
string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
fields {
|
||
key: "source.principal"
|
||
value {
|
||
string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:88] shadow denied
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:98] enforced allowed
|
||
...
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=keys-and-certificates-errors>Keys and certificates errors</h2><p>If you suspect that some of the keys and/or certificates used by Istio aren’t correct, the
|
||
first step is to ensure that <a href=#repairing-citadel>Citadel is healthy</a>.</p><p>You can then verify that Citadel is actually generating keys and certificates:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret istio.my-sa -n my-ns
|
||
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
|
||
istio.my-sa istio.io/key-and-cert 3 24d
|
||
</code></pre><p>Where <code>my-ns</code> and <code>my-sa</code> are the namespace and service account your pod is running as.</p><p>If you want to check the keys and certificates of other service accounts, you can run the following
|
||
command to list all secrets for which Citadel has generated a key and certificate:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret --all-namespaces | grep istio.io/key-and-cert
|
||
NAMESPACE NAME TYPE DATA AGE
|
||
.....
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-citadel-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-cleanup-old-ca-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-egressgateway-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-ingressgateway-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-mixer-post-install-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-mixer-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-pilot-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-sidecar-injector-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.prometheus istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
kube-public istio.default istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
.....
|
||
</code></pre><p>Then check that the certificate is valid with:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret -o json istio.my-sa -n my-ns | jq -r '.data["cert-chain.pem"]' | base64 --decode | openssl x509 -noout -text
|
||
Certificate:
|
||
Data:
|
||
Version: 3 (0x2)
|
||
Serial Number:
|
||
99:59:6b:a2:5a:f4:20:f4:03:d7:f0:bc:59:f5:d8:40
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
Issuer: O = k8s.cluster.local
|
||
Validity
|
||
Not Before: Jun 4 20:38:20 2018 GMT
|
||
Not After : Sep 2 20:38:20 2018 GMT
|
||
Subject: O =
|
||
Subject Public Key Info:
|
||
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
|
||
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
|
||
Modulus:
|
||
00:c8:a0:08:24:61:af:c1:cb:81:21:90:cc:03:76:
|
||
01:25:bc:ff:ca:25:fc:81:d1:fa:b8:04:aa:d4:6b:
|
||
55:e9:48:f2:e4:ab:22:78:03:47:26:bb:8f:22:10:
|
||
66:47:47:c3:b2:9a:70:f1:12:f1:b3:de:d0:e9:2d:
|
||
28:52:21:4b:04:33:fa:3d:92:8c:ab:7f:cc:74:c9:
|
||
c4:68:86:b0:4f:03:1b:06:33:48:e3:5b:8f:01:48:
|
||
6a:be:64:0e:01:f5:98:6f:57:e4:e7:b7:47:20:55:
|
||
98:35:f9:99:54:cf:a9:58:1e:1b:5a:0a:63:ce:cd:
|
||
ed:d3:a4:88:2b:00:ee:b0:af:e8:09:f8:a8:36:b8:
|
||
55:32:80:21:8e:b5:19:c0:2f:e8:ca:4b:65:35:37:
|
||
2f:f1:9e:6f:09:d4:e0:b1:3d:aa:5f:fe:25:1a:7b:
|
||
d4:dd:fe:d1:d3:b6:3c:78:1d:3b:12:c2:66:bd:95:
|
||
a8:3b:64:19:c0:51:05:9f:74:3d:6e:86:1e:20:f5:
|
||
ed:3a:ab:44:8d:7c:5b:11:14:83:ee:6b:a1:12:2e:
|
||
2a:0e:6b:be:02:ad:11:6a:ec:23:fe:55:d9:54:f3:
|
||
5c:20:bc:ec:bf:a6:99:9b:7a:2e:71:10:92:51:a7:
|
||
cb:79:af:b4:12:4e:26:03:ab:35:e2:5b:00:45:54:
|
||
fe:91
|
||
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
|
||
X509v3 extensions:
|
||
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
|
||
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
|
||
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
|
||
TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
|
||
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
|
||
CA:FALSE
|
||
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
|
||
URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
78:77:7f:83:cc:fc:f4:30:12:57:78:62:e9:e2:48:d6:ea:76:
|
||
69:99:02:e9:62:d2:53:db:2c:13:fe:0f:00:56:2b:83:ca:d3:
|
||
4c:d2:01:f6:08:af:01:f2:e2:3e:bb:af:a3:bf:95:97:aa:de:
|
||
1e:e6:51:8c:21:ee:52:f0:d3:af:9c:fd:f7:f9:59:16:da:40:
|
||
4d:53:db:47:bb:9c:25:1a:6e:34:41:42:d9:26:f7:3a:a6:90:
|
||
2d:82:42:97:08:f4:6b:16:84:d1:ad:e3:82:2c:ce:1c:d6:cd:
|
||
68:e6:b0:5e:b5:63:55:3e:f1:ff:e1:a0:42:cd:88:25:56:f7:
|
||
a8:88:a1:ec:53:f9:c1:2a:bb:5c:d7:f8:cb:0e:d9:f4:af:2e:
|
||
eb:85:60:89:b3:d0:32:60:b4:a8:a1:ee:f3:3a:61:60:11:da:
|
||
2d:7f:2d:35:ce:6e:d4:eb:5c:82:cf:5c:9a:02:c0:31:33:35:
|
||
51:2b:91:79:8a:92:50:d9:e0:58:0a:78:9d:59:f4:d3:39:21:
|
||
bb:b4:41:f9:f7:ec:ad:dd:76:be:28:58:c0:1f:e8:26:5a:9e:
|
||
7b:7f:14:a9:18:8d:61:d1:06:e3:9e:0f:05:9e:1b:66:0c:66:
|
||
d1:27:13:6d:ab:59:46:00:77:6e:25:f6:e8:41:ef:49:58:73:
|
||
b4:93:04:46
|
||
</code></pre><p>Make sure the displayed certificate contains valid information. In particular, the Subject Alternative Name field should be <code>URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa</code>.
|
||
If this is not the case, it is likely that something is wrong with your Citadel. Try to redeploy Citadel and check again.</p><p>Finally, you can verify that the key and certificate are correctly mounted by your sidecar proxy at the directory <code>/etc/certs</code>. You
|
||
can use this command to check:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec -it my-pod-id -c istio-proxy -- ls /etc/certs
|
||
cert-chain.pem key.pem root-cert.pem
|
||
</code></pre><p>Optionally, you could use the following command to check its contents:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec -it my-pod-id -c istio-proxy -- cat /etc/certs/cert-chain.pem | openssl x509 -text -noout
|
||
Certificate:
|
||
Data:
|
||
Version: 3 (0x2)
|
||
Serial Number:
|
||
7e:b4:44:fe:d0:46:ba:27:47:5a:50:c8:f0:8e:8b:da
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
Issuer: O = k8s.cluster.local
|
||
Validity
|
||
Not Before: Jul 13 01:23:13 2018 GMT
|
||
Not After : Oct 11 01:23:13 2018 GMT
|
||
Subject: O =
|
||
Subject Public Key Info:
|
||
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
|
||
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
|
||
Modulus:
|
||
00:bb:c9:cd:f4:b8:b5:e4:3b:f2:35:aa:4c:67:cc:
|
||
1b:a9:30:c4:b7:fd:0a:f5:ac:94:05:b5:82:96:b2:
|
||
c8:98:85:f9:fc:09:b3:28:34:5e:79:7e:a9:3c:58:
|
||
0a:14:43:c1:f4:d7:b8:76:ab:4e:1c:89:26:e8:55:
|
||
cd:13:6b:45:e9:f1:67:e1:9b:69:46:b4:7e:8c:aa:
|
||
fd:70:de:21:15:4f:f5:f3:0f:b7:d4:c6:b5:9d:56:
|
||
ef:8a:91:d7:16:fa:db:6e:4c:24:71:1c:9c:f3:d9:
|
||
4b:83:f1:dd:98:5b:63:5c:98:5e:2f:15:29:0f:78:
|
||
31:04:bc:1d:c8:78:c3:53:4f:26:b2:61:86:53:39:
|
||
0a:3b:72:3e:3d:0d:22:61:d6:16:72:5d:64:e3:78:
|
||
c8:23:9d:73:17:07:5a:6b:79:75:91:ce:71:4b:77:
|
||
c5:1f:60:f1:da:ca:aa:85:56:5c:13:90:23:02:20:
|
||
12:66:3f:8f:58:b8:aa:72:9d:36:f1:f3:b7:2b:2d:
|
||
3e:bb:7c:f9:b5:44:b9:57:cf:fc:2f:4b:3c:e6:ee:
|
||
51:ba:23:be:09:7b:e2:02:6a:6e:e7:83:06:cd:6c:
|
||
be:7a:90:f1:1f:2c:6d:12:9e:2f:0f:e4:8c:5f:31:
|
||
b1:a2:fa:0b:71:fa:e1:6a:4a:0f:52:16:b4:11:73:
|
||
65:d9
|
||
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
|
||
X509v3 extensions:
|
||
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
|
||
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
|
||
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
|
||
TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
|
||
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
|
||
CA:FALSE
|
||
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
|
||
URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-productpage
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
8f:be:af:a4:ee:f7:be:21:e9:c8:c9:e2:3b:d3:ac:41:18:5d:
|
||
f8:9a:85:0f:98:f3:35:af:b7:e1:2d:58:5a:e0:50:70:98:cc:
|
||
75:f6:2e:55:25:ed:66:e7:a4:b9:4a:aa:23:3b:a6:ee:86:63:
|
||
9f:d8:f9:97:73:07:10:25:59:cc:d9:01:09:12:f9:ab:9e:54:
|
||
24:8a:29:38:74:3a:98:40:87:67:e4:96:d0:e6:c7:2d:59:3d:
|
||
d3:ea:dd:6e:40:5f:63:bf:30:60:c1:85:16:83:66:66:0b:6a:
|
||
f5:ab:60:7e:f5:3b:44:c6:11:5b:a1:99:0c:bd:53:b3:a7:cc:
|
||
e2:4b:bd:10:eb:fb:f0:b0:e5:42:a4:b2:ab:0c:27:c8:c1:4c:
|
||
5b:b5:1b:93:25:9a:09:45:7c:28:31:13:a3:57:1c:63:86:5a:
|
||
55:ed:14:29:db:81:e3:34:47:14:ba:52:d6:3c:3d:3b:51:50:
|
||
89:a9:db:17:e4:c4:57:ec:f8:22:98:b7:e7:aa:8a:72:28:9a:
|
||
a7:27:75:60:85:20:17:1d:30:df:78:40:74:ea:bc:ce:7b:e5:
|
||
a5:57:32:da:6d:f2:64:fb:28:94:7d:28:37:6f:3c:97:0e:9c:
|
||
0c:33:42:f0:b6:f5:1c:0d:fb:70:65:aa:93:3e:ca:0e:58:ec:
|
||
8e:d5:d0:1e
|
||
</code></pre><h2 id=mutual-tls-errors>Mutual TLS errors</h2><p>If you suspect problems with mutual TLS, first ensure that <a href=#repairing-citadel>Citadel is healthy</a>, and
|
||
second ensure that <a href=#keys-and-certificates-errors>keys and certificates are being delivered</a> to sidecars properly.</p><p>If everything appears to be working so far, the next step is to verify that the right <a href=/v1.5/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>authentication policy</a>
|
||
is applied and the right destination rules are in place.</p><h2 id=repairing-citadel>Citadel is not behaving properly</h2><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>Workloads with new Kubernetes service accounts can not be started when Citadel is
|
||
disabled for maintenance since they can’t get their certificates generated.</div></aside></div><p>Citadel is not a critical data plane component. The default workload certificate lifetime is 3
|
||
months. Certificates will be rotated by Citadel before they expire. If Citadel is disabled for
|
||
short maintenance periods, existing mutual TLS traffic will not be affected.</p><p>If you suspect Citadel isn’t working properly, verify the status of the <code>istio-citadel</code> pod:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get pod -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
|
||
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
||
istio-citadel-ff5696f6f-ht4gq 1/1 Running 0 25d
|
||
</code></pre><p>If the <code>istio-citadel</code> pod doesn’t exist, try to re-deploy the pod.</p><p>If the <code>istio-citadel</code> pod is present but its status is not <code>Running</code>, run the commands below to get more
|
||
debugging information and check if there are any errors:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
|
||
$ kubectl describe pod -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
|
||
</code></pre><p>If you want to check a workload (with <code>default</code> service account and <code>default</code> namespace)
|
||
certificate’s lifetime:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret -o json istio.default -n default | jq -r '.data["cert-chain.pem"]' | base64 --decode | openssl x509 -noout -text | grep "Not After" -C 1
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||
Not Before: Jun 1 18:23:30 2019 GMT
|
||
Not After : Aug 30 18:23:30 2019 GMT
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Remember to replace <code>istio.default</code> and <code>-n default</code> with <code>istio.YourServiceAccount</code> and
|
||
<code>-n YourNamespace</code> for other workloads. If the certificate is expired, Citadel did not
|
||
update the secret properly. Check Citadel logs for more information.</div></aside></div><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.5/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></p><p class=desc>A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.5/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></p><p class=desc>A more secure way to manage secrets.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.5/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></p><p class=desc>Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.5/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></p><p class=desc>Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.5/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></p><p class=desc>A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.5/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></p><p class=desc>Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Traffic Management Problems</a></div><div class=right><a title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.5/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.5/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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