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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon cancel-x"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card0 title="Blog posts for 2021." aria-controls=card0-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2021 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card0 role=region id=card0-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card0><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Product Security working group announces Patch Tuesdays, how 0-days and embargoes are handled, updates to the security best practices page and the notification of the early disclosure list (May 11, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/patch-tuesdays/>Updates to how Istio security releases are handled: Patch Tuesday, embargoes, and 0-days</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to use discovery selectors and how they intersect with Sidecar resources (April 30, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/discovery-selectors/>Use discovery selectors to configure namespaces for your Istio service mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding the upcoming changes to Istio networking, how they may impact your cluster, and what action to take (April 15, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/upcoming-networking-changes/>Upcoming networking changes in Istio 1.10</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on Envoy and Istio's WebAssembly-based extensibility effort (March 5, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/wasm-progress/>Istio and Envoy WebAssembly Extensibility, One Year On</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A tutorial to help customers migrate from the deprecated v1alpha1 security policy to the supported v1beta1 version (March 3, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/migrate-alpha-policy/>Migrate pre-Istio 1.4 Alpha security policy to the current APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding the benefits Istio brings, even when no configuration is used (February 25, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/zero-config-istio/>Zero Configuration Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn about sessions, panels, workshops and more on the IstioCon website (February 16, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/istiocon-2021-program/>IstioCon 2021: Schedule Is Live!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="AuthorizationPolicy now supports CUSTOM action to delegate the authorization to external system (February 9, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/better-external-authz/>Better External Authorization</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card1 title="Blog posts for 2020." aria-controls=card1-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2020 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card1 role=region id=card1-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card1><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy multiple Istio egress gateways independently to have fine-grained control of egress communication from the mesh (December 16, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/proxying-legacy-services-using-egress-gateways/>Proxying legacy services using Istio egress gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable proxy protocol on AWS NLB and Istio ingress gateway (December 11, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/show-source-ip/>Proxy protocol on AWS NLB and Istio ingress gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The inaugural conference for Istio will take place at the end of February (December 8, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istiocon-2021/>Join us for the first IstioCon in 2021!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to ensure your clusters are not impacted by Docker Hub rate limiting (December 7, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/docker-rate-limit/>Handling Docker Hub rate limiting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Workload Local DNS resolution to simplify VM integration, multicluster, and more (November 12, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/dns-proxy/>Expanding into New Frontiers - Smart DNS Proxying in Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announcing the four newest Istio Steering Committee members (September 29, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/steering-election-results/>2020 Steering Committee Election Results</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The effect of security policies on latency of requests (September 15, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/large-scale-security-policy-performance-tests/>Large Scale Security Policy Performance Tests</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new deployment model for Istio (August 27, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/new-deployment-model/>Deploying Istio Control Planes Outside the Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio Steering Committee is now in part proportionally allocated to companies based on contribution, and in part elected by community members (August 24, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/steering-changes/>Introducing the new Istio steering committee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An alternative sidecar proxy for Istio (July 28, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/mosn-proxy/>Using MOSN with Istio: an alternative data plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on trademarks and project governance (July 8, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/open-usage/>Open and neutral: transferring our trademarks to the Open Usage Commons</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new way to manage installation of telemetry addons (June 4, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/addon-rework/>Reworking our Addon Integrations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describing the new functionality of Workload Entries (May 21, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/workload-entry/>Introducing Workload Entries</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Simplifying Istio upgrades by offering safe canary deployments of the control plane (May 19, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/multiple-control-planes/>Safely Upgrade Istio using a Canary Control Plane Deployment</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Application Load Balancer to direct traffic to the Istio Ingress gateway with mutual TLS (May 15, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/alb-ingress-gateway-iks/>Direct encrypted traffic from IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Ingress to Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Community partner tooling of Wasm for Istio by Solo.io (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/wasmhub-istio/>Extended and Improved WebAssemblyHub to Bring the Power of WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A mechanism to acquire and share an application certificate and key through mounted files (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/proxy-cert/>Provision a certificate and key for an application without sidecars</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istiod consolidates the Istio control plane components into a single binary (March 19, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istiod/>Introducing istiod: simplifying the control plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio declaratively (March 16, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/deploy-wasm-declarative/>Declarative WebAssembly deployment for Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The future of Istio extensibility using WASM (March 5, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/wasm-announce/>Redefining extensibility in proxies - introducing WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020 (March 3, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage secrets (February 20, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automating Istio configuration for Istio deployments (clusters) that work as a single mesh (January 5, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/multi-cluster-mesh-automation/>Multicluster Istio configuration and service discovery using Admiral</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card2 title="Blog posts for 2019." aria-controls=card2-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2019 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card2 role=region id=card2-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card2><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Analyze your Istio configuration to detect potential issues and get general insights (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/introducing-istioctl-analyze/>Introducing istioctl analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction to Istio's new operator-based installation and control plane management feature (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/introducing-istio-operator/>Introducing the Istio Operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Getting programmatic access to Istio resources (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/announcing-istio-client-go/>Announcing Istio client-go</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Istio ingress gateway to act as a proxy for external services (October 15, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/proxy/>Istio as a Proxy for External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation (October 2, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How can you use Istio to monitor blocked and passthrough external traffic (September 28, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/monitoring-external-service-traffic/>Monitoring Blocked and Passthrough External Service Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/>Mixer Adapter for Knative</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely (September 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The design principles behind Istio's APIs and how those APIs are evolving (August 5, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/evolving-istios-apis/>The Evolution of Istio's APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations (July 22, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic (July 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and guidance for evaluating Istio's data plane performance (July 9, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/performance-best-practices/>Best Practices: Benchmarking Service Mesh Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of Istio self-signed root certificate (June 7, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/root-transition/>Extending Istio Self-Signed Root Certificate Lifetime</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control (May 22, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An overview of Istio 1.1 performance (March 19, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/istio1.1_perf/>Architecting Istio 1.1 for Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Istio route rules in a multicluster service mesh (February 7, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/multicluster-version-routing/>Version Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announces the new Istio blog policy (February 5, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/>Sail the Blog!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch (January 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a Custom Ingress Gateway Using Cert-Manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio has a new discussion board (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card3 title="Blog posts for 2018." aria-controls=card3-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2018 Posts</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card3 role=region id=card3-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card3><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies (November 21, 2018)">Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (November 16, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release (August 3, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio (July 31, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch (July 30, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases (July 20, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver (July 9, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic (June 22, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API (April 25, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS (April 20, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment (April 19, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production (February 8, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (February 6, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (January 31, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card4 title="Blog posts for 2017." aria-controls=card4-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2017 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card4 role=region id=card4-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card4><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Improving availability and reducing latency (December 7, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture (November 3, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy (August 10, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments (June 14, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Authentication 0.1 announcement (May 25, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon pull"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.9/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.9/blog/ title="Posts about using Istio.">Blog</a></li><li><a href=/v1.9/blog/2018/ title="Blog posts for 2018.">2018 Posts</a></li><li>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</h1><p class=byline><span>By</span>
|
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<span class=attribution>Sandeep Parikh</span>(<a href=https://twitter.com/crcsmnky>@crcsmnky</a>)<span> | </span><span><svg class="icon calendar"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#calendar"/></svg><span> </span>November 21, 2018</span><span> | </span><span title="1393 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>7 minute read</span>
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<span> </span>
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<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Setup: why implement Istio traffic management features?"><a href=#setup-why-implement-istio-traffic-management-features>Setup: why implement Istio traffic management features?</a><li role=none aria-label="Background: traffic routing in an Istio mesh"><a href=#background-traffic-routing-in-an-istio-mesh>Background: traffic routing in an Istio mesh</a><li role=none aria-label="In action: traffic routing with Istio"><a href=#in-action-traffic-routing-with-istio>In action: traffic routing with Istio</a><li role=none aria-label="Testing your deployment"><a href=#testing-your-deployment>Testing your deployment</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>This blog post was written assuming Istio 1, so some of this content may now be outdated.</div></aside></div><p>Traffic management is one of the critical benefits provided by Istio. At the heart of Istio’s traffic management is the ability to decouple traffic flow and infrastructure scaling. This lets you control your traffic in ways that aren’t possible without a service mesh like Istio.</p><p>For example, let’s say you want to execute a <a href=https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CanaryRelease.html>canary deployment</a>. With Istio, you can specify that <strong>v1</strong> of a service receives 90% of incoming traffic, while <strong>v2</strong> of that service only receives 10%. With standard Kubernetes deployments, the only way to achieve this is to manually control the number of available Pods for each version, for example 9 Pods running v1 and 1 Pod running v2. This type of manual control is hard to implement, and over time may have trouble scaling. For more information, check out <a href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a>.</p><p>The same issue exists when deploying updates to existing services. While you can update deployments with Kubernetes, it requires replacing v1 Pods with v2 Pods. Using Istio, you can deploy v2 of your service and use built-in traffic management mechanisms to shift traffic to your updated services at a network level, then remove the v1 Pods.</p><p>In addition to canary deployments and general traffic shifting, Istio also gives you the ability to implement dynamic request routing (based on HTTP headers), failure recovery, retries, circuit breakers, and fault injection. For more information, check out the <a href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management documentation</a>.</p><p>This post walks through a technique that highlights a particularly useful way that you can implement Istio incrementally – in this case, only the traffic management features – without having to individually update each of your Pods.</p><h2 id=setup-why-implement-istio-traffic-management-features>Setup: why implement Istio traffic management features?</h2><p>Of course, the first question is: Why would you want to do this?</p><p>If you’re part of one of the many organizations out there that have a large cluster with lots of teams deploying, the answer is pretty clear. Let’s say Team A is getting started with Istio and wants to start some canary deployments on Service A, but Team B hasn’t started using Istio, so they don’t have sidecars deployed.</p><p>With Istio, Team A can still implement their canaries by having Service B call Service A through Istio’s ingress gateway.</p><h2 id=background-traffic-routing-in-an-istio-mesh>Background: traffic routing in an Istio mesh</h2><p>But how can you use Istio’s traffic management capabilities without updating each of your applications’ Pods to include the Istio sidecar? Before answering that question, let’s take a quick high-level look at how traffic enters an Istio mesh and how it’s routed.</p><p>Pods that are part of the Istio mesh contain a sidecar proxy that is responsible for mediating all inbound and outbound traffic to the Pod. Within an Istio mesh, Pilot is responsible for converting high-level routing rules into configurations and propagating them to the sidecar proxies. That means when services communicate with one another, their routing decisions are determined from the client side.</p><p>Let’s say you have two services that are part of the Istio mesh, Service A and Service B. When A wants to communicate with B, the sidecar proxy of Pod A is responsible for directing traffic to Service B. For example, if you wanted to split traffic <sup>50</sup>⁄<sub>50</sub> across Service B v1 and v2, the traffic would flow as follows:</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:42.66666666666667%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/fifty-fifty.png title="50/50 Traffic Split"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.9/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/fifty-fifty.png alt="50/50 Traffic Split"></a></div><figcaption>50/50 Traffic Split</figcaption></figure><p>If Services A and B are not part of the Istio mesh, there is no sidecar proxy that knows how to route traffic to different versions of Service B. In that case you need to use another approach to get traffic from Service A to Service B, following the <sup>50</sup>⁄<sub>50</sub> rules you’ve setup.</p><p>Fortunately, a standard Istio deployment already includes a <a href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#gateways>Gateway</a> that specifically deals with ingress traffic outside of the Istio mesh. This Gateway is used to allow ingress traffic from outside the cluster via an external load balancer, or to allow ingress traffic from within the Kubernetes cluster but outside the service mesh. It can be configured to proxy incoming ingress traffic to the appropriate Pods, even if they don’t have a sidecar proxy. While this approach allows you to leverage Istio’s traffic management features, it does mean that traffic going through the ingress gateway will incur an extra hop.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:54.83870967741935%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/fifty-fifty-ingress-gateway.png title="50/50 Traffic Split using Ingress Gateway"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.9/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/fifty-fifty-ingress-gateway.png alt="50/50 Traffic Split using Ingress Gateway"></a></div><figcaption>50/50 Traffic Split using Ingress Gateway</figcaption></figure><h2 id=in-action-traffic-routing-with-istio>In action: traffic routing with Istio</h2><p>A simple way to see this type of approach in action is to first setup your Kubernetes environment using the <a href=/v1.9/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a> instructions, and then install the <strong>minimal</strong> Istio profile using <a href=https://archive.istio.io/1.4/docs/setup/install/helm/>Helm</a>, including only the traffic management components (ingress gateway, egress gateway, Pilot). The following example uses <a href=https://cloud.google.com/gke>Google Kubernetes Engine</a>.</p><p>First, setup and configure <a href=/v1.9/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>GKE</a>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ gcloud container clusters create istio-inc --zone us-central1-f
|
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$ gcloud container clusters get-credentials istio-inc
|
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$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-admin-binding \
|
||
--clusterrole=cluster-admin \
|
||
--user=$(gcloud config get-value core/account)
|
||
</code></pre><p>Next, <a href=https://helm.sh/docs/intro/install/>install Helm</a> and <a href=https://archive.istio.io/1.4/docs/setup/install/helm/>generate a minimal Istio install</a> – only traffic management components:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio \
|
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--name istio \
|
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--namespace istio-system \
|
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--set security.enabled=false \
|
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--set galley.enabled=false \
|
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--set sidecarInjectorWebhook.enabled=false \
|
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--set mixer.enabled=false \
|
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--set prometheus.enabled=false \
|
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--set pilot.sidecar=false > istio-minimal.yaml
|
||
</code></pre><p>Then create the <code>istio-system</code> namespace and deploy Istio:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl create namespace istio-system
|
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$ kubectl apply -f istio-minimal.yaml
|
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</code></pre><p>Next, deploy the Bookinfo sample without the Istio sidecar containers:</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.9/samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo.yaml@
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</code></pre></div><p>Now, configure a new Gateway that allows access to the reviews service from outside the Istio mesh, a new <code>VirtualService</code> that splits traffic evenly between v1 and v2 of the reviews service, and a set of new <code>DestinationRule</code> resources that match destination subsets to service versions:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
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apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
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kind: Gateway
|
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metadata:
|
||
name: reviews-gateway
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spec:
|
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selector:
|
||
istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
|
||
servers:
|
||
- port:
|
||
number: 80
|
||
name: http
|
||
protocol: HTTP
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- "*"
|
||
---
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: VirtualService
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: reviews
|
||
spec:
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- "*"
|
||
gateways:
|
||
- reviews-gateway
|
||
http:
|
||
- match:
|
||
- uri:
|
||
prefix: /reviews
|
||
route:
|
||
- destination:
|
||
host: reviews
|
||
subset: v1
|
||
weight: 50
|
||
- destination:
|
||
host: reviews
|
||
subset: v2
|
||
weight: 50
|
||
---
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: DestinationRule
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: reviews
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: reviews
|
||
subsets:
|
||
- name: v1
|
||
labels:
|
||
version: v1
|
||
- name: v2
|
||
labels:
|
||
version: v2
|
||
- name: v3
|
||
labels:
|
||
version: v3
|
||
EOF
|
||
</code></pre><p>Finally, deploy a pod that you can use for testing with <code>curl</code> (and without the Istio sidecar container):</p><div><a data-skipendnotes=true style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.9/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml>Zip</a><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
|
||
</code></pre></div><h2 id=testing-your-deployment>Testing your deployment</h2><p>Now, you can test different behaviors using the <code>curl</code> commands via the sleep Pod.</p><p>The first example is to issue requests to the reviews service using standard Kubernetes service DNS behavior (<strong>note</strong>: <a href=https://stedolan.github.io/jq/><code>jq</code></a> is used in the examples below to filter the output from <code>curl</code>):</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ export SLEEP_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep \
|
||
-o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
|
||
$ for i in `seq 3`; do \
|
||
kubectl exec -it $SLEEP_POD curl http://reviews:9080/reviews/0 | \
|
||
jq '.reviews|.[]|.rating?'; \
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-json data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>{
|
||
"stars": 5,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 4,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
null
|
||
null
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 5,
|
||
"color": "red"
|
||
}
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 4,
|
||
"color": "red"
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre><p>Notice how we’re getting responses from all three versions of the reviews service (<code>null</code> is from reviews v1 which doesn’t have ratings) and not getting the even split across v1 and v2. This is expected behavior because the <code>curl</code> command is using Kubernetes service load balancing across all three versions of the reviews service. In order to access the reviews <sup>50</sup>⁄<sub>50</sub> split we need to access the service via the ingress Gateway:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ for i in `seq 4`; do \
|
||
kubectl exec -it $SLEEP_POD curl http://istio-ingressgateway.istio-system/reviews/0 | \
|
||
jq '.reviews|.[]|.rating?'; \
|
||
done
|
||
</code></pre><pre><code class=language-json data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>{
|
||
"stars": 5,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 4,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
null
|
||
null
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 5,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 4,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
null
|
||
null
|
||
</code></pre><p>Mission accomplished! This post showed how to deploy a minimal installation of Istio that only contains the traffic management components (Pilot, ingress Gateway), and then use those components to direct traffic to specific versions of the reviews service. And it wasn’t necessary to deploy the Istio sidecar proxy to gain these capabilities, so there was little to no interruption of existing workloads or applications.</p><p>Using the built-in ingress gateway (along with some <code>VirtualService</code> and <code>DestinationRule</code> resources) this post showed how you can easily leverage Istio’s traffic management for cluster-external ingress traffic and cluster-internal service-to-service traffic. This technique is a great example of an incremental approach to adopting Istio, and can be especially useful in real-world cases where Pods are owned by different teams or deployed to different namespaces.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2020/multi-cluster-mesh-automation/>Multicluster Istio configuration and service discovery using Admiral</a></p><p class=desc>Automating Istio configuration for Istio deployments (clusters) that work as a single mesh.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></p><p class=desc>Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></p><p class=desc>Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></p><p class=desc>Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/network-topologies/>Configuring Gateway Network Topology [Experimental]</a></p><p class=desc>How to configure gateway network topology (experimental).</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2020/proxying-legacy-services-using-egress-gateways/>Proxying legacy services using Istio egress gateways</a></p><p class=desc>Deploy multiple Istio egress gateways independently to have fine-grained control of egress communication from the mesh.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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