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href=/v1.9/blog/2021/patch-tuesdays/>Updates to how Istio security releases are handled: Patch Tuesday, embargoes, and 0-days</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to use discovery selectors and how they intersect with Sidecar resources (April 30, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/discovery-selectors/>Use discovery selectors to configure namespaces for your Istio service mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding the upcoming changes to Istio networking, how they may impact your cluster, and what action to take (April 15, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/upcoming-networking-changes/>Upcoming networking changes in Istio 1.10</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on Envoy and Istio's WebAssembly-based extensibility effort (March 5, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/wasm-progress/>Istio and Envoy WebAssembly Extensibility, One Year On</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A tutorial to help customers migrate from the deprecated v1alpha1 security policy to the supported v1beta1 version (March 3, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/migrate-alpha-policy/>Migrate pre-Istio 1.4 Alpha security policy to the current APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding the benefits Istio brings, even when no configuration is used (February 25, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/zero-config-istio/>Zero Configuration Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn about sessions, panels, workshops and more on the IstioCon website (February 16, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/istiocon-2021-program/>IstioCon 2021: Schedule Is Live!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="AuthorizationPolicy now supports CUSTOM action to delegate the authorization to external system (February 9, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/better-external-authz/>Better External Authorization</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card1 title="Blog posts for 2020." aria-controls=card1-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2020 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card1 role=region id=card1-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card1><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy multiple Istio egress gateways independently to have fine-grained control of egress communication from the mesh (December 16, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/proxying-legacy-services-using-egress-gateways/>Proxying legacy services using Istio egress gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable proxy protocol on AWS NLB and Istio ingress gateway (December 11, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/show-source-ip/>Proxy protocol on AWS NLB and Istio ingress gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The inaugural conference for Istio will take place at the end of February (December 8, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istiocon-2021/>Join us for the first IstioCon in 2021!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to ensure your clusters are not impacted by Docker Hub rate limiting (December 7, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/docker-rate-limit/>Handling Docker Hub rate limiting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Workload Local DNS resolution to simplify VM integration, multicluster, and more (November 12, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/dns-proxy/>Expanding into New Frontiers - Smart DNS Proxying in Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announcing the four newest Istio Steering Committee members (September 29, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/steering-election-results/>2020 Steering Committee Election Results</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The effect of security policies on latency of requests (September 15, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/large-scale-security-policy-performance-tests/>Large Scale Security Policy Performance Tests</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new deployment model for Istio (August 27, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/new-deployment-model/>Deploying Istio Control Planes Outside the Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio Steering Committee is now in part proportionally allocated to companies based on contribution, and in part elected by community members (August 24, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/steering-changes/>Introducing the new Istio steering committee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An alternative sidecar proxy for Istio (July 28, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/mosn-proxy/>Using MOSN with Istio: an alternative data plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on trademarks and project governance (July 8, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/open-usage/>Open and neutral: transferring our trademarks to the Open Usage Commons</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new way to manage installation of telemetry addons (June 4, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/addon-rework/>Reworking our Addon Integrations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describing the new functionality of Workload Entries (May 21, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/workload-entry/>Introducing Workload Entries</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Simplifying Istio upgrades by offering safe canary deployments of the control plane (May 19, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/multiple-control-planes/>Safely Upgrade Istio using a Canary Control Plane Deployment</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Application Load Balancer to direct traffic to the Istio Ingress gateway with mutual TLS (May 15, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/alb-ingress-gateway-iks/>Direct encrypted traffic from IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Ingress to Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Community partner tooling of Wasm for Istio by Solo.io (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/wasmhub-istio/>Extended and Improved WebAssemblyHub to Bring the Power of WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A mechanism to acquire and share an application certificate and key through mounted files (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/proxy-cert/>Provision a certificate and key for an application without sidecars</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istiod consolidates the Istio control plane components into a single binary (March 19, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istiod/>Introducing istiod: simplifying the control plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio declaratively (March 16, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/deploy-wasm-declarative/>Declarative WebAssembly deployment for Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The future of Istio extensibility using WASM (March 5, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/wasm-announce/>Redefining extensibility in proxies - introducing WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020 (March 3, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage secrets (February 20, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automating Istio configuration for Istio deployments (clusters) that work as a single mesh (January 5, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/multi-cluster-mesh-automation/>Multicluster Istio configuration and service discovery using Admiral</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card2 title="Blog posts for 2019." aria-controls=card2-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2019 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card2 role=region id=card2-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card2><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Analyze your Istio configuration to detect potential issues and get general insights (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/introducing-istioctl-analyze/>Introducing istioctl analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction to Istio's new operator-based installation and control plane management feature (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/introducing-istio-operator/>Introducing the Istio Operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Getting programmatic access to Istio resources (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/announcing-istio-client-go/>Announcing Istio client-go</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Istio ingress gateway to act as a proxy for external services (October 15, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/proxy/>Istio as a Proxy for External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation (October 2, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How can you use Istio to monitor blocked and passthrough external traffic (September 28, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/monitoring-external-service-traffic/>Monitoring Blocked and Passthrough External Service Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/>Mixer Adapter for Knative</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely (September 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The design principles behind Istio's APIs and how those APIs are evolving (August 5, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/evolving-istios-apis/>The Evolution of Istio's APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations (July 22, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic (July 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and guidance for evaluating Istio's data plane performance (July 9, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/performance-best-practices/>Best Practices: Benchmarking Service Mesh Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of Istio self-signed root certificate (June 7, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/root-transition/>Extending Istio Self-Signed Root Certificate Lifetime</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control (May 22, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An overview of Istio 1.1 performance (March 19, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/istio1.1_perf/>Architecting Istio 1.1 for Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Istio route rules in a multicluster service mesh (February 7, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/multicluster-version-routing/>Version Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announces the new Istio blog policy (February 5, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/>Sail the Blog!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch (January 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a Custom Ingress Gateway Using Cert-Manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio has a new discussion board (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card3 title="Blog posts for 2018." aria-controls=card3-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2018 Posts</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card3 role=region id=card3-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card3><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies (November 21, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (November 16, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release (August 3, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio (July 31, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch (July 30, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases (July 20, 2018)">Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver (July 9, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic (June 22, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API (April 25, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS (April 20, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment (April 19, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production (February 8, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (February 6, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (January 31, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card4 title="Blog posts for 2017." aria-controls=card4-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2017 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card4 role=region id=card4-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card4><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Improving availability and reducing latency (December 7, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture (November 3, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy (August 10, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments (June 14, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Authentication 0.1 announcement (May 25, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon pull"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.9/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.9/blog/ title="Posts about using Istio.">Blog</a></li><li><a href=/v1.9/blog/2018/ title="Blog posts for 2018.">2018 Posts</a></li><li>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</h1><p class=byline><span>By</span>
<span class=attribution>Limin Wang</span><span> | </span><span><svg class="icon calendar"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#calendar"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>July 20, 2018</span><span> | </span><span title="1185 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>6 minute read</span>
<span>&nbsp;</span>
<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label=Characteristics><a href=#characteristics>Characteristics</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="RPC level authorization"><a href=#rpc-level-authorization>RPC level authorization</a><li role=none aria-label="Role-based access control with conditions"><a href=#role-based-access-control-with-conditions>Role-based access control with conditions</a><li role=none aria-label="High performance"><a href=#high-performance>High performance</a><li role=none aria-label="Work with/without primary identities"><a href=#work-with-without-primary-identities>Work with/without primary identities</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label=Examples><a href=#examples>Examples</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Namespace level segmentation via RBAC + conditions"><a href=#namespace-level-segmentation-via-rbac-conditions>Namespace level segmentation via RBAC + conditions</a><li role=none aria-label="Service/method level isolation with/without primary identities"><a href=#service-method-level-isolation-with-without-primary-identities>Service/method level isolation with/without primary identities</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Using authenticated client identities"><a href=#using-authenticated-client-identities>Using authenticated client identities</a><li role=none aria-label="Client does not have identity"><a href=#client-does-not-have-identity>Client does not have identity</a></ol></li></ol></li><li role=none aria-label=Summary><a href=#summary>Summary</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>This blog post was written assuming Istio 0.8, so some of this content may now be outdated.</div></aside></div><p>Micro-segmentation is a security technique that creates secure zones in cloud deployments and allows organizations to
isolate workloads from one another and secure them individually.
<a href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>Istio&rsquo;s authorization feature</a>, also known as Istio Role Based Access Control,
provides micro-segmentation for services in an Istio mesh. It features:</p><ul><li>Authorization at different levels of granularity, including namespace level, service level, and method level.</li><li>Service-to-service and end-user-to-service authorization.</li><li>High performance, as it is enforced natively on Envoy.</li><li>Role-based semantics, which makes it easy to use.</li><li>High flexibility as it allows users to define conditions using
<a href=/v1.9/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>combinations of attributes</a>.</li></ul><p>In this blog post, you&rsquo;ll learn about the main authorization features and how to use them in different situations.</p><h2 id=characteristics>Characteristics</h2><h3 id=rpc-level-authorization>RPC level authorization</h3><p>Authorization is performed at the level of individual RPCs. Specifically, it controls &ldquo;who can access my <code>bookstore</code> service”,
or &ldquo;who can access method <code>getBook</code> in my <code>bookstore</code> service”. It is not designed to control access to application-specific
resource instances, like access to &ldquo;storage bucket X” or access to &ldquo;3rd book on 2nd shelf”. Today this kind of application
specific access control logic needs to be handled by the application itself.</p><h3 id=role-based-access-control-with-conditions>Role-based access control with conditions</h3><p>Authorization is a <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-based_access_control>role-based access control (RBAC)</a> system,
contrast this to an <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute-based_access_control>attribute-based access control (ABAC)</a>
system. Compared to ABAC, RBAC has the following advantages:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Roles allow grouping of attributes.</strong> Roles are groups of permissions, which specifies the actions you are allowed
to perform on a system. Users are grouped based on the roles within an organization. You can define the roles and reuse
them for different cases.</p></li><li><p><strong>It is easier to understand and reason about who has access.</strong> The RBAC concepts map naturally to business concepts.
For example, a DB admin may have all access to DB backend services, while a web client may only be able to view the
frontend service.</p></li><li><p><strong>It reduces unintentional errors.</strong> RBAC policies make otherwise complex security changes easier. You won&rsquo;t have
duplicate configurations in multiple places and later forget to update some of them when you need to make changes.</p></li></ul><p>On the other hand, Istio&rsquo;s authorization system is not a traditional RBAC system. It also allows users to define <strong>conditions</strong> using
<a href=/v1.9/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>combinations of attributes</a>. This gives Istio
flexibility to express complex access control policies. In fact, <strong>the &ldquo;RBAC + conditions” model
that Istio authorization adopts, has all the benefits an RBAC system has, and supports the level of flexibility that
normally an ABAC system provides.</strong> You&rsquo;ll see some <a href=#examples>examples</a> below.</p><h3 id=high-performance>High performance</h3><p>Because of its simple semantics, Istio authorization is enforced on Envoy as a native authorization support. At runtime, the
authorization decision is completely done locally inside an Envoy filter, without dependency to any external module.
This allows Istio authorization to achieve high performance and availability.</p><h3 id=work-with-without-primary-identities>Work with/without primary identities</h3><p>Like any other RBAC system, Istio authorization is identity aware. In Istio authorization policy, there is a primary
identity called <code>user</code>, which represents the principal of the client.</p><p>In addition to the primary identity, you can also specify any conditions that define the identities. For example,
you can specify the client identity as &ldquo;user Alice calling from Bookstore frontend service”, in which case,
you have a combined identity of the calling service (<code>Bookstore frontend</code>) and the end user (<code>Alice</code>).</p><p>To improve security, you should enable <a href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>authentication features</a>,
and use authenticated identities in authorization policies. However, strongly authenticated identity is not required
for using authorization. Istio authorization works with or without identities. If you are working with a legacy system,
you may not have mutual TLS or JWT authentication setup for your mesh. In this case, the only way to identify the client is, for example,
through IP. You can still use Istio authorization to control which IP addresses or IP ranges are allowed to access your service.</p><h2 id=examples>Examples</h2><p>The <a href=/v1.9/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>authorization task</a> shows you how to
use Istio&rsquo;s authorization feature to control namespace level and service level access using the
<a href=/v1.9/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>. In this section, you&rsquo;ll see more examples on how to achieve
micro-segmentation with Istio authorization.</p><h3 id=namespace-level-segmentation-via-rbac-conditions>Namespace level segmentation via RBAC + conditions</h3><p>Suppose you have services in the <code>frontend</code> and <code>backend</code> namespaces. You would like to allow all your services
in the <code>frontend</code> namespace to access all services that are marked <code>external</code> in the <code>backend</code> namespace.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRole
metadata:
name: external-api-caller
namespace: backend
spec:
rules:
- services: [&#34;*&#34;]
methods: [&#34;*”]
constraints:
- key: &#34;destination.labels[visibility]”
values: [&#34;external&#34;]
---
apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: external-api-caller
namespace: backend
spec:
subjects:
- properties:
source.namespace: &#34;frontend”
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;external-api-caller&#34;
</code></pre><p>The <code>ServiceRole</code> and <code>ServiceRoleBinding</code> above expressed &ldquo;<em>who</em> is allowed to do <em>what</em> under *which conditions*”
(RBAC + conditions). Specifically:</p><ul><li><strong>&ldquo;who”</strong> are the services in the <code>frontend</code> namespace.</li><li><strong>&ldquo;what”</strong> is to call services in <code>backend</code> namespace.</li><li><strong>&ldquo;conditions”</strong> is the <code>visibility</code> label of the destination service having the value <code>external</code>.</li></ul><h3 id=service-method-level-isolation-with-without-primary-identities>Service/method level isolation with/without primary identities</h3><p>Here is another example that demonstrates finer grained access control at service/method level. The first step
is to define a <code>book-reader</code> service role that allows READ access to <code>/books/*</code> resource in <code>bookstore</code> service.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRole
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
rules:
- services: [&#34;bookstore.default.svc.cluster.local&#34;]
paths: [&#34;/books/*”]
methods: [&#34;GET”]
</code></pre><h4 id=using-authenticated-client-identities>Using authenticated client identities</h4><p>Suppose you want to grant this <code>book-reader</code> role to your <code>bookstore-frontend</code> service. If you have enabled
<a href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>mutual TLS authentication</a> for your mesh, you can use a
service account to identify your <code>bookstore-frontend</code> service. Granting the <code>book-reader</code> role to the <code>bookstore-frontend</code>
service can be done by creating a <code>ServiceRoleBinding</code> as shown below:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
subjects:
- user: &#34;cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookstore-frontend”
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;book-reader&#34;
</code></pre><p>You may want to restrict this further by adding a condition that &ldquo;only users who belong to the <code>qualified-reviewer</code> group are
allowed to read books”. The <code>qualified-reviewer</code> group is the end user identity that is authenticated by
<a href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>JWT authentication</a>. In this case, the combination of the client service identity
(<code>bookstore-frontend</code>) and the end user identity (<code>qualified-reviewer</code>) is used in the authorization policy.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
subjects:
- user: &#34;cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookstore-frontend&#34;
properties:
request.auth.claims[group]: &#34;qualified-reviewer&#34;
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;book-reader&#34;
</code></pre><h4 id=client-does-not-have-identity>Client does not have identity</h4><p>Using authenticated identities in authorization policies is strongly recommended for security. However, if you have a
legacy system that does not support authentication, you may not have authenticated identities for your services.
You can still use Istio authorization to protect your services even without authenticated identities. The example below
shows that you can specify allowed source IP range in your authorization policy.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
subjects:
- properties:
source.ip: 10.20.0.0/9
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;book-reader&#34;
</code></pre><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>Istios authorization feature provides authorization at namespace-level, service-level, and method-level granularity.
It adopts &ldquo;RBAC + conditions” model, which makes it easy to use and understand as an RBAC system, while providing the level of
flexibility that an ABAC system normally provides. Istio authorization achieves high performance as it is enforced
natively on Envoy. While it provides the best security by working together with
<a href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>Istio authentication features</a>, Istio authorization can also be used to
provide access control for legacy systems that do not have authentication.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Explicit Deny</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-custom/>External Authorization</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to integrate and delegate access control to an external authorization system.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>HTTP Traffic</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Ingress Gateway</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control on an ingress gateway.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></p><p class=desc>Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>TCP Traffic</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.9/blog/2018/delayering-istio/><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></div><div class=right><a title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.9/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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