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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon cancel-x"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card0 title="Blog posts for 2021." aria-controls=card0-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2021 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card0 role=region id=card0-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card0><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Product Security working group announces Patch Tuesdays, how 0-days and embargoes are handled, updates to the security best practices page and the notification of the early disclosure list (May 11, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/patch-tuesdays/>Updates to how Istio security releases are handled: Patch Tuesday, embargoes, and 0-days</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to use discovery selectors and how they intersect with Sidecar resources (April 30, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/discovery-selectors/>Use discovery selectors to configure namespaces for your Istio service mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding the upcoming changes to Istio networking, how they may impact your cluster, and what action to take (April 15, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/upcoming-networking-changes/>Upcoming networking changes in Istio 1.10</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on Envoy and Istio's WebAssembly-based extensibility effort (March 5, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/wasm-progress/>Istio and Envoy WebAssembly Extensibility, One Year On</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A tutorial to help customers migrate from the deprecated v1alpha1 security policy to the supported v1beta1 version (March 3, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/migrate-alpha-policy/>Migrate pre-Istio 1.4 Alpha security policy to the current APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Understanding the benefits Istio brings, even when no configuration is used (February 25, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/zero-config-istio/>Zero Configuration Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn about sessions, panels, workshops and more on the IstioCon website (February 16, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/istiocon-2021-program/>IstioCon 2021: Schedule Is Live!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="AuthorizationPolicy now supports CUSTOM action to delegate the authorization to external system (February 9, 2021)" href=/v1.9/blog/2021/better-external-authz/>Better External Authorization</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card1 title="Blog posts for 2020." aria-controls=card1-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2020 Posts</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card1 role=region id=card1-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card1><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy multiple Istio egress gateways independently to have fine-grained control of egress communication from the mesh (December 16, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/proxying-legacy-services-using-egress-gateways/>Proxying legacy services using Istio egress gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable proxy protocol on AWS NLB and Istio ingress gateway (December 11, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/show-source-ip/>Proxy protocol on AWS NLB and Istio ingress gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The inaugural conference for Istio will take place at the end of February (December 8, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istiocon-2021/>Join us for the first IstioCon in 2021!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to ensure your clusters are not impacted by Docker Hub rate limiting (December 7, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/docker-rate-limit/>Handling Docker Hub rate limiting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Workload Local DNS resolution to simplify VM integration, multicluster, and more (November 12, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/dns-proxy/>Expanding into New Frontiers - Smart DNS Proxying in Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announcing the four newest Istio Steering Committee members (September 29, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/steering-election-results/>2020 Steering Committee Election Results</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The effect of security policies on latency of requests (September 15, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/large-scale-security-policy-performance-tests/>Large Scale Security Policy Performance Tests</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new deployment model for Istio (August 27, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/new-deployment-model/>Deploying Istio Control Planes Outside the Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio Steering Committee is now in part proportionally allocated to companies based on contribution, and in part elected by community members (August 24, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/steering-changes/>Introducing the new Istio steering committee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An alternative sidecar proxy for Istio (July 28, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/mosn-proxy/>Using MOSN with Istio: an alternative data plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An update on trademarks and project governance (July 8, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/open-usage/>Open and neutral: transferring our trademarks to the Open Usage Commons</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A new way to manage installation of telemetry addons (June 4, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/addon-rework/>Reworking our Addon Integrations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describing the new functionality of Workload Entries (May 21, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/workload-entry/>Introducing Workload Entries</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Simplifying Istio upgrades by offering safe canary deployments of the control plane (May 19, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/multiple-control-planes/>Safely Upgrade Istio using a Canary Control Plane Deployment</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Application Load Balancer to direct traffic to the Istio Ingress gateway with mutual TLS (May 15, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/alb-ingress-gateway-iks/>Direct encrypted traffic from IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Ingress to Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Community partner tooling of Wasm for Istio by Solo.io (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/wasmhub-istio/>Extended and Improved WebAssemblyHub to Bring the Power of WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A mechanism to acquire and share an application certificate and key through mounted files (March 25, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/proxy-cert/>Provision a certificate and key for an application without sidecars</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istiod consolidates the Istio control plane components into a single binary (March 19, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istiod/>Introducing istiod: simplifying the control plane</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio declaratively (March 16, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/deploy-wasm-declarative/>Declarative WebAssembly deployment for Istio</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="The future of Istio extensibility using WASM (March 5, 2020)">Redefining extensibility in proxies - introducing WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020 (March 3, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage secrets (February 20, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/istio-agent/>Remove cross-pod unix domain sockets</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automating Istio configuration for Istio deployments (clusters) that work as a single mesh (January 5, 2020)" href=/v1.9/blog/2020/multi-cluster-mesh-automation/>Multicluster Istio configuration and service discovery using Admiral</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card2 title="Blog posts for 2019." aria-controls=card2-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2019 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card2 role=region id=card2-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card2><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Analyze your Istio configuration to detect potential issues and get general insights (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/introducing-istioctl-analyze/>Introducing istioctl analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction to Istio's new operator-based installation and control plane management feature (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/introducing-istio-operator/>Introducing the Istio Operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Getting programmatic access to Istio resources (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/announcing-istio-client-go/>Announcing Istio client-go</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks (November 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Istio ingress gateway to act as a proxy for external services (October 15, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/proxy/>Istio as a Proxy for External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation (October 2, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How can you use Istio to monitor blocked and passthrough external traffic (September 28, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/monitoring-external-service-traffic/>Monitoring Blocked and Passthrough External Service Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic (September 18, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/>Mixer Adapter for Knative</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely (September 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The design principles behind Istio's APIs and how those APIs are evolving (August 5, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/evolving-istios-apis/>The Evolution of Istio's APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations (July 22, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic (July 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and guidance for evaluating Istio's data plane performance (July 9, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/performance-best-practices/>Best Practices: Benchmarking Service Mesh Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of Istio self-signed root certificate (June 7, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/root-transition/>Extending Istio Self-Signed Root Certificate Lifetime</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control (May 22, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An overview of Istio 1.1 performance (March 19, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/istio1.1_perf/>Architecting Istio 1.1 for Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Istio route rules in a multicluster service mesh (February 7, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/multicluster-version-routing/>Version Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announces the new Istio blog policy (February 5, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/>Sail the Blog!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio's Sidecar Injection Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway (January 31, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch (January 14, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a Custom Ingress Gateway Using Cert-Manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio has a new discussion board (January 10, 2019)" href=/v1.9/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card3 title="Blog posts for 2018." aria-controls=card3-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2018 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card3 role=region id=card3-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card3><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies (November 21, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (November 16, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release (August 3, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio (July 31, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch (July 30, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases (July 20, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver (July 9, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic (June 22, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API (April 25, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS (April 20, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment (April 19, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production (February 8, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (February 6, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example (January 31, 2018)" href=/v1.9/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card4 title="Blog posts for 2017." aria-controls=card4-body><svg class="icon blog"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2017 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card4 role=region id=card4-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card4><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Improving availability and reducing latency (December 7, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture (November 3, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy (August 10, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments (June 14, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Authentication 0.1 announcement (May 25, 2017)" href=/v1.9/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon pull"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.9/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.9/blog/ title="Posts about using Istio.">Blog</a></li><li><a href=/v1.9/blog/2020/ title="Blog posts for 2020.">2020 Posts</a></li><li>Redefining extensibility in proxies - introducing WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Redefining extensibility in proxies - introducing WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</h1><p class=subtitle>A new interface for extending proxy servers allows moving Istio extensibility from the control plane into the sidecar proxies themselves</p><p class=byline><span>By</span>
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<span class=attribution>Craig Box, Mandar Jog, John Plevyak, Louis Ryan, Piotr Sikora (Google), Yuval Kohavi, Scott Weiss (Solo.io)</span><span> | </span><span><svg class="icon calendar"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#calendar"/></svg><span> </span>March 5, 2020</span><span> | </span><span title="1704 words"><svg class="icon clock"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>8 minute read</span>
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<span> </span>
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<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label=Background><a href=#background>Background</a><li role=none aria-label="What is WebAssembly?"><a href=#what-is-webassembly>What is WebAssembly?</a><li role=none aria-label="Bringing WebAssembly to Envoy"><a href=#bringing-webassembly-to-envoy>Bringing WebAssembly to Envoy</a><li role=none aria-label="Building on WebAssembly in Istio"><a href=#building-on-webassembly-in-istio>Building on WebAssembly in Istio</a><li role=none aria-label="Developer Experience"><a href=#developer-experience>Developer Experience</a><li role=none aria-label="Next Steps"><a href=#next-steps>Next Steps</a><li role=none aria-label="Learn more"><a href=#learn-more>Learn more</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>Since adopting <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/>Envoy</a> in 2016, the Istio project has always wanted to
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provide a platform on top of which a rich set of extensions could be built, to meet the diverse
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needs of our users. There are many reasons to add capability to the data plane of a service
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mesh — to support newer protocols, integrate with proprietary security controls, or enhance
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observability with custom metrics, to name a few.</p><p>Over the last year and a half our team here at Google has been working on adding dynamic
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extensibility to the Envoy proxy using <a href=https://webassembly.org/>WebAssembly</a>. We are delighted to
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share that work with the world today, as well as
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unveiling <a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm/spec>WebAssembly (Wasm) for Proxies</a> (Proxy-Wasm): an ABI,
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which we intend to standardize; SDKs; and its first major implementation, the new,
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lower-latency <a href=/v1.9/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm_telemetry/>Istio telemetry system</a>.</p><p>We have also worked closely with the community to ensure that there is a great developer experience
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for users to get started quickly. The Google team has been working closely with the team
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at <a href=https://solo.io>Solo.io</a> who have built the <a href=https://webassemblyhub.io/>WebAssembly Hub,</a>
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a service for building, sharing, discovering and deploying Wasm extensions.
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With the WebAssembly Hub, Wasm extensions are as easy to manage, install and and run as containers.</p><p>This work is being released today in Alpha and there is still lots
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of <a href=#next-steps>work to be done</a>, but we are excited to get this into the hands of developers
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so they can start experimenting with the tremendous possibilities this opens up.</p><h2 id=background>Background</h2><p>The need for extensibility has been a founding tenet of both the Istio and Envoy projects,
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but the two projects took different approaches. Istio project focused on enabling a generic
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out-of-process extension model called <a href=https://istio.io/v1.6/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer</a>
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with a lightweight developer experience, while Envoy focused on in-proxy <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/extending/extending>extensions</a>.</p><p>Each approach has its share of pros and cons. The Istio model led to significant resource
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inefficiencies that impacted tail latencies and resource utilization. This model was also
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intrinsically limited - for example, it was never going to provide support for
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implementing <a href=https://blog.envoyproxy.io/how-to-write-envoy-filters-like-a-ninja-part-1-d166e5abec09>custom protocol handling</a>.</p><p>The Envoy model imposed a monolithic build process, and required extensions to be written in C++,
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limiting the developer ecosystem. Rolling out a new extension to the fleet required pushing new
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binaries and rolling restarts, which can be difficult to coordinate, and risk downtime. This also
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incentivized developers to upstream extensions into Envoy that were used by only a small
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percentage of deployments, just to piggyback on its release mechanisms.</p><p>Over time some of the most performance-sensitive features of Istio have been upstreamed
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into Envoy - <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/intro/arch_overview/security/rbac_filter>policy checks on traffic</a>, and
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<a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/intro/arch_overview/security/jwt_authn_filter>JWT authentication</a>, for example.
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Still, we have always wanted to converge on a single stack for extensibility that imposes fewer
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tradeoffs: something that decouples Envoy releases from its extension ecosystem, enables
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developers to work in their languages of choice, and enables Istio to reliably roll out new
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capability without downtime risk. Enter WebAssembly.</p><h2 id=what-is-webassembly>What is WebAssembly?</h2><p><a href=https://webassembly.org/>WebAssembly</a> (Wasm) is a portable bytecode format for executing code
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written in <a href=https://github.com/appcypher/awesome-wasm-langs>multiple languages</a> at
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near-native speed. Its initial <a href=https://webassembly.org/docs/high-level-goals/>design goals</a> align
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well with the challenges outlined above, and it has sizable industry support behind it. Wasm
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is the fourth standard language (following HTML, CSS and JavaScript) to run natively in all
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the major browsers, having become a <a href=https://www.w3.org/TR/wasm-core-1/>W3C Recommendation</a> in
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December 2019. That gives us confidence in making a strategic bet on it.</p><p>While WebAssembly started life as a client-side technology, there are a number of advantages
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to using it on the server. The runtime is memory-safe and sandboxed for security. There is a
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large tooling ecosystem for compiling and debugging Wasm in its textual or binary format.
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The <a href=https://www.w3.org/>W3C</a> and <a href=https://bytecodealliance.org/>BytecodeAlliance</a> have become
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active hubs for other server-side efforts. For example, the Wasm community is standardizing
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a <a href=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/03/standardizing-wasi-a-webassembly-system-interface/>“WebAssembly System Interface” (WASI)</a>
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at the W3C, with a sample implementation, which provides an OS-like abstraction to Wasm ‘programs’.</p><h2 id=bringing-webassembly-to-envoy>Bringing WebAssembly to Envoy</h2><p><a href=https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy/issues/4272>Over the past 18 months</a>, we have been working
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with the Envoy community to build Wasm extensibility into Envoy and contribute it upstream.
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We’re pleased to announce it is available as Alpha in the Envoy build shipped
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with <a href=/v1.9/news/releases/1.5.x/announcing-1.5/>Istio 1.5</a>, with source in
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the <a href=https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy-wasm/><code>envoy-wasm</code></a> development fork and work ongoing to
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merge it into the main Envoy tree. The implementation uses the WebAssembly runtime built into
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Google’s high performance <a href=https://v8.dev/>V8 engine</a>.</p><p>In addition to the underlying runtime, we have also built:</p><ul><li><p>A generic Application Binary Interface (ABI) for embedding Wasm in proxies, which means compiled
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extensions will work across different versions of Envoy - or even other proxies, should they choose
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to implement the ABI</p></li><li><p>SDKs for easy extension development in <a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm/proxy-wasm-cpp-sdk>C++</a>,
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<a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm/proxy-wasm-rust-sdk>Rust</a>
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and <a href=https://github.com/solo-io/proxy-runtime>AssemblyScript</a>, with more to follow</p></li><li><p>Comprehensive <a href=https://docs.solo.io/web-assembly-hub/latest/tutorial_code/>samples and instructions</a>
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on how to deploy in Istio and standalone Envoy</p></li><li><p>Abstractions to allow for other Wasm runtimes to be used, including a ‘null’ runtime which
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simply compiles the extension natively into Envoy — very useful for testing and debugging</p></li></ul><p>Using Wasm for extending Envoy brings us several key benefits:</p><ul><li><p>Agility: Extensions can be delivered and reloaded at runtime using the Istio control plane.
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This enables a fast develop → test → release cycle for extensions without
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requiring Envoy rollouts.</p></li><li><p>Stock releases: Once merging into the main tree is complete, Istio and others will be able to
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use stock releases of Envoy, instead of custom builds. This will also free the Envoy community
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to move some of the built-in extensions to this model, thereby reducing their
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supported footprint.</p></li><li><p>Reliability and isolation: Extensions are deployed inside a sandbox with resource constraints,
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which means they can now crash, or leak memory, without bringing the whole Envoy process down.
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CPU and memory usage can also be constrained.</p></li><li><p>Security: The sandbox has a clearly defined API for communicating with Envoy, so extensions
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only have access to, and can modify, a limited number of properties of a connection or request.
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Furthermore, because Envoy mediates this interaction, it can hide or sanitize sensitive
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information from the extension (e.g. “Authorization” and “Cookie” HTTP headers, or
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the client’s IP address).</p></li><li><p>Flexibility: <a href=https://github.com/appcypher/awesome-wasm-langs>over 30 programming languages can be compiled to WebAssembly</a>,
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allowing developers from all backgrounds - C++, Go, Rust, Java, TypeScript, etc. - to write
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Envoy extensions in their language of choice.</p></li></ul><p>“I am extremely excited to see WASM support land in Envoy; this is the future of Envoy
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extensibility, full stop. Envoy’s WASM support coupled with a community driven hub will unlock an
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incredible amount of innovation in the networking space across both service mesh and API gateway
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use cases. I can’t wait to see what the community builds moving forward.”
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– Matt Klein, Envoy creator.</p><p>For technical details of the implementation, look out for an upcoming post
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to <a href=https://blog.envoyproxy.io/>the Envoy blog</a>.</p><p>The <a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm>Proxy-Wasm</a> interface between host environment and extensions
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is deliberately proxy agnostic. We’ve built it into Envoy, but it was designed to be adopted by
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other proxy vendors. We want to see a world where you can take an extension written for Istio and
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Envoy and run it in other infrastructure; you’ll hear more about that soon.</p><h2 id=building-on-webassembly-in-istio>Building on WebAssembly in Istio</h2><p>Istio moved several of its extensions into its build of Envoy as part of the 1.5 release, in order
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to significantly improve performance. While doing that work we have been testing to ensure those
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same extensions can compile and run as Proxy-Wasm modules with no variation in behavior. We’re not
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quite ready to make this setup the default, given that we consider Wasm support to be Alpha;
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however, this has given us a lot of confidence in our general approach and in the host
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environment, ABI and SDKs that have been developed.</p><p>We have also been careful to ensure that the Istio control plane and
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its <a href=/v1.9/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy configuration APIs</a> are Wasm-ready.
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We have samples to show how several common customizations such as custom header decoding or
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programmatic routing can be performed which are common asks from users. As we move this support to
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Beta, you will see documentation showing best practices for using Wasm with Istio.</p><p>Finally, we are working with the many vendors who have
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written <a href=https://istio.io/v1.6/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Mixer adapters</a>,
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to help them with a migration to Wasm — if that is the best path forward. Mixer will move to a
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community project in a future release, where it will remain available for legacy use cases.</p><h2 id=developer-experience>Developer Experience</h2><p>Powerful tooling is nothing without a great developer experience. Solo.io
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<a href=https://www.solo.io/blog/an-extended-and-improved-webassembly-hub-to-helps-bring-the-power-of-webassembly-to-envoy-and-istio/>recently announced</a>
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the release of <a href=https://webassemblyhub.io/>WebAssembly Hub</a>, a set of tools and repository for
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building, deploying, sharing and discovering Envoy Proxy Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio.</p><p>The WebAssembly Hub fully automates many of the steps required for developing and deploying Wasm
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extensions. Using WebAssembly Hub tooling, users can easily compile their code - in any supported
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language - into Wasm extensions. The extensions can then be uploaded to the Hub registry, and be
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deployed and undeployed to Istio with a single command.</p><p>Behind the scenes the Hub takes care of much of the nitty-gritty, such as pulling in the correct
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toolchain, ABI version verification, permission control, and more. The workflow also eliminates
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toil with configuration changes across Istio service proxies by automating the deployment of your
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extensions. This tooling helps users and operators avoid unexpected behaviors due to
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misconfiguration or version mismatches.</p><p>The WebAssembly Hub tools provide a powerful CLI as well as an elegant and easy-to-use graphical
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user interface. An important goal of the WebAssembly Hub is to simplify the experience around
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building Wasm modules and provide a place of collaboration for developers to share and discover
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useful extensions.</p><p>Check out the <a href=https://docs.solo.io/web-assembly-hub/latest/tutorial_code/>getting started guide</a>
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to create your first Proxy-Wasm extension.</p><h2 id=next-steps>Next Steps</h2><p>In addition to working towards a beta release, we are committed to making sure that there is a
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durable community around Proxy-Wasm. The ABI needs to be finalized, and turning it into a standard
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will be done with broader feedback within the appropriate standards body. Completing upstreaming
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support into the Envoy mainline is still in progress. We are also seeking an appropriate
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community home for the tooling and the WebAssembly Hub</p><h2 id=learn-more>Learn more</h2><ul><li><p>WebAssembly SF talk (video): <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIUPf8m7CGA">Extensions for network proxies</a>, by John Plevyak</p></li><li><p><a href=https://www.solo.io/blog/an-extended-and-improved-webassembly-hub-to-helps-bring-the-power-of-webassembly-to-envoy-and-istio/>Solo blog</a></p></li><li><p><a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm/spec>Proxy-Wasm ABI specification</a></p></li><li><p><a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm/proxy-wasm-cpp-sdk/blob/master/docs/wasm_filter.md>Proxy-Wasm C++ SDK</a> and
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its <a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm/proxy-wasm-cpp-sdk/blob/master/docs/wasm_filter.md>developer documentation</a></p></li><li><p><a href=https://github.com/proxy-wasm/proxy-wasm-rust-sdk>Proxy-Wasm Rust SDK</a></p></li><li><p><a href=https://github.com/solo-io/proxy-runtime>Proxy-Wasm AssemblyScript SDK</a></p></li><li><p><a href=https://docs.solo.io/web-assembly-hub/latest/tutorial_code/>Tutorials</a></p></li><li><p>Videos on the <a href=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuketWAG3WqYjjxtQ9Q8ApQ>Solo.io Youtube Channel</a></p></li></ul><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2020/wasmhub-istio/>Extended and Improved WebAssemblyHub to Bring the Power of WebAssembly to Envoy and Istio</a></p><p class=desc>Community partner tooling of Wasm for Istio by Solo.io.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2020/deploy-wasm-declarative/>Declarative WebAssembly deployment for Istio</a></p><p class=desc>Configuring Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio declaratively.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2021/wasm-progress/>Istio and Envoy WebAssembly Extensibility, One Year On</a></p><p class=desc>An update on Envoy and Istio's WebAssembly-based extensibility effort.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></p><p class=desc>A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2021/migrate-alpha-policy/>Migrate pre-Istio 1.4 Alpha security policy to the current APIs</a></p><p class=desc>A tutorial to help customers migrate from the deprecated v1alpha1 security policy to the supported v1beta1 version.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.9/blog/2020/large-scale-security-policy-performance-tests/>Large Scale Security Policy Performance Tests</a></p><p class=desc>The effect of security policies on latency of requests.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Configuring Wasm extensions for Envoy and Istio declaratively." href=/v1.9/blog/2020/deploy-wasm-declarative/><svg class="icon left-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Declarative WebAssembly deployment for Istio</a></div><div class=right><a title="A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020." href=/v1.9/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds<svg class="icon right-arrow"><use xlink:href="/v1.9/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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