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<span class="current" title="This task demonstrates the circuit-breaking capability for resilient applications">Circuit Breaking</span>
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<a title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/">Plugging in external CA key and certificate</a>
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<a title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/health-check/">Citadel health checking</a>
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<a title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin or Jaeger" href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/">Distributed Tracing</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics and logs." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics-logs/">Collecting Metrics and Logs</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/tcp-metrics/">Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/querying-metrics/">Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/using-istio-dashboard/">Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to generate a graph of services within an Istio mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/servicegraph/">Generating a Service Graph</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon" href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/fluentd/">Logging with Fluentd</a>
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<a title="This guide demonstrates how to use various traffic management capabilities of an Istio service mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/intelligent-routing/">Intelligent Routing</a>
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<a title="This sample demonstrates how to obtain uniform metrics, logs, traces across different services using Istio Mixer and Istio sidecar." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/telemetry/">In-Depth Telemetry</a>
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<a title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/endpoints/">Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a>
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<a title="Performance measurement through code level micro-benchmarks." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/microbenchmarks/">Micro Benchmarks</a>
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<a title="Fortio is our simple synthetic http and grpc benchmarking tool." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/synthetic-benchmarks/">Synthetic End to End benchmarks</a>
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<a title="Setup of Istio components to scale horizontally. High availability. Sizing guide." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/scalability/">Scalability and Sizing Guide</a>
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<a title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/">Attribute Vocabulary</a>
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<a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/">Datadog</a>
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<a title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/">Denier</a>
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<a title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/">Kubernetes Env</a>
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<a title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/">Memory quota</a>
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<a title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/">OPA</a>
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</li>
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<a title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/">Redis Quota</a>
</li>
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<a title="Adapter that delivers logs and metrics to Google Service Control" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/servicecontrol/">Service Control</a>
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<a title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/">SolarWinds</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Stackdriver" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/">Stackdriver</a>
</li>
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<a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/">StatsD</a>
</li>
<li>
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</li>
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<a title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/">Default Metrics</a>
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<a title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/">Metric</a>
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<a title="A template that represents a quota allocation request" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/">Quota</a>
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<a title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/">Report Nothing</a>
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<a title="A template used by the Google Service Control adapter." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/servicecontrolreport/">Service Control Report</a>
</li>
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<a title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer&#39;s policy and telemetry features." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/">Rules</a>
</li>
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<h1 id="title">Circuit Breaking</h1>
<nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none" >
<div class="directory" role="directory">
<nav id="InlinedTableOfContents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#before-you-begin">Before you begin</a></li>
<li><a href="#circuit-breaker">Circuit breaker</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#setting-up-our-client">Setting up our client</a></li>
<li><a href="#tripping-the-circuit-breaker">Tripping the circuit breaker</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#cleaning-up">Cleaning up</a></li>
<li><a href="#whats-next">What's next</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</nav>
<blockquote>
<p>This task uses the new <a href="/v0.8/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/">v1alpha3 traffic management API</a>. The old API has been deprecated and will be removed in the next Istio release. If you need to use the old version, follow the docs <a href="https://archive.istio.io/v0.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/">here</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This task demonstrates the circuit-breaking capability for resilient applications. Circuit breaking allows developers to write applications that limit the impact of failures, latency spikes, and other undesirable effects of network peculiarities. This task will show how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection.</p>
<h2 id="before-you-begin">Before you begin</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Setup Istio by following the instructions in the
<a href="/v0.8/docs/setup/">Installation guide</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Start the <a href="https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-0.8/samples/httpbin">httpbin</a> sample
which will be used as the backend service for our task.</p>
<p>If you have enabled <a href="/v0.8/docs/setup/kubernetes/sidecar-injection/#automatic-sidecar-injection">automatic sidecar injection</a>, do</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@
</code></pre><p>otherwise, you have to manually inject the sidecar before deploying the <code>httpbin</code> application:</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl apply -f &lt;(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@)
</code></pre></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="circuit-breaker">Circuit breaker</h2>
<p>Let's set up a scenario to demonstrate the circuit-breaking capabilities of Istio. We should have the <code>httpbin</code> service running from the previous section.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Create a <a href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/istio.networking.v1alpha3/#DestinationRule">destination rule</a> to specify our circuit breaking settings when calling the <code>httpbin</code> service:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">cat <span style="color:#e6db74">&lt;&lt;EOF | istioctl create -f -
</span><span style="color:#e6db74">apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
</span><span style="color:#e6db74">kind: DestinationRule
</span><span style="color:#e6db74">metadata:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> name: httpbin
</span><span style="color:#e6db74">spec:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> host: httpbin
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> trafficPolicy:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> connectionPool:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> tcp:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> maxConnections: 1
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> http:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> http1MaxPendingRequests: 1
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> maxRequestsPerConnection: 1
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> outlierDetection:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> http:
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> consecutiveErrors: 1
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> interval: 1s
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> baseEjectionTime: 3m
</span><span style="color:#e6db74"> maxEjectionPercent: 100
</span><span style="color:#e6db74">EOF</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
<li>
<p>Verify our destination rule was created correctly:</p>
<pre><code class="language-command-output-as-yaml" data-lang="command-output-as-yaml">$ istioctl get destinationrule httpbin -o yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: httpbin
...
spec:
host: httpbin
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
http:
http1MaxPendingRequests: 1
maxRequestsPerConnection: 1
tcp:
maxConnections: 1
outlierDetection:
http:
baseEjectionTime: 180.000s
consecutiveErrors: 1
interval: 1.000s
maxEjectionPercent: 100
</code></pre></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="setting-up-our-client">Setting up our client</h3>
<p>Now that we've set up rules for calling the <code>httpbin</code> service, let's create a client we can use to send traffic to our service and see whether we can trip the circuit breaking policies. We're going to use a simple load-testing client called <a href="https://github.com/istio/fortio">fortio</a>. With this client we can control the number of connections, concurrency, and delays of outgoing HTTP calls. In this step, we'll set up a client that is injected with the istio sidecar proxy so our network interactions are governed by Istio:</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl apply -f &lt;(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/sample-client/fortio-deploy.yaml@)
</code></pre><p>Now we should be able to log into that client pod and use the simple fortio tool to call <code>httpbin</code>. We'll pass in <code>-curl</code> to indicate we just want to make one call:</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ FORTIO_POD=$(kubectl get pod | grep fortio | awk '{ print $1 }')
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/local/bin/fortio -- load -curl http://httpbin:8000/get
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
server: envoy
date: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 23:47:00 GMT
content-type: application/json
access-control-allow-origin: *
access-control-allow-credentials: true
content-length: 445
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 36
{
&quot;args&quot;: {},
&quot;headers&quot;: {
&quot;Content-Length&quot;: &quot;0&quot;,
&quot;Host&quot;: &quot;httpbin:8000&quot;,
&quot;User-Agent&quot;: &quot;istio/fortio-0.6.2&quot;,
&quot;X-B3-Sampled&quot;: &quot;1&quot;,
&quot;X-B3-Spanid&quot;: &quot;824fbd828d809bf4&quot;,
&quot;X-B3-Traceid&quot;: &quot;824fbd828d809bf4&quot;,
&quot;X-Ot-Span-Context&quot;: &quot;824fbd828d809bf4;824fbd828d809bf4;0000000000000000&quot;,
&quot;X-Request-Id&quot;: &quot;1ad2de20-806e-9622-949a-bd1d9735a3f4&quot;
},
&quot;origin&quot;: &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;,
&quot;url&quot;: &quot;http://httpbin:8000/get&quot;
}
</code></pre><p>You can see the request succeeded! Now, let's break something.</p>
<h3 id="tripping-the-circuit-breaker">Tripping the circuit breaker</h3>
<p>In the circuit-breaking settings, we specified <code>maxConnections: 1</code> and <code>http1MaxPendingRequests: 1</code>. This should mean that if we exceed more than one connection and request concurrently, we should see the istio-proxy open the circuit for further requests/connections. Let's try with two concurrent connections (<code>-c 2</code>) and send 20 requests (<code>-n 20</code>)</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/local/bin/fortio -- load -c 2 -qps 0 -n 20 -loglevel Warning http://httpbin:8000/get
Fortio 0.6.2 running at 0 queries per second, 2-&gt;2 procs, for 5s: http://httpbin:8000/get
Starting at max qps with 2 thread(s) [gomax 2] for exactly 20 calls (10 per thread + 0)
23:51:10 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
Ended after 106.474079ms : 20 calls. qps=187.84
Aggregated Function Time : count 20 avg 0.010215375 +/- 0.003604 min 0.005172024 max 0.019434859 sum 0.204307492
# range, mid point, percentile, count
&gt;= 0.00517202 &lt;= 0.006 , 0.00558601 , 5.00, 1
&gt; 0.006 &lt;= 0.007 , 0.0065 , 20.00, 3
&gt; 0.007 &lt;= 0.008 , 0.0075 , 30.00, 2
&gt; 0.008 &lt;= 0.009 , 0.0085 , 40.00, 2
&gt; 0.009 &lt;= 0.01 , 0.0095 , 60.00, 4
&gt; 0.01 &lt;= 0.011 , 0.0105 , 70.00, 2
&gt; 0.011 &lt;= 0.012 , 0.0115 , 75.00, 1
&gt; 0.012 &lt;= 0.014 , 0.013 , 90.00, 3
&gt; 0.016 &lt;= 0.018 , 0.017 , 95.00, 1
&gt; 0.018 &lt;= 0.0194349 , 0.0187174 , 100.00, 1
# target 50% 0.0095
# target 75% 0.012
# target 99% 0.0191479
# target 99.9% 0.0194062
Code 200 : 19 (95.0 %)
Code 503 : 1 (5.0 %)
Response Header Sizes : count 20 avg 218.85 +/- 50.21 min 0 max 231 sum 4377
Response Body/Total Sizes : count 20 avg 652.45 +/- 99.9 min 217 max 676 sum 13049
All done 20 calls (plus 0 warmup) 10.215 ms avg, 187.8 qps
</code></pre><p>We see almost all requests made it through!</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">Code 200 : 19 (95.0 %)
Code 503 : 1 (5.0 %)
</code></pre></div><p>The istio-proxy does allow for some leeway. Let's bring the number of concurrent connections up to 3:</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/local/bin/fortio -- load -c 3 -qps 0 -n 20 -loglevel Warning http://httpbin:8000/get
Fortio 0.6.2 running at 0 queries per second, 2-&gt;2 procs, for 5s: http://httpbin:8000/get
Starting at max qps with 3 thread(s) [gomax 2] for exactly 30 calls (10 per thread + 0)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617&gt; Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
Ended after 71.05365ms : 30 calls. qps=422.22
Aggregated Function Time : count 30 avg 0.0053360199 +/- 0.004219 min 0.000487853 max 0.018906468 sum 0.160080597
# range, mid point, percentile, count
&gt;= 0.000487853 &lt;= 0.001 , 0.000743926 , 10.00, 3
&gt; 0.001 &lt;= 0.002 , 0.0015 , 30.00, 6
&gt; 0.002 &lt;= 0.003 , 0.0025 , 33.33, 1
&gt; 0.003 &lt;= 0.004 , 0.0035 , 40.00, 2
&gt; 0.004 &lt;= 0.005 , 0.0045 , 46.67, 2
&gt; 0.005 &lt;= 0.006 , 0.0055 , 60.00, 4
&gt; 0.006 &lt;= 0.007 , 0.0065 , 73.33, 4
&gt; 0.007 &lt;= 0.008 , 0.0075 , 80.00, 2
&gt; 0.008 &lt;= 0.009 , 0.0085 , 86.67, 2
&gt; 0.009 &lt;= 0.01 , 0.0095 , 93.33, 2
&gt; 0.014 &lt;= 0.016 , 0.015 , 96.67, 1
&gt; 0.018 &lt;= 0.0189065 , 0.0184532 , 100.00, 1
# target 50% 0.00525
# target 75% 0.00725
# target 99% 0.0186345
# target 99.9% 0.0188793
Code 200 : 19 (63.3 %)
Code 503 : 11 (36.7 %)
Response Header Sizes : count 30 avg 145.73333 +/- 110.9 min 0 max 231 sum 4372
Response Body/Total Sizes : count 30 avg 507.13333 +/- 220.8 min 217 max 676 sum 15214
All done 30 calls (plus 0 warmup) 5.336 ms avg, 422.2 qps
</code></pre><p>Now we start to see the circuit breaking behavior we expect.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">Code 200 : 19 (63.3 %)
Code 503 : 11 (36.7 %)
</code></pre></div><p>Only 63.3% of the requests made it through and the rest were trapped by circuit breaking. We can query the istio-proxy stats to see more:</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c istio-proxy -- sh -c 'curl localhost:15000/stats' | grep httpbin | grep pending
cluster.out.httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local|http|version=v1.upstream_rq_pending_active: 0
cluster.out.httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local|http|version=v1.upstream_rq_pending_failure_eject: 0
cluster.out.httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local|http|version=v1.upstream_rq_pending_overflow: 12
cluster.out.httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local|http|version=v1.upstream_rq_pending_total: 39
</code></pre><p>We see <code>12</code> for the <code>upstream_rq_pending_overflow</code> value which means <code>12</code> calls so far have been flagged for circuit breaking.</p>
<h2 id="cleaning-up">Cleaning up</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Remove the rules.</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ istioctl delete destinationrule httpbin
</code></pre></li>
<li>
<p>Shutdown the <a href="https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-0.8/samples/httpbin">httpbin</a> service and client.</p>
<pre><code class="language-command" data-lang="command">$ kubectl delete deploy httpbin fortio-deploy
$ kubectl delete svc httpbin
</code></pre></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="whats-next">What's next</h2>
<p>Check out the <a href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/istio.networking.v1alpha3/#DestinationRule">destination rule</a> reference section for more circuit breaker settings.</p>
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