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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class="primary notoc"><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card25 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card25-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card25 role=region id=card25-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card25><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture, and its design goals." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's policy management functionality." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/policies/>Policies</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card52 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." aria-controls=card52-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card52 role=region id=card52-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card52><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Download, install, and learn how to evaluate and try Istio’s basic features quickly." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Customizable Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/standalone-operator/>Standalone Operator Install [Experimental]</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Multicluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/simplified/>Simplified Multicluster Install [Experimental]</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with replicated control plane instances." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/>Replicated control planes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with a shared control plane and VPN connectivity between clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-vpn/>Shared control plane (single-network)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters using a shared control plane for disconnected cluster networks." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-gateways/>Shared control plane (multi-network)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the upgrade guide that corresponds to the approach you previously used to install Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio using the istioctl upgrade command." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/upgrade/istioctl-upgrade/>Upgrade Istio using istioctl [Experimental]</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade the Istio control plane, and optionally, the CNI plug-in using Helm." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/upgrade/cni-helm-upgrade/>Upgrade using Helm</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.4/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card83 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card83-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card83 role=region id=card83-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card83><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using file-mounted certificates." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-mount/>Secure Gateways (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using the secret discovery service (SDS)." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-sds/>Secure Gateways (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to obtain Let's Encrypt TLS certificates for Kubernetes Ingress automatically using Cert-Manager." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-certmgr/>Kubernetes Ingress with Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A simplified workflow to adopt mutual TLS with minimal configuration overhead." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/auto-mtls/>Automatic mutual TLS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/https-overlay/>Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Citadel Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Customizing the Citadel certificate authority." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/>Citadel Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in External CA Key and Certificate</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/health-check/>Citadel Health Checking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable SDS (secret discovery service) for Istio identity provisioning." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/auth-sds/>Provisioning Identity through SDS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure which namespaces Citadel should generate service account secrets for." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/citadel-config/ca-namespace-targeting/>Configure Citadel Service Account Secret Generation</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tutorial on how to configure the groups-base authorization and configure the authorization of list-typed claims in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/rbac-groups/>Authorization for groups and list claims</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Authorization Policy Trust Domain Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/dns-cert/>Istio DNS Certificate Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to manage webhooks in Istio through istioctl." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/webhook/>Istio Webhook Management [Experimental]</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access log to their standard output." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Fluentd</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to LightStep." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>LightStep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card104 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card104-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card104 role=region id=card104-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card104><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application across a multicluster mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/bookinfo-multicluster/>Bookinfo Application - Multicluster</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Virtual Machines"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples that add workloads running on virtual machines to an Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Virtual Machines</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your single network Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/single-network/>Virtual Machines in Single-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Setup a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Setup a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform-specific Examples (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples for specific platform installations of Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/>Platform-specific Examples (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/endpoints/>Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Set up a multicluster mesh over two GKE clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Example multicluster mesh over two IBM Cloud Private clusters." href=/v1.4/docs/examples/platform/icp/>IBM Cloud Private</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card125 title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card125-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card125 role=region id=card125-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card125><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how Citadel determines whether to create service account secrets." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/secret-creation/>Service Account Secret Creation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for server-side configuration validation." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/validation/>Configuration Validation Webhook</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable in-proxy generation of HTTP service-level metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/in-proxy-service-telemetry/>Generate Istio Metrics Without Mixer [Alpha]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems.">Security Problems</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve Galley configuration problems." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Galley Configuration Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Pilot</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card160 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card160-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card160 role=region id=card160-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card160><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration options for Istio control plane installation using istioctl." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha12.pb/>Installation Options (istioctl)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using Helm charts." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options (Helm)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC (deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/security/constraints-and-properties/>RBAC Constraints and Properties (deprecated)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policies and Telemetry"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the configuration model for Istio's policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer Configuration Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Adapters><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Adapters</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apache-skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to enforce authentication and authorization policies for web apps and APIs." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/app-identity-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An Istio Mixer adapter to send telemetry data to New Relic." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/newrelic/>New Relic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configurarion analysis." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0104/>GatewayPortNotOnWorkload</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0105/>IstioProxyVersionMismatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0119/>JwtFailureDueToInvalidServicePortPrefix</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.4/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.4/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.4/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.4/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.4/docs/ops/ title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh.">Operations</a></li><li><a href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/ title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio.">Common Problems</a></li><li>Security Problems</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Security Problems</h1><p class=byline><span title="2457 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>12 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class="toc-inlined toc-forced" aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="End-user authentication fails"><a href=#end-user-authentication-fails>End-user authentication fails</a><li role=none aria-label="Authorization is too restrictive"><a href=#authorization-is-too-restrictive>Authorization is too restrictive</a><li role=none aria-label="Authorization is too permissive"><a href=#authorization-is-too-permissive>Authorization is too permissive</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure authorization is enabled correctly"><a href=#ensure-authorization-is-enabled-correctly>Ensure authorization is enabled correctly</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure Pilot accepts the policies"><a href=#ensure-pilot-accepts-the-policies>Ensure Pilot accepts the policies</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure Pilot distributes policies to proxies correctly"><a href=#ensure-pilot-distributes-policies-to-proxies-correctly>Ensure Pilot distributes policies to proxies correctly</a><li role=none aria-label="Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly"><a href=#ensure-proxies-enforce-policies-correctly>Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly</a><li role=none aria-label="Keys and certificates errors"><a href=#keys-and-certificates-errors>Keys and certificates errors</a><li role=none aria-label="Mutual TLS errors"><a href=#mutual-tls-errors>Mutual TLS errors</a><li role=none aria-label="Citadel is not behaving properly"><a href=#repairing-citadel>Citadel is not behaving properly</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><h2 id=end-user-authentication-fails>End-user authentication fails</h2><p>With Istio, you can enable authentication for end users. Currently, the end user credential supported by the Istio authentication policy is JWT. The following is a guide for troubleshooting the end user JWT authentication.</p><ol><li><p>Check your Istio authentication policy, <code>principalBinding</code> should be set as <code>USE_ORIGIN</code> to authenticate the end user.</p></li><li><p>If <code>jwksUri</code> isn’t set, make sure the JWT issuer is of url format and <code>url + /.well-known/openid-configuration</code> can be opened in browser; for example, if the JWT issuer is <code>https://accounts.google.com</code>, make sure <code>https://accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration</code> is a valid url and can be opened in a browser.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "Policy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "example-3"
|
||
spec:
|
||
targets:
|
||
- name: httpbin
|
||
peers:
|
||
- mtls:
|
||
origins:
|
||
- jwt:
|
||
issuer: "628645741881-noabiu23f5a8m8ovd8ucv698lj78vv0l@developer.gserviceaccount.com"
|
||
jwksUri: "https://www.googleapis.com/service_accounts/v1/jwk/628645741881-noabiu23f5a8m8ovd8ucv698lj78vv0l@developer.gserviceaccount.com"
|
||
principalBinding: USE_ORIGIN
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>If the JWT token is placed in the Authorization header in http requests, make sure the JWT token is valid (not expired, etc). The fields in a JWT token can be decoded by using online JWT parsing tools, e.g., <a href=https://jwt.io/>jwt.io</a>.</p></li><li><p>Get the Istio proxy (i.e., Envoy) logs to verify the configuration which Pilot distributes is correct.</p><p>For example, if the authentication policy is enforced on the <code>httpbin</code> service in the namespace <code>foo</code>, use the command below to get logs from the Istio proxy, make sure <code>local_jwks</code> is set and the http response code is in the Istio proxy logs.</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs httpbin-68fbcdcfc7-hrnzm -c istio-proxy -n foo
|
||
[2018-07-04 19:13:30.762][15][info][config] ./src/envoy/http/jwt_auth/auth_store.h:72] Loaded JwtAuthConfig: rules {
|
||
issuer: "628645741881-noabiu23f5a8m8ovd8ucv698lj78vv0l@developer.gserviceaccount.com"
|
||
local_jwks {
|
||
inline_string: "{\n \"keys\": [\n {\n \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n \"use\": \"sig\",\n \"kid\": \"03bc39a6b56602c0d2ad421c3993d5e4f88e6f54\",\n \"n\": \"u9gnSMDYw4ggVKInAfxpXqItv9Ii7PlUFrAcwANQMW9fbZrFpITFD45t0gUy9CK4QewkLhqDDUJSvpH7wprS8Hi0M8wAJf_lgugdRr6Nc2qK-eywjjDK-afQjhGLcMJGS0YXi3K2lyP-oWiLingMbYRiJxTi86icWT8AU8bKoTyTPFOExAJkDFnquulU0_KlteZxbjnRIVvMKfpgZ3yK9Pzv7XjtdvO7xlr59K9Zotd4mgphIUADfw1fR0lNkjHQp9N0WP9cbOsyUwm5jjDklnyVh7yBHcEk1YHccntosxnwIn-cj538PSaL_qDZgDAsJKHPZlkiP_1mjsu3NkofIQ\",\n \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n },\n {\n \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n \"use\": \"sig\",\n \"kid\": \"60aef5b0877e9f0d67b787b5be797636735efdee\",\n \"n\": \"0TmzDEN12GF9UaWJI40oKwJlu53ZQihHcaVi1thLGs1l3ubdPWv8MEsc9X2DjCRxEB6Ss1R2VOImrQ2RWFuBSNHorjE0_GyEGNzvOH-0uUQ5uES2HvEN7384XfUYj9MoTPibstDEl84pm4d3Ka3R_1wk03Jrl9MIq6fnV_4Z-F7O7ElGqk8xcsiVUowd447dwlrd55ChIyISF5PvbCLtOKz9FgTz2mEb8jmzuZQs5yICgKZCzlJ7xNOOmZcqCZf9Qzaz4OnVLXykBLzSuLMtxvvOxf53rvWB0F2__CjKlEWBCQkB39Zaa_4I8dCAVxgkeQhgoU26BdzLL28xjWzdbw\",\n \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n },\n {\n \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n \"use\": \"sig\",\n \"kid\": \"62a93512c9ee4c7f8067b5a216dade2763d32a47\",\n \"n\": \"0YWnm_eplO9BFtXszMRQNL5UtZ8HJdTH2jK7vjs4XdLkPW7YBkkm_2xNgcaVpkW0VT2l4mU3KftR-6s3Oa5Rnz5BrWEUkCTVVolR7VYksfqIB2I_x5yZHdOiomMTcm3DheUUCgbJRv5OKRnNqszA4xHn3tA3Ry8VO3X7BgKZYAUh9fyZTFLlkeAh0-bLK5zvqCmKW5QgDIXSxUTJxPjZCgfx1vmAfGqaJb-nvmrORXQ6L284c73DUL7mnt6wj3H6tVqPKA27j56N0TB1Hfx4ja6Slr8S4EB3F1luYhATa1PKUSH8mYDW11HolzZmTQpRoLV8ZoHbHEaTfqX_aYahIw\",\n \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n },\n {\n \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n \"use\": \"sig\",\n \"kid\": \"b3319a147514df7ee5e4bcdee51350cc890cc89e\",\n \"n\": \"qDi7Tx4DhNvPQsl1ofxxc2ePQFcs-L0mXYo6TGS64CY_2WmOtvYlcLNZjhuddZVV2X88m0MfwaSA16wE-RiKM9hqo5EY8BPXj57CMiYAyiHuQPp1yayjMgoE1P2jvp4eqF-BTillGJt5W5RuXti9uqfMtCQdagB8EC3MNRuU_KdeLgBy3lS3oo4LOYd-74kRBVZbk2wnmmb7IhP9OoLc1-7-9qU1uhpDxmE6JwBau0mDSwMnYDS4G_ML17dC-ZDtLd1i24STUw39KH0pcSdfFbL2NtEZdNeam1DDdk0iUtJSPZliUHJBI_pj8M-2Mn_oA8jBuI8YKwBqYkZCN1I95Q\",\n \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n }\n ]\n}\n"
|
||
}
|
||
forward: true
|
||
forward_payload_header: "istio-sec-8a85f33ec44c5ccbaf951742ff0aaa34eb94d9bd"
|
||
}
|
||
allow_missing_or_failed: true
|
||
[2018-07-04 19:13:30.763][15][info][upstream] external/envoy/source/server/lds_api.cc:62] lds: add/update listener '10.8.2.9_8000'
|
||
[2018-07-04T19:13:39.755Z] "GET /ip HTTP/1.1" 401 - 0 29 0 - "-" "curl/7.35.0" "e8374005-1957-99e4-96b6-9d6ec5bef396" "httpbin.foo:8000" "-"
|
||
[2018-07-04T19:13:40.463Z] "GET /ip HTTP/1.1" 401 - 0 29 0 - "-" "curl/7.35.0" "9badd659-fa0e-9ca9-b4c0-9ac225571929" "httpbin.foo:8000" "-"
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=authorization-is-too-restrictive>Authorization is too restrictive</h2><p>When you first enable authorization for a service, all requests are denied by default. After you add one or more authorization policies, then
|
||
matching requests should flow through. If all requests continue to be denied, you can try the following:</p><ol><li><p>Make sure there is no typo in your policy YAML file.</p></li><li><p>Avoid enabling authorization for Istio Control Planes Components, including Mixer, Pilot, Ingress. Istio authorization policy is designed for authorizing access to services in Istio Mesh. Enabling it for Istio Control Planes Components may cause unexpected behavior.</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your <code>ServiceRoleBinding</code> and referred <code>ServiceRole</code> objects are in the same namespace (by checking “metadata”/”namespace” line).</p></li><li><p>Make sure that your service role and service role binding policies don’t use any HTTP only fields
|
||
for TCP services. Otherwise, Istio ignores the policies as if they didn’t exist.</p></li><li><p>In Kubernetes environment, make sure all services in a <code>ServiceRole</code> object are in the same namespace as the
|
||
<code>ServiceRole</code> itself. For example, if a service in a <code>ServiceRole</code> object is <code>a.default.svc.cluster.local</code>, the <code>ServiceRole</code> must be in the
|
||
<code>default</code> namespace (<code>metadata/namespace</code> line should be <code>default</code>). For non-Kubernetes environments, all <code>ServiceRoles</code> and <code>ServiceRoleBindings</code>
|
||
for a mesh should be in the same namespace.</p></li><li><p>Visit <a href=#ensure-authorization-is-enabled-correctly>Ensure Authorization is Enabled Correctly</a>
|
||
to find out the exact cause.</p></li></ol><h2 id=authorization-is-too-permissive>Authorization is too permissive</h2><p>If authorization checks are enabled for a service and yet requests to the
|
||
service aren’t being blocked, then authorization was likely not enabled
|
||
successfully. To verify, follow these steps:</p><ol><li><p>Check the <a href=/v1.4/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>authorization concept documentation</a>
|
||
to correctly apply Istio authorization.</p></li><li><p>Avoid enabling authorization for Istio Control Planes Components, including
|
||
Mixer, Pilot and Ingress. The Istio authorization features are designed for
|
||
authorizing access to services in an Istio Mesh. Enabling the authorization
|
||
features for the Istio Control Planes components can cause unexpected
|
||
behavior.</p></li><li><p>In your Kubernetes environment, check deployments in all namespaces to make
|
||
sure there is no legacy deployment left that can cause an error in Pilot.
|
||
You can disable Pilot’s authorization plug-in if there is an error pushing
|
||
authorization policy to Envoy.</p></li><li><p>Visit <a href=#ensure-authorization-is-enabled-correctly>Ensure Authorization is Enabled Correctly</a>
|
||
to find out the exact cause.</p></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-authorization-is-enabled-correctly>Ensure authorization is enabled correctly</h2><p>The <code>ClusterRbacConfig</code> default cluster level singleton custom resource controls the authorization functionality globally.</p><ol><li><p>Run the following command to list existing <code>ClusterRbacConfig</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get clusterrbacconfigs.rbac.istio.io --all-namespaces
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify there is only <strong>one</strong> instance of <code>ClusterRbacConfig</code> with name <code>default</code>. Otherwise, Istio disables the
|
||
authorization functionality and ignores all policies.</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>NAMESPACE NAME AGE
|
||
default default 1d
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>If there is more than one <code>ClusterRbacConfig</code> instance, remove any additional <code>ClusterRbacConfig</code> instances and
|
||
ensure <strong>only one</strong> instance is named <code>default</code>.</p></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-pilot-accepts-the-policies>Ensure Pilot accepts the policies</h2><p>Pilot converts and distributes your authorization policies to the proxies. The following steps help
|
||
you ensure Pilot is working as expected:</p><ol><li><p>Run the following command to export the Pilot <code>ControlZ</code>:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl port-forward $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l istio=pilot -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -n istio-system 9876:9876
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify you see the following output:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:9876 -> 9876
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Start your browser and open the <code>ControlZ</code> page at <code>http://127.0.0.1:9876/scopez/</code>.</p></li><li><p>Change the <code>rbac</code> Output Level to <code>debug</code>.</p></li><li><p>Use <code>Ctrl+C</code> in the terminal you started in step 1 to stop the port-forward command.</p></li><li><p>Print the log of Pilot and search for <code>rbac</code> with the following command:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>You probably need to first delete and then re-apply your authorization policies so that
|
||
the debug output is generated for these policies.</div></aside></div><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l istio=pilot -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c discovery -n istio-system | grep rbac
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the output and verify:</p><ul><li>There are no errors.</li><li>There is a <code>"built filter config for ..."</code> message which means the filter is generated
|
||
for the target service.</li></ul></li><li><p>For example, you might see something similar to the following:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>2018-07-26T22:25:41.009838Z debug rbac building filter config for {sleep.foo.svc.cluster.local map[app:sleep pod-template-hash:3326367878] map[destination.name:sleep destination.namespace:foo destination.user:default]}
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.009915Z info rbac no service role in namespace foo
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.009957Z info rbac no service role binding in namespace foo
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.010000Z debug rbac generated filter config: { }
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.010114Z info rbac built filter config for sleep.foo.svc.cluster.local
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.182400Z debug rbac building filter config for {productpage.default.svc.cluster.local map[pod-template-hash:2600844901 version:v1 app:productpage] map[destination.name:productpage destination.namespace:default destination.user:bookinfo-productpage]}
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.183131Z debug rbac checking role app2-grpc-viewer
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.183214Z debug rbac role skipped for no AccessRule matched
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.183255Z debug rbac checking role productpage-viewer
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.183281Z debug rbac matched AccessRule[0]
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.183390Z debug rbac generated filter config: {policies:<key:"productpage-viewer" value:<permissions:<and_rules:<rules:<or_rules:<rules:<header:<name:":method" exact_match:"GET" > > > > > > principals:<and_ids:<ids:<any:true > > > > > }
|
||
2018-07-26T22:25:41.184407Z info rbac built filter config for productpage.default.svc.cluster.local
|
||
</code></pre><p>It means Pilot generated:</p><ul><li><p>An empty config for <code>sleep.foo.svc.cluster.local</code> as there is no authorization policies matched
|
||
and Istio denies all requests sent to this service by default.</p></li><li><p>An config for <code>productpage.default.svc.cluster.local</code> and Istio will allow anyone to access it
|
||
with GET method.</p></li></ul></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-pilot-distributes-policies-to-proxies-correctly>Ensure Pilot distributes policies to proxies correctly</h2><p>Pilot distributes the authorization policies to proxies. The following steps help you ensure Pilot
|
||
is working as expected:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>The command used in this section assumes you have deployed <a href=/v1.4/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>,
|
||
otherwise you should replace <code>"-l app=productpage"</code> with your actual pod.</div></aside></div><ol><li><p>Run the following command to get the proxy configuration dump for the <code>productpage</code> service:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request GET config_dump
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the log and verify:</p><ul><li>The log includes an <code>envoy.filters.http.rbac</code> filter to enforce the authorization policy
|
||
on each incoming request.</li><li>Istio updates the filter accordingly after you update your authorization policy.</li></ul></li><li><p>The following output means the proxy of <code>productpage</code> has enabled the <code>envoy.filters.http.rbac</code> filter
|
||
with rules that allows anyone to access it via <code>GET</code> method. The <code>shadow_rules</code> are not used and you can ignored them safely.</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>{
|
||
"name": "envoy.filters.http.rbac",
|
||
"config": {
|
||
"rules": {
|
||
"policies": {
|
||
"productpage-viewer": {
|
||
"permissions": [
|
||
{
|
||
"and_rules": {
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"or_rules": {
|
||
"rules": [
|
||
{
|
||
"header": {
|
||
"exact_match": "GET",
|
||
"name": ":method"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
],
|
||
"principals": [
|
||
{
|
||
"and_ids": {
|
||
"ids": [
|
||
{
|
||
"any": true
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"shadow_rules": {
|
||
"policies": {}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=ensure-proxies-enforce-policies-correctly>Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly</h2><p>Proxies eventually enforce the authorization policies. The following steps help you ensure the proxy
|
||
is working as expected:</p><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>The command used in this section assumes you have deployed <a href=/v1.4/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>.
|
||
otherwise you should replace <code>"-l app=productpage"</code> with your actual pod.</div></aside></div><ol><li><p>Turn on the authorization debug logging in proxy with the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request POST 'logging?rbac=debug'
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Verify you see the following output:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>active loggers:
|
||
... ...
|
||
rbac: debug
|
||
... ...
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Visit the <code>productpage</code> in your browser to generate some logs.</p></li><li><p>Print the proxy logs with the following command:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy
|
||
</code></pre></li><li><p>Check the output and verify:</p><ul><li><p>The output log shows either <code>enforced allowed</code> or <code>enforced denied</code> depending on whether the request
|
||
was allowed or denied respectively.</p></li><li><p>Your authorization policy expects the data extracted from the request.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>The following output means there is a <code>GET</code> request at path <code>/productpage</code> and the policy allows the request.
|
||
The <code>shadow denied</code> has no effect and you can ignore it safely.</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>...
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:79] checking request: remoteAddress: 10.60.0.139:51158, localAddress: 10.60.0.93:9080, ssl: uriSanPeerCertificate: spiffe://cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account, subjectPeerCertificate: O=, headers: ':authority', '35.238.0.62'
|
||
':path', '/productpage'
|
||
':method', 'GET'
|
||
'upgrade-insecure-requests', '1'
|
||
'user-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.99 Safari/537.36'
|
||
'dnt', '1'
|
||
'accept', 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8'
|
||
'accept-encoding', 'gzip, deflate'
|
||
'accept-language', 'en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7'
|
||
'x-forwarded-for', '10.60.0.1'
|
||
'x-forwarded-proto', 'http'
|
||
'x-request-id', 'e23ea62d-b25d-91be-857c-80a058d746d4'
|
||
'x-b3-traceid', '5983108bf6d05603'
|
||
'x-b3-spanid', '5983108bf6d05603'
|
||
'x-b3-sampled', '1'
|
||
'x-istio-attributes', 'CikKGGRlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2UubmFtZRINEgtwcm9kdWN0cGFnZQoqCh1kZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLm5hbWVzcGFjZRIJEgdkZWZhdWx0Ck8KCnNvdXJjZS51aWQSQRI/a3ViZXJuZXRlczovL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LTc2NjY0Y2NmY2Ytd3hjcjQuaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtCj4KE2Rlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2USJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApDChhkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLmhvc3QSJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApBChdkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLnVpZBImEiRpc3RpbzovL2RlZmF1bHQvc2VydmljZXMvcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2U='
|
||
'content-length', '0'
|
||
'x-envoy-internal', 'true'
|
||
'sec-istio-authn-payload', 'CkVjbHVzdGVyLmxvY2FsL25zL2lzdGlvLXN5c3RlbS9zYS9pc3Rpby1pbmdyZXNzZ2F0ZXdheS1zZXJ2aWNlLWFjY291bnQSRWNsdXN0ZXIubG9jYWwvbnMvaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtL3NhL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LXNlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudA=='
|
||
, dynamicMetadata: filter_metadata {
|
||
key: "istio_authn"
|
||
value {
|
||
fields {
|
||
key: "request.auth.principal"
|
||
value {
|
||
string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
fields {
|
||
key: "source.principal"
|
||
value {
|
||
string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:88] shadow denied
|
||
[2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:98] enforced allowed
|
||
...
|
||
</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=keys-and-certificates-errors>Keys and certificates errors</h2><p>If you suspect that some of the keys and/or certificates used by Istio aren’t correct, the
|
||
first step is to ensure that <a href=#repairing-citadel>Citadel is healthy</a>.</p><p>You can then verify that Citadel is actually generating keys and certificates:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret istio.my-sa -n my-ns
|
||
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
|
||
istio.my-sa istio.io/key-and-cert 3 24d
|
||
</code></pre><p>Where <code>my-ns</code> and <code>my-sa</code> are the namespace and service account your pod is running as.</p><p>If you want to check the keys and certificates of other service accounts, you can run the following
|
||
command to list all secrets for which Citadel has generated a key and certificate:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret --all-namespaces | grep istio.io/key-and-cert
|
||
NAMESPACE NAME TYPE DATA AGE
|
||
.....
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-citadel-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-cleanup-old-ca-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-egressgateway-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-ingressgateway-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-mixer-post-install-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-mixer-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-pilot-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.istio-sidecar-injector-service-account istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
istio-system istio.prometheus istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
kube-public istio.default istio.io/key-and-cert 3 14d
|
||
.....
|
||
</code></pre><p>Then check that the certificate is valid with:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret -o json istio.my-sa -n my-ns | jq -r '.data["cert-chain.pem"]' | base64 --decode | openssl x509 -noout -text
|
||
Certificate:
|
||
Data:
|
||
Version: 3 (0x2)
|
||
Serial Number:
|
||
99:59:6b:a2:5a:f4:20:f4:03:d7:f0:bc:59:f5:d8:40
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
Issuer: O = k8s.cluster.local
|
||
Validity
|
||
Not Before: Jun 4 20:38:20 2018 GMT
|
||
Not After : Sep 2 20:38:20 2018 GMT
|
||
Subject: O =
|
||
Subject Public Key Info:
|
||
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
|
||
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
|
||
Modulus:
|
||
00:c8:a0:08:24:61:af:c1:cb:81:21:90:cc:03:76:
|
||
01:25:bc:ff:ca:25:fc:81:d1:fa:b8:04:aa:d4:6b:
|
||
55:e9:48:f2:e4:ab:22:78:03:47:26:bb:8f:22:10:
|
||
66:47:47:c3:b2:9a:70:f1:12:f1:b3:de:d0:e9:2d:
|
||
28:52:21:4b:04:33:fa:3d:92:8c:ab:7f:cc:74:c9:
|
||
c4:68:86:b0:4f:03:1b:06:33:48:e3:5b:8f:01:48:
|
||
6a:be:64:0e:01:f5:98:6f:57:e4:e7:b7:47:20:55:
|
||
98:35:f9:99:54:cf:a9:58:1e:1b:5a:0a:63:ce:cd:
|
||
ed:d3:a4:88:2b:00:ee:b0:af:e8:09:f8:a8:36:b8:
|
||
55:32:80:21:8e:b5:19:c0:2f:e8:ca:4b:65:35:37:
|
||
2f:f1:9e:6f:09:d4:e0:b1:3d:aa:5f:fe:25:1a:7b:
|
||
d4:dd:fe:d1:d3:b6:3c:78:1d:3b:12:c2:66:bd:95:
|
||
a8:3b:64:19:c0:51:05:9f:74:3d:6e:86:1e:20:f5:
|
||
ed:3a:ab:44:8d:7c:5b:11:14:83:ee:6b:a1:12:2e:
|
||
2a:0e:6b:be:02:ad:11:6a:ec:23:fe:55:d9:54:f3:
|
||
5c:20:bc:ec:bf:a6:99:9b:7a:2e:71:10:92:51:a7:
|
||
cb:79:af:b4:12:4e:26:03:ab:35:e2:5b:00:45:54:
|
||
fe:91
|
||
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
|
||
X509v3 extensions:
|
||
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
|
||
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
|
||
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
|
||
TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
|
||
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
|
||
CA:FALSE
|
||
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
|
||
URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
78:77:7f:83:cc:fc:f4:30:12:57:78:62:e9:e2:48:d6:ea:76:
|
||
69:99:02:e9:62:d2:53:db:2c:13:fe:0f:00:56:2b:83:ca:d3:
|
||
4c:d2:01:f6:08:af:01:f2:e2:3e:bb:af:a3:bf:95:97:aa:de:
|
||
1e:e6:51:8c:21:ee:52:f0:d3:af:9c:fd:f7:f9:59:16:da:40:
|
||
4d:53:db:47:bb:9c:25:1a:6e:34:41:42:d9:26:f7:3a:a6:90:
|
||
2d:82:42:97:08:f4:6b:16:84:d1:ad:e3:82:2c:ce:1c:d6:cd:
|
||
68:e6:b0:5e:b5:63:55:3e:f1:ff:e1:a0:42:cd:88:25:56:f7:
|
||
a8:88:a1:ec:53:f9:c1:2a:bb:5c:d7:f8:cb:0e:d9:f4:af:2e:
|
||
eb:85:60:89:b3:d0:32:60:b4:a8:a1:ee:f3:3a:61:60:11:da:
|
||
2d:7f:2d:35:ce:6e:d4:eb:5c:82:cf:5c:9a:02:c0:31:33:35:
|
||
51:2b:91:79:8a:92:50:d9:e0:58:0a:78:9d:59:f4:d3:39:21:
|
||
bb:b4:41:f9:f7:ec:ad:dd:76:be:28:58:c0:1f:e8:26:5a:9e:
|
||
7b:7f:14:a9:18:8d:61:d1:06:e3:9e:0f:05:9e:1b:66:0c:66:
|
||
d1:27:13:6d:ab:59:46:00:77:6e:25:f6:e8:41:ef:49:58:73:
|
||
b4:93:04:46
|
||
</code></pre><p>Make sure the displayed certificate contains valid information. In particular, the Subject Alternative Name field should be <code>URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa</code>.
|
||
If this is not the case, it is likely that something is wrong with your Citadel. Try to redeploy Citadel and check again.</p><p>Finally, you can verify that the key and certificate are correctly mounted by your sidecar proxy at the directory <code>/etc/certs</code>. You
|
||
can use this command to check:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec -it my-pod-id -c istio-proxy -- ls /etc/certs
|
||
cert-chain.pem key.pem root-cert.pem
|
||
</code></pre><p>Optionally, you could use the following command to check its contents:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl exec -it my-pod-id -c istio-proxy -- cat /etc/certs/cert-chain.pem | openssl x509 -text -noout
|
||
Certificate:
|
||
Data:
|
||
Version: 3 (0x2)
|
||
Serial Number:
|
||
7e:b4:44:fe:d0:46:ba:27:47:5a:50:c8:f0:8e:8b:da
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
Issuer: O = k8s.cluster.local
|
||
Validity
|
||
Not Before: Jul 13 01:23:13 2018 GMT
|
||
Not After : Oct 11 01:23:13 2018 GMT
|
||
Subject: O =
|
||
Subject Public Key Info:
|
||
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
|
||
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
|
||
Modulus:
|
||
00:bb:c9:cd:f4:b8:b5:e4:3b:f2:35:aa:4c:67:cc:
|
||
1b:a9:30:c4:b7:fd:0a:f5:ac:94:05:b5:82:96:b2:
|
||
c8:98:85:f9:fc:09:b3:28:34:5e:79:7e:a9:3c:58:
|
||
0a:14:43:c1:f4:d7:b8:76:ab:4e:1c:89:26:e8:55:
|
||
cd:13:6b:45:e9:f1:67:e1:9b:69:46:b4:7e:8c:aa:
|
||
fd:70:de:21:15:4f:f5:f3:0f:b7:d4:c6:b5:9d:56:
|
||
ef:8a:91:d7:16:fa:db:6e:4c:24:71:1c:9c:f3:d9:
|
||
4b:83:f1:dd:98:5b:63:5c:98:5e:2f:15:29:0f:78:
|
||
31:04:bc:1d:c8:78:c3:53:4f:26:b2:61:86:53:39:
|
||
0a:3b:72:3e:3d:0d:22:61:d6:16:72:5d:64:e3:78:
|
||
c8:23:9d:73:17:07:5a:6b:79:75:91:ce:71:4b:77:
|
||
c5:1f:60:f1:da:ca:aa:85:56:5c:13:90:23:02:20:
|
||
12:66:3f:8f:58:b8:aa:72:9d:36:f1:f3:b7:2b:2d:
|
||
3e:bb:7c:f9:b5:44:b9:57:cf:fc:2f:4b:3c:e6:ee:
|
||
51:ba:23:be:09:7b:e2:02:6a:6e:e7:83:06:cd:6c:
|
||
be:7a:90:f1:1f:2c:6d:12:9e:2f:0f:e4:8c:5f:31:
|
||
b1:a2:fa:0b:71:fa:e1:6a:4a:0f:52:16:b4:11:73:
|
||
65:d9
|
||
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
|
||
X509v3 extensions:
|
||
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
|
||
Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
|
||
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
|
||
TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
|
||
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
|
||
CA:FALSE
|
||
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
|
||
URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-productpage
|
||
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
|
||
8f:be:af:a4:ee:f7:be:21:e9:c8:c9:e2:3b:d3:ac:41:18:5d:
|
||
f8:9a:85:0f:98:f3:35:af:b7:e1:2d:58:5a:e0:50:70:98:cc:
|
||
75:f6:2e:55:25:ed:66:e7:a4:b9:4a:aa:23:3b:a6:ee:86:63:
|
||
9f:d8:f9:97:73:07:10:25:59:cc:d9:01:09:12:f9:ab:9e:54:
|
||
24:8a:29:38:74:3a:98:40:87:67:e4:96:d0:e6:c7:2d:59:3d:
|
||
d3:ea:dd:6e:40:5f:63:bf:30:60:c1:85:16:83:66:66:0b:6a:
|
||
f5:ab:60:7e:f5:3b:44:c6:11:5b:a1:99:0c:bd:53:b3:a7:cc:
|
||
e2:4b:bd:10:eb:fb:f0:b0:e5:42:a4:b2:ab:0c:27:c8:c1:4c:
|
||
5b:b5:1b:93:25:9a:09:45:7c:28:31:13:a3:57:1c:63:86:5a:
|
||
55:ed:14:29:db:81:e3:34:47:14:ba:52:d6:3c:3d:3b:51:50:
|
||
89:a9:db:17:e4:c4:57:ec:f8:22:98:b7:e7:aa:8a:72:28:9a:
|
||
a7:27:75:60:85:20:17:1d:30:df:78:40:74:ea:bc:ce:7b:e5:
|
||
a5:57:32:da:6d:f2:64:fb:28:94:7d:28:37:6f:3c:97:0e:9c:
|
||
0c:33:42:f0:b6:f5:1c:0d:fb:70:65:aa:93:3e:ca:0e:58:ec:
|
||
8e:d5:d0:1e
|
||
</code></pre><h2 id=mutual-tls-errors>Mutual TLS errors</h2><p>If you suspect problems with mutual TLS, first ensure that <a href=#repairing-citadel>Citadel is healthy</a>, and
|
||
second ensure that <a href=#keys-and-certificates-errors>keys and certificates are being delivered</a> to sidecars properly.</p><p>If everything appears to be working so far, the next step is to verify that the right <a href=/v1.4/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>authentication policy</a>
|
||
is applied and the right destination rules are in place.</p><h2 id=repairing-citadel>Citadel is not behaving properly</h2><div><aside class="callout warning"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#callout-warning"/></svg></div><div class=content>Workloads with new Kubernetes service accounts can not be started when Citadel is
|
||
disabled for maintenance since they can’t get their certificates generated.</div></aside></div><p>Citadel is not a critical data plane component. The default workload certificate lifetime is 3
|
||
months. Certificates will be rotated by Citadel before they expire. If Citadel is disabled for
|
||
short maintenance periods, existing mutual TLS traffic will not be affected.</p><p>If you suspect Citadel isn’t working properly, verify the status of the <code>istio-citadel</code> pod:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get pod -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
|
||
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
||
istio-citadel-ff5696f6f-ht4gq 1/1 Running 0 25d
|
||
</code></pre><p>If the <code>istio-citadel</code> pod doesn’t exist, try to re-deploy the pod.</p><p>If the <code>istio-citadel</code> pod is present but its status is not <code>Running</code>, run the commands below to get more
|
||
debugging information and check if there are any errors:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl logs -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
|
||
$ kubectl describe pod -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
|
||
</code></pre><p>If you want to check a workload (with <code>default</code> service account and <code>default</code> namespace)
|
||
certificate’s lifetime:</p><pre><code class=language-bash data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>$ kubectl get secret -o json istio.default -n default | jq -r '.data["cert-chain.pem"]' | base64 --decode | openssl x509 -noout -text | grep "Not After" -C 1
|
||
Not Before: Jun 1 18:23:30 2019 GMT
|
||
Not After : Aug 30 18:23:30 2019 GMT
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</code></pre><div><aside class="callout tip"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#callout-tip"/></svg></div><div class=content>Remember to replace <code>istio.default</code> and <code>-n default</code> with <code>istio.YourServiceAccount</code> and
|
||
<code>-n YourNamespace</code> for other workloads. If the certificate is expired, Citadel did not
|
||
update the secret properly. Check Citadel logs for more information.</div></aside></div><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2020/tradewinds-2020/>Istio in 2020 - Following the Trade Winds</a></p><p class=desc>A vision statement and roadmap for Istio in 2020.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/dns-cert/>DNS Certificate Management</a></p><p class=desc>Provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/v1beta1-authorization-policy/>Introducing the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy</a></p><p class=desc>Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1beta1 Authorization Policy.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/webhook/>Secure Webhook Management</a></p><p class=desc>A more secure way to manage Istio webhooks.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/isolated-clusters/>Multi-Mesh Deployments for Isolation and Boundary Protection</a></p><p class=desc>Deploy environments that require isolation into separate meshes and enable inter-mesh communication by mesh federation.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.4/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></p><p class=desc>Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Traffic Management Problems</a></div><div class=right><a title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.4/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.4/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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