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<a tabindex=-1 role=menuitem href=https://istio.io/archive>Older Releases</a></div></div><button id=search-show title="Search this site" aria-label=Search><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#magnifier"/></svg></button></div><form id=search-form name=cse role=search><input type=hidden name=cx value=002184991200833970123:iwwf17ikgf4>
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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><div class=banner-container></div><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card23 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card23-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card23 role=region id=card23-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card23><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture, and its design goals." href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's WebAssembly Plugin system." href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/wasm/>Extensibility</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card47 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes." aria-controls=card47-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card47 role=region id=card47-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card47><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Try Istio’s features quickly and easily." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup kind for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/kind/>kind</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Kops for use with Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/kops/>Kops</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a KubeSphere Container Platform for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/kubesphere/>KubeSphere Container Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and customize any Istio configuration profile for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/install/istioctl/>Install with Istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster using the Istio operator." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/install/operator/>Istio Operator Install</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Multicluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with replicated control plane instances." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/>Replicated control planes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with a shared control plane." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared/>Shared control plane (single and multiple networks)</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploy Istio and connect a workload running within a virtual machine to it." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/install/virtual-machine/>Virtual Machine Installation</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade or downgrade Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade Istio</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.7/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card83 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card83-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card83 role=region id=card83-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card83><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure a Kubernetes Ingress object to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/kubernetes-ingress/>Ingress (Kubernetes)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress/>Secure Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services using file mount certificates." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services using Secret Discovery Service." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination-sds/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress with Mixer (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to configure Istio for Kubernetes External Services." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-kubernetes-services/>Kubernetes Services for Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Certificate Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Management of the certificates in Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/>Certificate Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how system administrators can configure Istio's CA with an existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in existing CA Certificates</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to provision and manage DNS certificates in Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/cert-management/dns-cert/>Istio DNS Certificate Management</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authentication><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling mutual TLS and end-user authentication for mesh services." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authentication/>Authentication</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authentication/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authentication/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Shows how to control access to Istio services." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control for HTTP traffic." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control for TCP traffic." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control with JWT in Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-jwt/>Authorization with JWT</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up access control to deny traffic explicitly." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-deny/>Authorization policies with a deny action</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to set up access control on an ingress gateway." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-ingress/>Authorization on Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to migrate from one trust domain to another without changing authorization policy." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/security/authorization/authz-td-migration/>Authorization Policy Trust Domain Migration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing (Deprecated)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection and querying of metrics within Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to customize the Istio metrics." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/customize-metrics/>Customizing Istio Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to improve telemetry by grouping requests and responses by their type." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/classify-metrics/>Classifying Metrics Based on Request or Response (Experimental)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the collection of logs within Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access logs to their standard output." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Lightstep." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>Lightstep</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure tracing options (beta/development)." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/configurability/>Configurability (Beta/Development)</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Using Mixer for Telemetry (deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh using Mixer." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/>Using Mixer for Telemetry (deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics using Mixer." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics With Mixer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services with Mixer</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs with Mixer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio's Mixer to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.7/docs/tasks/observability/mixer/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Mixer and Fluentd</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card104 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card104-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card104 role=region id=card104-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card104><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.7/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Virtual Machines"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Examples that add workloads running on virtual machines to an Istio mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/examples/virtual-machines/>Virtual Machines</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your single-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/examples/virtual-machines/single-network/>Example Application using Virtual Machines in a Single Network Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to add a service running on a virtual machine to your multi-network Istio mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/examples/virtual-machines/multi-network/>Virtual Machines in Multi-Network Meshes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Run the Bookinfo application with a MySQL service running on a virtual machine within your mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/examples/virtual-machines/bookinfo/>Bookinfo with a Virtual Machine</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This modular tutorial provides new users with hands-on experience using Istio for common microservices scenarios, one step at a time." href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/>Learn Microservices using Kubernetes and Istio</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/prereq/>Prerequisites</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-kubernetes-cluster/>Setup a Kubernetes Cluster</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/setup-local-computer/>Setup a Local Computer</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/single/>Run a Microservice Locally</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/package-service/>Run ratings in Docker</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/bookinfo-kubernetes/>Run Bookinfo with Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/production-testing/>Test in production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-new-microservice-version/>Add a new version of reviews</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/add-istio/>Enable Istio on productpage</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/enable-istio-all-microservices/>Enable Istio on all the microservices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/istio-ingress-gateway/>Configure Istio Ingress Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/examples/microservices-istio/logs-istio/>Monitoring with Istio</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card126 title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card126-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card126 role=region id=card126-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card126><li role=treeitem aria-label=Deployment><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/>Deployment</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/>Architecture</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Describes the options and considerations when configuring your Istio deployment.">Deployment Models</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Advanced concepts and features for configuring a running Istio mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the global mesh configuration." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/>Mesh Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to wait to apply mesh configuration until a resource reaches a given status or readiness." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/config-resource-ready/>Wait for Resource Status to Apply Configuration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/mesh/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure gateway network topology (Development)." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/traffic-management/network-topologies/>Configuring Gateway Network Topology (Development)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Observability><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/>Observability</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure Prometheus to monitor multicluster Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/configuration/telemetry/monitoring-multicluster-prometheus/>Monitoring Multicluster Istio with Prometheus</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Best Practices"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Best practices for setting up and managing an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/best-practices/>Best Practices</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="General best practices when setting up an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/best-practices/deployment/>Deployment Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration best practices to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/best-practices/traffic-management/>Traffic Management Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for securing applications using Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/best-practices/security/>Security Best Practices</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Best practices for observing applications using Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/best-practices/observability/>Observability Best Practices</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Common Problems"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/common-problems/>Common Problems</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/common-problems/network-issues/>Traffic Management Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/common-problems/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with telemetry collection issues." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/common-problems/observability-issues/>Observability Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/common-problems/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve configuration validation problems." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/common-problems/validation/>Configuration Validation Problems</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Diagnostic Tools"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tools and techniques to help troubleshoot an Istio mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/>Diagnostic Tools</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl/>Using the Istioctl Command-line Tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Istiod</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with Istioctl Describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl analyze to identify potential issues with your configuration." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/istioctl-analyze/>Diagnose your Configuration with Istioctl Analyze</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into a running istiod component." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/controlz/>Istiod Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Integrations><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Other softwares that Istio can integrate with to provide additional functionality." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/integrations/>Integrations</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with cert-manager." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/integrations/certmanager/>cert-manager</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Grafana to set up Istio dashboards." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/integrations/grafana/>Grafana</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Jaeger." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/integrations/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to integrate with Kiali." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/integrations/kiali/>Kiali</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Prometheus." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/integrations/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to integrate with Zipkin." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/integrations/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card175 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card175-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card175 role=region id=card175-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card175><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the structure of messages generated by Istio analyzers." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/istio.analysis.v1alpha1/>Analysis Messages</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Global Mesh Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting Istio control plane installation version and shape." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha1/>IstioOperator Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the role of the `status` field in configuration workflow." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/config-status/>Configuration Status Field</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Proxy Extensions"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio proxy extensions." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/>Proxy Extensions</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stats Filter." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stats/>Stats Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Stackdriver filter." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/stackdriver/>Stackdriver Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for AccessLogPolicy Filter." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/accesslogpolicy/>AccessLogPolicy Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Metadata Exchange Filter." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/metadata_exchange/>Metadata Exchange Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Attribute Generation plugin." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/attributegen/>AttributeGen Config</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable telemetry generation with the Wasm runtime (experimental)." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/proxy_extensions/wasm_telemetry/>Wasm-based Telemetry (Experimental)</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting VMs onboarded into the mesh." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/>Workload Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's security features." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration to validate JWT." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/security/jwt/>JWTRule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Request authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/security/request_authentication/>RequestAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Peer authentication configuration for workloads." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/security/peer_authentication/>PeerAuthentication</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for access control on workloads." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/security/authorization-policy/>Authorization Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported conditions in authorization policies." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/security/conditions/>Authorization Policy Conditions</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio standard metrics exported by Istio telemetry." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/metrics/>Istio Standard Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Configuration Analysis Messages"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Documents the individual error and warning messages produced during configuration analysis." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/>Configuration Analysis Messages</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/message-format/>Analyzer Message Format</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0109/>ConflictingMeshGatewayVirtualServiceHosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0110/>ConflictingSidecarWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0002/>Deprecated</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0104/>GatewayPortNotOnWorkload</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0001/>InternalError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0105/>IstioProxyImageMismatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0119/>JwtFailureDueToInvalidServicePortPrefix</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0107/>MisplacedAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0113/>MTLSPolicyConflict</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0111/>MultipleSidecarsWithoutWorkloadSelectors</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0102/>NamespaceNotInjected</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0106/>SchemaValidationError</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0112/>VirtualServiceDestinationPortSelectorRequired</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0108/>UnknownAnnotation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0101/>ReferencedResourceNotFound</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0118/>PortNameIsNotUnderNamingConvention</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/analysis/ist0103/>PodMissingProxy</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mixer Policies and Telemetry (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Mixer Policies and Telemetry (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the configuration model for Istio's policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/>Mixer Configuration Model (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary (Deprecated)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mixer Adapters (Deprecated)"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Mixer Adapters (Deprecated)</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to enforce authentication and authorization policies for web apps and APIs." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/app-identity-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Layer5." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/layer5/>Layer5</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An Istio Mixer adapter to send telemetry data to New Relic." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/newrelic/>New Relic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.7/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.7/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.7/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.7/docs/ops/ title="Concepts, tools, and techniques to deploy and manage an Istio mesh.">Operations</a></li><li><a href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/ title="Requirements, concepts, and considerations for setting up an Istio deployment.">Deployment</a></li><li>Deployment Models</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div style=width:100%><h1 id=title>Deployment Models</h1><p class=byline><span title="2161 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>11 minute read</span>
<span>&nbsp;</span>
<span></span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Cluster models"><a href=#cluster-models>Cluster models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single cluster"><a href=#single-cluster>Single cluster</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple clusters"><a href=#multiple-clusters>Multiple clusters</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Network models"><a href=#network-models>Network models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single network"><a href=#single-network>Single network</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple networks"><a href=#multiple-networks>Multiple networks</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Control plane models"><a href=#control-plane-models>Control plane models</a><li role=none aria-label="Identity and trust models"><a href=#identity-and-trust-models>Identity and trust models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Trust within a mesh"><a href=#trust-within-a-mesh>Trust within a mesh</a><li role=none aria-label="Trust between meshes"><a href=#trust-between-meshes>Trust between meshes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Mesh models"><a href=#mesh-models>Mesh models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Single mesh"><a href=#single-mesh>Single mesh</a><li role=none aria-label="Multiple meshes"><a href=#multiple-meshes>Multiple meshes</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Tenancy models"><a href=#tenancy-models>Tenancy models</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Namespace tenancy"><a href=#namespace-tenancy>Namespace tenancy</a><li role=none aria-label="Cluster tenancy"><a href=#cluster-tenancy>Cluster tenancy</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>When configuring a production deployment of Istio, you need to answer a number of questions.
Will the mesh be confined to a single <span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>">cluster</span> or distributed across
multiple clusters? Will all the services be located in a single fully connected network, or will
gateways be required to connect services across multiple networks? Is there a single
<span class=term data-title="Control Plane" data-body="<p>A control plane is a set of system services that configure the mesh or a subset of
the mesh to manage the communication between the workload instances within.</p>">control plane</span>, potentially shared across clusters,
or are there multiple control planes deployed to ensure high availability (HA)?
Are all clusters going to be connected into a single <span class=term data-title=Multicluster data-body='<p>Multicluster is a deployment model that consists of a
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">mesh</a> with multiple
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">clusters</a>.</p>'>multicluster</span>
service mesh or will they be federated into a <span class=term data-title=Multi-Mesh data-body='<p>Multi-mesh is a deployment model that consists of two or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">service meshes</a>.
Each mesh has independent administration for naming and identities but you can
expose services between meshes through <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#mesh-federation">mesh federation</a>.
The resulting deployment is a multi-mesh deployment.</p>'>multi-mesh</span> deployment?</p><p>All of these questions, among others, represent independent dimensions of configuration for an Istio deployment.</p><ol><li>single or multiple cluster</li><li>single or multiple network</li><li>single or multiple control plane</li><li>single or multiple mesh</li></ol><p>All combinations are possible, although some are more common than others and
some are clearly not very interesting (for example, multiple mesh in a single cluster).</p><p>In a production environment involving multiple clusters, you can use a mix
of deployment models. For example, having more than one control plane is recommended for HA,
but you could achieve this for a 3 cluster deployment by deploying 2 clusters with
a single shared control plane and then adding the third cluster with a second
control plane in a different network. All three clusters could then be configured
to share both control planes so that all the clusters have 2 sources of control
to ensure HA.</p><p>Choosing the right deployment model depends on the isolation, performance,
and HA requirements for your use case. This guide describes the various options and
considerations when configuring your Istio deployment.</p><h2 id=cluster-models>Cluster models</h2><p>The workload instances of your application run in one or more
<span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>">clusters</span>. For isolation, performance, and
high availability, you can confine clusters to availability zones and regions.</p><p>Production systems, depending on their requirements, can run across multiple
clusters spanning a number of zones or regions, leveraging cloud load balancers
to handle things like locality and zonal or regional fail over.</p><p>In most cases, clusters represent boundaries for configuration and endpoint
discovery. For example, each Kubernetes cluster has an API Server which manages
the configuration for the cluster as well as serving
<span class=term data-title="Service Endpoint" data-body='<p>The network-reachable manifestation of a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service">service</a>.
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">Workload instances</a> expose service endpoints but not all
services have service endpoints.</p>'>service endpoint</span> information as pods are brought up
or down. Since Kubernetes configures this behavior on a per-cluster basis, this
approach helps limit the potential problems caused by incorrect configurations.</p><p>In Istio, you can configure a single service mesh to span any number of
clusters.</p><h3 id=single-cluster>Single cluster</h3><p>In the simplest case, you can confine an Istio mesh to a single
<span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>">cluster</span>. A cluster usually operates over a
<a href=#single-network>single network</a>, but it varies between infrastructure
providers. A single cluster and single network model includes a control plane,
which results in the simplest Istio deployment.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:91.74921915843377%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg title="Single cluster"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg alt="A service mesh with a single cluster"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a single cluster</figcaption></figure><p>Single cluster deployments offer simplicity, but lack other features, for
example, fault isolation and fail over. If you need higher availability, you
should use multiple clusters.</p><h3 id=multiple-clusters>Multiple clusters</h3><p>You can configure a single mesh to include
multiple <span class=term data-title=Cluster data-body="<p>A cluster is set of compute nodes that run containerized applications.
Typically, the compute nodes comprising a cluster can reach each other directly.
Clusters limit external access through rules or policies.</p>">clusters</span>. Using a
<span class=term data-title=Multicluster data-body='<p>Multicluster is a deployment model that consists of a
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">mesh</a> with multiple
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">clusters</a>.</p>'>multicluster</span> deployment within a single mesh affords
the following capabilities beyond that of a single cluster deployment:</p><ul><li>Fault isolation and fail over: <code>cluster-1</code> goes down, fail over to <code>cluster-2</code>.</li><li>Location-aware routing and fail over: Send requests to the nearest service.</li><li>Various <a href=#control-plane-models>control plane models</a>: Support different
levels of availability.</li><li>Team or project isolation: Each team runs its own set of clusters.</li></ul><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:65.0971323771268%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-cluster.svg title=Multicluster><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-cluster.svg alt="A service mesh with multiple clusters"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with multiple clusters</figcaption></figure><p>Multicluster deployments give you a greater degree of isolation and
availability but increase complexity. If your systems have high availability
requirements, you likely need clusters across multiple zones and regions. You
can canary configuration changes or new binary releases in a single cluster,
where the configuration changes only affect a small amount of user traffic.
Additionally, if a cluster has a problem, you can temporarily route traffic to
nearby clusters until you address the issue.</p><p>You can configure inter-cluster communication based on the
<a href=#network-models>network</a> and the options supported by your cloud provider. For
example, if two clusters reside on the same underlying network, you can enable
cross-cluster communication by simply configuring firewall rules.</p><h2 id=network-models>Network models</h2><p>Many production systems require multiple networks or subnets for isolation
and high availability. Istio supports spanning a service mesh over a variety of
network topologies. This approach allows you to select the network model that
fits your existing network topology.</p><h3 id=single-network>Single network</h3><p>In the simplest case, a service mesh operates over a single fully connected
network. In a single network model, all
<span class=term data-title="Workload Instance" data-body='<p>A single instantiation of a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload">workload&amp;rsquo;s</a> binary.
A workload instance can expose zero or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-endpoint">service endpoints</a>,
and can consume zero or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service">services</a>.</p>
<p>Workload instances have a number of properties:</p>
<ul>
<li>Name and namespace</li>
<li>Unique ID</li>
<li>IP Address</li>
<li>Labels</li>
<li>Principal</li>
</ul>
<p>These properties are available in policy and telemetry configuration
using the many <a href="/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/"><code>source.*</code> and <code>destination.*</code> attributes</a>.</p>'>workload instances</span>
can reach each other directly without an Istio gateway.</p><p>A single network allows Istio to configure service consumers in a uniform
way across the mesh with the ability to directly address workload instances.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.78194040013328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-net.svg title="Single network"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-net.svg alt="A service mesh with a single network"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a single network</figcaption></figure><h3 id=multiple-networks>Multiple networks</h3><p>You can span a single service mesh across multiple networks; such a
configuration is known as <strong>multi-network</strong>.</p><p>Multiple networks afford the following capabilities beyond that of single networks:</p><ul><li>Overlapping IP or VIP ranges for <strong>service endpoints</strong></li><li>Crossing of administrative boundaries</li><li>Fault tolerance</li><li>Scaling of network addresses</li><li>Compliance with standards that require network segmentation</li></ul><p>In this model, the workload instances in different networks can only reach each
other through one or more <a href=/v1.7/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#gateways>Istio gateways</a>.
Istio uses <strong>partitioned service discovery</strong> to provide consumers a different
view of <span class=term data-title="Service Endpoint" data-body='<p>The network-reachable manifestation of a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service">service</a>.
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">Workload instances</a> expose service endpoints but not all
services have service endpoints.</p>'>service endpoint</span>s. The view depends on the
network of the consumers.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.57262768530374%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-net.svg title="Multi-network deployment"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-net.svg alt="A service mesh with multiple networks"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with multiple networks</figcaption></figure><h2 id=control-plane-models>Control plane models</h2><p>An Istio mesh uses the <span class=term data-title="Control Plane" data-body="<p>A control plane is a set of system services that configure the mesh or a subset of
the mesh to manage the communication between the workload instances within.</p>">control plane</span> to configure all
communication between workload instances within the mesh. You can replicate the
control plane, and workload instances connect to any control plane instance to
get their configuration.</p><p>In the simplest case, you can run your mesh with a control plane on a single
cluster.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:91.74921915843377%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg title="Single control plane"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster.svg alt="A single cluster with a control plane"></a></div><figcaption>A single cluster with a control plane</figcaption></figure><p>A cluster like this one, with its own local control plane, is referred to as a <span class=term data-title="Primary Cluster" data-body='<p>A primary cluster is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">cluster</a> with a
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>. A single
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">mesh</a> can have more than
one primary cluster for HA or to reduce latency. Primary clusters can act as the
control plane for <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#remote-cluster">remote clusters</a>.</p>'>primary cluster</span>.</p><p>Multicluster deployments can also share control plane instances. In this case,
the control plane instances can reside in one or more primary clusters.
Clusters without their own control plane are referred to as <span class=term data-title="Remote Cluster" data-body='<p>A remote cluster is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">cluster</a> that
connects to a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>
residing outside of the cluster. A remote cluster can connect to a control plane
running in a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#primary-cluster">primary cluster</a>
or to an <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#external-control-plane">external control plane</a>.</p>'>remote clusters</span>.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:52.89403650064289%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/shared-control.svg title="Shared control plane"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/shared-control.svg alt="A service mesh with a primary and a remote cluster"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a primary and a remote cluster</figcaption></figure><p>Instead of running control planes in primary clusters inside the mesh, a service mesh composed entirely of
remote clusters can be controlled by an <span class=term data-title="External Control Plane" data-body='<p>An external control plane is a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#control-plane">control plane</a>
that externally manages mesh workloads running in their own <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#cluster">clusters</a>
or other infrastructure. The control plane may, itself, be deployed in a cluster, although not
in one of the clusters that is part of the mesh it&amp;rsquo;s controlling.
Its purpose is to cleanly separate the control plane from the data plane of a mesh.</p>'>external control plane</span>.
This provides isolated management and complete separation of the control plane deployment from the
data plane services that comprise the mesh.</p><figure style=width:100%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:41.21621621621622%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster-external-control-plane.svg title="External control plane"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-cluster-external-control-plane.svg alt="A single cluster with an external control plane"></a></div><figcaption>A single cluster with an external control plane</figcaption></figure><p>A cloud vendor&rsquo;s <span class=term data-title="Managed Control Plane" data-body='<p>A managed control plane is an <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#external-control-plane">external control plane</a>
that cloud providers manage for their customers.
Managed control planes reduce the complexity of user deployments
and typically guarantee some level of performance and availability.</p>'>managed control plane</span> is a typical example of an external control plane.</p><p>For high availability, you should deploy a control plane across multiple
clusters, zones, or regions.</p><figure style=width:75%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:92.28423056604902%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-control.svg title="Multiple control planes"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-control.svg alt="A service mesh with control plane instances for each region"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with control plane instances for each region</figcaption></figure><p>This model affords the following benefits:</p><ul><li><p>Improved availability: If a control plane becomes unavailable, the scope of
the outage is limited to only that control plane.</p></li><li><p>Configuration isolation: You can make configuration changes in one cluster,
zone, or region without impacting others.</p></li></ul><p>You can improve control plane availability through fail over. When a control
plane instance becomes unavailable, workload instances can connect to
another available control plane instance. Fail over can happen across clusters,
zones, or regions.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:52.89403650064289%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/failover.svg title="Control plane fail over"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/failover.svg alt="A service mesh after a control plane instance fails"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh after a control plane instance fails</figcaption></figure><p>The following list ranks control plane deployment examples by availability:</p><ul><li>One cluster per region (<strong>lowest availability</strong>)</li><li>Multiple clusters per region</li><li>One cluster per zone</li><li>Multiple clusters per zone</li><li>Each cluster (<strong>highest availability</strong>)</li></ul><h2 id=identity-and-trust-models>Identity and trust models</h2><p>When a workload instance is created within a service mesh, Istio assigns the
workload an <span class=term data-title=Identity data-body="<p>Identity is a fundamental security infrastructure concept. The Istio identity
model is based on a first-class workload identity. At the beginning of
service-to-service communication, the two parties exchange credentials with
their identity information for mutual authentication purposes.</p>
<p>Clients check the server’s identity against their secure naming information to
determine if the server is authorized to run the service.</p>
<p>Servers check the client&amp;rsquo;s identity to determine what information the client can
access. Servers base that determination on the configured authorization
policies.</p>
<p>Using identity, servers can audit the time information was accessed and what
information was accessed by a specific client. They can also charge clients
based on the services they use and reject any clients that failed to pay their
bill from accessing the services.</p>
<p>The Istio identity model is flexible and granular enough to represent a human
user, an individual service, or a group of services. On platforms without
first-class service identity, Istio can use other identities that can group
service instances, such as service names.</p>
<p>Istio supports the following service identities on different platforms:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Kubernetes: Kubernetes service account</p></li>
<li><p>GKE/GCE: GCP service account</p></li>
<li><p>GCP: GCP service account</p></li>
<li><p>AWS: AWS IAM user/role account</p></li>
<li><p>On-premises (non-Kubernetes): user account, custom service account, service
name, Istio service account, or GCP service account. The custom service
account refers to the existing service account just like the identities that
the customer’s Identity Directory manages.</p></li>
</ul>">identity</span>.</p><p>The Certificate Authority (CA) creates and signs the certificates used to verify
the identities used within the mesh. You can verify the identity of the message sender
with the public key of the CA that created and signed the certificate
for that identity. A <strong>trust bundle</strong> is the set of all CA public keys used by
an Istio mesh. With a mesh&rsquo;s trust bundle, anyone can verify the sender of any
message coming from that mesh.</p><h3 id=trust-within-a-mesh>Trust within a mesh</h3><p>Within a single Istio mesh, Istio ensures each workload instance has an
appropriate certificate representing its own identity, and the trust bundle
necessary to recognize all identities within the mesh and any federated meshes.
The CA only creates and signs the certificates for those identities. This model
allows workload instances in the mesh to authenticate each other when
communicating.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:91.74921915843377%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-trust.svg title="Trust within a mesh"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/single-trust.svg alt="A service mesh with a certificate authority"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with a certificate authority</figcaption></figure><h3 id=trust-between-meshes>Trust between meshes</h3><p>If a service in a mesh requires a service in another, you must federate identity
and trust between the two meshes. To federate identity and trust, you must
exchange the trust bundles of the meshes. You can exchange the trust bundles
either manually or automatically using a protocol such as <a href=https://github.com/spiffe/spiffe/blob/main/standards/SPIFFE_Federation.md>SPIFFE Trust Domain Federation</a>.
Once you import a trust bundle to a mesh, you can configure local policies for
those identities.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:52.79593627076436%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-trust.svg title="Trust between meshes"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-trust.svg alt="Multiple service meshes with certificate authorities"></a></div><figcaption>Multiple service meshes with certificate authorities</figcaption></figure><h2 id=mesh-models>Mesh models</h2><p>Istio supports having all of your services in a
<span class=term data-title="Service Mesh" data-body='<p>A <em>service mesh</em> or simply <em>mesh</em> is an infrastructure layer that enables
managed, observable and secure communication between
<a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">workload instances</a>.</p>
<p>Service names combined with a namespace are unique within a mesh.
In a <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#multicluster">multicluster</a> mesh, for example,
the <code>bar</code> service in the <code>foo</code> namespace in <code>cluster-1</code> is considered the same
service as the <code>bar</code> service in the <code>foo</code> namespace in <code>cluster-2</code>.</p>
<p>Since <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#identity">identities</a> are shared within the service
mesh, <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">workload instances</a> can authenticate communication with any other <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#workload-instance">workload
instance</a> within the same service mesh.</p>'>mesh</span>, or federating multiple meshes
together, which is also known as <span class=term data-title=Multi-Mesh data-body='<p>Multi-mesh is a deployment model that consists of two or more <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#service-mesh">service meshes</a>.
Each mesh has independent administration for naming and identities but you can
expose services between meshes through <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#mesh-federation">mesh federation</a>.
The resulting deployment is a multi-mesh deployment.</p>'>multi-mesh</span>.</p><h3 id=single-mesh>Single mesh</h3><p>The simplest Istio deployment is a single mesh. Within a mesh, service names are
unique. For example, only one service can have the name <code>mysvc</code> in the <code>foo</code>
namespace. Additionally, workload instances share a common identity since
service account names are unique within a namespace, just like service names.</p><p>A single mesh can span <a href=#cluster-models>one or more clusters</a> and
<a href=#network-models>one or more networks</a>. Within a mesh,
<a href=#namespace-tenancy>namespaces</a> are used for <a href=#tenancy-models>tenancy</a>.</p><h3 id=multiple-meshes>Multiple meshes</h3><p>Multiple mesh deployments result from <span class=term data-title="Mesh Federation" data-body='<p>Mesh federation is the act of exposing services between meshes and enabling
communication across mesh boundaries. Each mesh may expose a subset of its
services to enable one or more other meshes to consume the exposed services. You
can use mesh federation to enable communication between meshes in a
<a href="/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-meshes">multi-mesh deployment</a>.</p>'>mesh federation</span>.</p><p>Multiple meshes afford the following capabilities beyond that of a single mesh:</p><ul><li>Organizational boundaries: lines of business</li><li>Service name or namespace reuse: multiple distinct uses of the <code>default</code>
namespace</li><li>Stronger isolation: isolating test workloads from production workloads</li></ul><p>You can enable inter-mesh communication with <span class=term data-title="Mesh Federation" data-body='<p>Mesh federation is the act of exposing services between meshes and enabling
communication across mesh boundaries. Each mesh may expose a subset of its
services to enable one or more other meshes to consume the exposed services. You
can use mesh federation to enable communication between meshes in a
<a href="/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-meshes">multi-mesh deployment</a>.</p>'>mesh federation</span>. When federating, each mesh can expose a set of services and
identities, which all participating meshes can recognize.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:68.06079261254328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-mesh.svg title=Multi-mesh><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/multi-mesh.svg alt="Multiple service meshes"></a></div><figcaption>Multiple service meshes</figcaption></figure><p>To avoid service naming collisions, you can give each mesh a globally unique
<strong>mesh ID</strong>, to ensure that the fully qualified domain
name (FQDN) for each service is distinct.</p><p>When federating two meshes that do not share the same
<span class=term data-title="Trust Domain" data-body='<p><a href="https://spiffe.io/spiffe/concepts/#trust-domain">Trust domain</a> corresponds to the trust root of a system and is part of a workload identity.</p>
<p>Istio uses a trust domain to create all <a href="/docs/reference/glossary/#identity">identities</a> within a mesh.
For example in <code>spiffe://mytrustdomain.com/ns/default/sa/myname</code> the substring <code>mytrustdomain.com</code> specifies that the workload is from a trust domain called <code>mytrustdomain.com</code>.</p>
<p>You can have one or more trust domains in a multicluster mesh, as long as the clusters share the same root of trust.</p>'>trust domain</span>, you must
<span class=term data-title="Mesh Federation" data-body='<p>Mesh federation is the act of exposing services between meshes and enabling
communication across mesh boundaries. Each mesh may expose a subset of its
services to enable one or more other meshes to consume the exposed services. You
can use mesh federation to enable communication between meshes in a
<a href="/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/#multiple-meshes">multi-mesh deployment</a>.</p>'>federate</span>
<span class=term data-title=Identity data-body="<p>Identity is a fundamental security infrastructure concept. The Istio identity
model is based on a first-class workload identity. At the beginning of
service-to-service communication, the two parties exchange credentials with
their identity information for mutual authentication purposes.</p>
<p>Clients check the server’s identity against their secure naming information to
determine if the server is authorized to run the service.</p>
<p>Servers check the client&amp;rsquo;s identity to determine what information the client can
access. Servers base that determination on the configured authorization
policies.</p>
<p>Using identity, servers can audit the time information was accessed and what
information was accessed by a specific client. They can also charge clients
based on the services they use and reject any clients that failed to pay their
bill from accessing the services.</p>
<p>The Istio identity model is flexible and granular enough to represent a human
user, an individual service, or a group of services. On platforms without
first-class service identity, Istio can use other identities that can group
service instances, such as service names.</p>
<p>Istio supports the following service identities on different platforms:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Kubernetes: Kubernetes service account</p></li>
<li><p>GKE/GCE: GCP service account</p></li>
<li><p>GCP: GCP service account</p></li>
<li><p>AWS: AWS IAM user/role account</p></li>
<li><p>On-premises (non-Kubernetes): user account, custom service account, service
name, Istio service account, or GCP service account. The custom service
account refers to the existing service account just like the identities that
the customer’s Identity Directory manages.</p></li>
</ul>">identity</span> and <strong>trust bundles</strong> between them. See the
section on <a href=#trust-between-meshes>Multiple Trust Domains</a> for an overview.</p><h2 id=tenancy-models>Tenancy models</h2><p>In Istio, a <strong>tenant</strong> is a group of users that share
common access and privileges to a set of deployed workloads. Generally, you
isolate the workload instances from multiple tenants from each other through
network configuration and policies.</p><p>You can configure tenancy models to satisfy the following organizational
requirements for isolation:</p><ul><li>Security</li><li>Policy</li><li>Capacity</li><li>Cost</li><li>Performance</li></ul><p>Istio supports two types of tenancy models:</p><ul><li><a href=#namespace-tenancy>Namespace tenancy</a></li><li><a href=#cluster-tenancy>Cluster tenancy</a></li></ul><h3 id=namespace-tenancy>Namespace tenancy</h3><p>Istio uses <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/glossary/?fundamental=true#term-namespace">namespaces</a>
as a unit of tenancy within a mesh. Istio also works in environments that don&rsquo;t
implement namespace tenancy. In environments that do, you can grant a team
permission to deploy their workloads only to a given namespace or set of
namespaces. By default, services from multiple tenant namespaces can communicate
with each other.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.78194040013328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/iso-ns.svg title="Isolated namespaces"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/iso-ns.svg alt="A service mesh with two isolated namespaces"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with two isolated namespaces</figcaption></figure><p>To improve isolation, you can selectively choose which services to expose to
other namespaces. You can configure authorization policies for exposed services
to restrict access to only the appropriate callers.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.78194040013328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/exp-ns.svg title="Namespaces with an exposed service"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/exp-ns.svg alt="A service mesh with two namespaces and an exposed service"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with two namespaces and an exposed service</figcaption></figure><p>When using <a href=#multiple-clusters>multiple clusters</a>, the namespaces in each
cluster sharing the same name are considered the same namespace. For example,
<code>Service B</code> in the <code>foo</code> namespace of <code>cluster-1</code> and <code>Service B</code> in the
<code>foo</code> namespace of <code>cluster-2</code> refer to the same service, and Istio merges their
endpoints for service discovery and load balancing.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:75.78194040013328%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-ns.svg title="Multicluster namespaces"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-ns.svg alt="A service mesh with two clusters with the same namespace"></a></div><figcaption>A service mesh with clusters with the same namespace</figcaption></figure><h3 id=cluster-tenancy>Cluster tenancy</h3><p>Istio supports using clusters as a unit of tenancy. In this case, you can give
each team a dedicated cluster or set of clusters to deploy their
workloads. Permissions for a cluster are usually limited to the members of the
team that owns it. You can set various roles for finer grained control, for
example:</p><ul><li>Cluster administrator</li><li>Developer</li></ul><p>To use cluster tenancy with Istio, you configure each cluster as an independent
mesh. Alternatively, you can use Istio to implement a group of clusters as a
single tenant. Then, each team can own one or more clusters, but you configure
all their clusters as a single mesh. To connect the meshes of the various teams
together, you can federate the meshes into a multi-mesh deployment.</p><figure style=width:50%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:76.17309435102204%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-iso.svg title="Cluster isolation"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/deployment-models/cluster-iso.svg alt="Two isolated service meshes with two clusters and two namespaces"></a></div><figcaption>Two isolated service meshes with two clusters and two namespaces</figcaption></figure><p>Since a different team or organization operates each mesh, service naming
is rarely distinct. For example, the <code>mysvc</code> in the <code>foo</code> namespace of
<code>cluster-1</code> and the <code>mysvc</code> service in the <code>foo</code> namespace of
<code>cluster-2</code> do not refer to the same service. The most common example is the
scenario in Kubernetes where many teams deploy their workloads to the <code>default</code>
namespace.</p><p>When each team has their own mesh, cross-mesh communication follows the
concepts described in the <a href=#multiple-meshes>multiple meshes</a> model.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.7/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></p><p class=desc>Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Describes Istio's high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>Architecture</a></div><div class=right><a title="Istio performance and scalability summary." href=/v1.7/docs/ops/deployment/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.7/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=feedback><div id=feedback-initial>Was this information useful?<br><button class="btn feedback" onclick="sendFeedback('en',1)">Yes</button>
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