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<a title="Shows how to control access to a service using the Kubernetes labels." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/basic-access-control/">Basic Access Control</a>
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<a title="Shows how to securely control access to a service using service accounts." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/secure-access-control/">Secure Access Control</a>
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<a title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for services in Istio mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/role-based-access-control/">Role-Based Access Control</a>
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<a title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/">Plugging in external CA key and certificate</a>
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<a title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/health-check/">Citadel health checking</a>
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<a title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/security/https-overlay/">Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a>
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<a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/">Policies </a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/">Enabling Rate Limits</a>
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<a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/">Telemetry </a>
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<a title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin or Jaeger" href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/">Distributed Tracing</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics and logs." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics-logs/">Collecting Metrics and Logs</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/tcp-metrics/">Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/querying-metrics/">Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/using-istio-dashboard/">Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to generate a graph of services within an Istio mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/servicegraph/">Generating a Service Graph</a>
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<a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon" href="/v0.8/docs/tasks/telemetry/fluentd/">Logging with Fluentd</a>
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<a title="This guide deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices which will be used to demonstrate various features of the Istio service mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/bookinfo/">Bookinfo Sample Application</a>
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<a title="This guide demonstrates how to use various traffic management capabilities of an Istio service mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/intelligent-routing/">Intelligent Routing</a>
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<a title="This sample demonstrates how to obtain uniform metrics, logs, traces across different services using Istio Mixer and Istio sidecar." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/telemetry/">In-Depth Telemetry</a>
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<a title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/endpoints/">Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a>
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<a title="This sample deploys the Bookinfo services across Kubernetes and a set of virtual machines, and illustrates how to use the Istio service mesh to control this infrastructure as a single mesh." href="/v0.8/docs/guides/integrating-vms/">Integrating Virtual Machines</a>
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<a title="Provides a conceptual introduction to Istio&#39;s Performance and Scalability" href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/overview/">Overview</a>
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<a title="Performance measurement through code level micro-benchmarks." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/microbenchmarks/">Micro Benchmarks</a>
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<a title="The different scenarios we are tracking for performance and scalability." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/scenarios/">Testing scenarios</a>
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<a title="Fortio is our simple synthetic http and grpc benchmarking tool." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/synthetic-benchmarks/">Synthetic End to End benchmarks</a>
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<a title="Performance measurement through realistic micro service application tests." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/realistic-app-benchmark/">Realistic Application Benchmark</a>
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<a title="How we ensure performance is tracked and improves or does not regress across releases." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/performance-testing-automation/">Automation</a>
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<a title="Setup of Istio components to scale horizontally. High availability. Sizing guide." href="/v0.8/docs/performance-and-scalability/scalability/">Scalability and Sizing Guide</a>
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<a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/">Configuration </a>
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<a title="Describes how to configure Istio&#39;s policy and telemetry features." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/">Policies and Telemetry </a>
</label>
<ul class="tree collapse">
<li>
<a title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/">Attribute Vocabulary</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Mixer config expression language reference." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/">Expression Language</a>
</li>
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<label class='tree-toggle'>
<i class='fa fa-lg fa-caret-right'></i>
<a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/">Adapters </a>
</label>
<ul class="tree collapse">
<li>
<a title="Adapter for circonus.com&#39;s monitoring solution." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/">Circonus</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/">CloudWatch</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/">Datadog</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/">Denier</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that delivers logs to a fluentd daemon." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/">Fluentd</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/">Kubernetes Env</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/">List</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/">Memory quota</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/">OPA</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/">Prometheus</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that exposes Istio&#39;s Role-Based Access Control model." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/rbac/">RBAC</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/">Redis Quota</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter that delivers logs and metrics to Google Service Control" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/servicecontrol/">Service Control</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/">SolarWinds</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Stackdriver" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/">Stackdriver</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/">StatsD</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Adapter for outputting logs and metrics locally." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/">Stdio</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/">Default Metrics</a>
</li>
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<a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/">Templates </a>
</label>
<ul class="tree collapse">
<li>
<a title="A template that represents a single API key." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/">API Key</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template used to represent an access control query." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/">Authorization</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/">Check Nothing</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/">Kubernetes</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/">List Entry</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/">Log Entry</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/">Metric</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template that represents a quota allocation request" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/">Quota</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/">Report Nothing</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="A template used by the Google Service Control adapter." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/servicecontrolreport/">Service Control Report</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer&#39;s policy and telemetry features." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/">Rules</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/">RBAC</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Configuration affecting traffic routing" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/istio.routing.v1alpha1/">Route Rules v1alpha1 (deprecated)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Configuration affecting traffic routing" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/config/istio.networking.v1alpha3/">Route Rules v1alpha3</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/">Commands </a>
</label>
<ul class="tree collapse">
<li>
<a title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/">istio_ca</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Istio control interface" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/">istioctl</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Utility to trigger direct calls to Mixer&amp;#39;s API." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/mixc/">mixc</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Mixer is Istio&amp;#39;s abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/mixs/">mixs</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Istio security per-node agent" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/">node_agent</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Istio Pilot agent" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/">pilot-agent</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Istio Pilot" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/">pilot-discovery</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection" href="/v0.8/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/">sidecar-injector</a>
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<main aria-labelledby="title">
<h1 id="title">Overview</h1>
<nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none" >
<div class="directory" role="directory">
<nav id="InlinedTableOfContents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#adapters">Adapters</a></li>
<li><a href="#reliability-and-latency">Reliability and latency</a></li>
<li><a href="#whats-next">What's next</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</nav>
<p>Istio provides a flexible model to enforce authorization policies and collect telemetry for the
services in a mesh.</p>
<p>Infrastructure backends are designed to provide support functionality
used to build services. They include such things as access control systems,
telemetry capturing systems, quota enforcement systems, billing systems, and so
forth. Services traditionally directly integrate with these backend systems,
creating a hard coupling and baking-in specific semantics and usage options.</p>
<p>Istio provides a uniform abstraction that makes it possible for Istio to interface with
an open-ended set of infrastructure backends. This is done in such a way to provide rich
and deep controls to the operator, while imposing no burden on service developers.
Istio is designed to change the boundaries between layers in order to reduce
systemic complexity, eliminate policy logic from service code and give
control to operators.</p>
<p>Mixer is the Istio component responsible for providing policy controls and telemetry collection:</p>
<figure style="width: 75%">
<div class="wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 49.26%">
<a class="not-for-endnotes" href="/v0.8/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/img/topology-without-cache.svg">
<img class="element-to-stretch" src="/v0.8/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/img/topology-without-cache.svg" alt="Mixer Topology" title="Mixer Topology" />
</a>
</div>
<figcaption>Mixer Topology</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The Envoy sidecar logically calls Mixer before each request to perform precondition checks, and after each request to report telemetry.
The sidecar has local caching such that a relatively large percentage of precondition checks can be performed from cache. Additionally, the
sidecar buffers outgoing telemetry such that it only actually needs to call Mixer infrequently.</p>
<p>At a high level, Mixer provides:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Backend Abstraction</strong>. Mixer insulates the rest of Istio from the implementation details of individual infrastructure backends.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Intermediation</strong>. Mixer allows operators to have fine-grained control over all interactions between the mesh and infrastructure backends.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Beyond these purely functional aspects, Mixer also has <a href="#reliability-and-latency">reliability and scalability</a> benefits as outlined below.</p>
<p>Policy enforcement and telemetry collection are entirely driven from configuration.
It's possible to completely disable these features and avoid the need to run a
Mixer component in an Istio deployment.</p>
<h2 id="adapters">Adapters</h2>
<p>Mixer is a highly modular and extensible component. One of its key functions is
to abstract away the details of different policy and telemetry backend systems,
allowing the rest of Istio to be agnostic of those backends.</p>
<p>Mixer's flexibility in dealing with different infrastructure backends is
achieved by having a general-purpose plug-in model. Individual plug-ins are
known as <em>adapters</em> and they allow Mixer to interface to different
infrastructure backends that deliver core functionality, such as logging,
monitoring, quotas, ACL checking, and more. The exact set of
adapters used at runtime is determined through configuration and can easily be
extended to target new or custom infrastructure backends.</p>
<figure style="width: 35%">
<div class="wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 138%">
<a class="not-for-endnotes" href="/v0.8/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/img/adapters.svg">
<img class="element-to-stretch" src="/v0.8/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/img/adapters.svg" alt="Showing Mixer with adapters." title="Mixer and its Adapters" />
</a>
</div>
<figcaption>Mixer and its Adapters</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2 id="reliability-and-latency">Reliability and latency</h2>
<p>Mixer is a highly available component whose design helps increase overall availability and reduce average latency
of services in the mesh. Key aspects of its design deliver these benefits:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Statelessness</strong>. Mixer is stateless in that it doesn’t manage any persistent storage of its own.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Hardening</strong>. Mixer proper is designed to be a highly reliable component. The design intent is to achieve &gt; 99.999% uptime for any individual Mixer instance.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Caching and Buffering</strong>. Mixer is designed to accumulate a large amount of transient ephemeral state.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The sidecar proxies that sit next to each service instance in the mesh must necessarily be frugal in terms of memory consumption, which constrains the possible amount of local
caching and buffering. Mixer, however, lives independently and can use considerably larger caches and output buffers. Mixer thus acts as a highly-scaled and highly-available second-level
cache for the sidecars.</p>
<figure style="width: 75%">
<div class="wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 65.89%">
<a class="not-for-endnotes" href="/v0.8/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/img/topology-with-cache.svg">
<img class="element-to-stretch" src="/v0.8/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/img/topology-with-cache.svg" alt="Mixer Topology" title="Mixer Topology" />
</a>
</div>
<figcaption>Mixer Topology</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Since Mixer’s expected availability is considerably higher than most infrastructure backends (those often have availability of perhaps 99.9%). Mixer's local
caches and buffers not only contribute to reduce latency, they also help mask infrastructure backend failures by being able to continue operating
even when a backend has become unresponsive.</p>
<p>Finally, Mixer's caching and buffering helps reduce the frequency of calls to backends, and can sometimes reduce the amount of data
sent to backends (through local aggregation). Both of these can reduce operational expense in certain cases.</p>
<h2 id="whats-next">What's next</h2>
<ul>
<li>Read the <a href="/v0.8/blog/2017/adapter-model/">Mixer adapter model</a> blog post.</li>
</ul>
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