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<button id=search-close title="Cancel search" type=reset aria-label="Cancel search"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#cancel-x"/></svg></button></form></nav></header><main class=primary><div id=sidebar-container class="sidebar-container sidebar-offcanvas"><nav id=sidebar aria-label="Section Navigation"><div class=directory><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card32 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." aria-controls=card32-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#concepts"/></svg>Concepts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card32 role=region id=card32-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card32><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/security/>Policies and Security</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduces performance and scalability for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the system models that impact your overall Istio depolyment." href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/deployment-models/>Deployment Models</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card49 title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes and adding virtual machines into the mesh." aria-controls=card49-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#setup"/></svg>Setup</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card49 role=region id=card49-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card49><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Download, install, and try out Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/getting-started/>Getting Started</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Platform Setup"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup Docker Desktop for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/docker/>Docker Desktop</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup a Gardener cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/gardener/>Kubernetes Gardener</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup MicroK8s for use with Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/microk8s/>MicroK8s</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup minikube for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Install><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Choose the guide that best suits your needs and platform." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/>Install</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Instructions to install Istio in a Kubernetes cluster for evaluation." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/kubernetes/>Quick Start Evaluation Install</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio for in-depth evaluation or production use." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/helm/>Customizable Install with Helm</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and configure Istio using the Istio Operator CLI." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/operator/>Operator CLI-based Installation [Experimental]</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multi-cluster Installation"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning multiple Kubernetes clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/>Multi-cluster Installation</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with replicated control plane instances." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/gateways/>Replicated control planes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters with a shared control plane and VPN connectivity between clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-vpn/>Shared control plane (single-network)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install an Istio mesh across multiple Kubernetes clusters using a shared control plane for disconnected cluster networks." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/install/multicluster/shared-gateways/>Shared control plane (multi-network)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Upgrade><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Information on upgrading Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/upgrade/>Upgrade</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Important changes to consider when upgrading to Istio 1.3." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/upgrade/notice/>1.3 Upgrade Notice</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Upgrade the Istio control plane and data plane independently." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/upgrade/steps/>Upgrade Steps</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="More Guides"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="More information on additional setup tasks." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/>More Guides</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Prepare your Kubernetes pods and services to run in an Istio-enabled cluster." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/requirements/>Pods and Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the built-in Istio installation configuration profiles." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/config-profiles/>Installation Configuration Profiles</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/sidecar-injection/>Installing the Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Install and use Istio with the Istio CNI plugin, allowing operators to deploy services with lower privilege." href=/v1.3/docs/setup/additional-setup/cni/>Install Istio with the Istio CNI plugin</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card72 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." aria-controls=card72-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#tasks"/></svg>Tasks</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card72 role=region id=card72-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card72><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Request Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to migrate TCP traffic from an old to new version of a TCP service." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/tcp-traffic-shifting/>TCP Traffic Shifting</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Request Timeouts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Ingress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling ingress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Ingress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Istio gateway to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-control/>Ingress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using file-mounted certificates." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-mount/>Secure Gateways (File Mount)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Expose a service outside of the service mesh over TLS or mTLS using the secret discovery service (SDS)." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/secure-ingress-sds/>Secure Gateways (SDS)</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI passthrough for an ingress gateway." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-sni-passthrough/>Ingress Gateway without TLS Termination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Demonstrates how to obtain Let's Encrypt TLS certificates for Kubernetes Ingress automatically using Cert-Manager." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ingress-certmgr/>Kubernetes Ingress with Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Egress><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Controlling egress traffic for an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Egress</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/>Accessing External Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-tls-origination/>Egress TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway/>Egress Gateways</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure an Egress Gateway to perform TLS origination to external services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-gateway-tls-origination/>Egress Gateways with TLS Origination</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to enable egress traffic for a set of hosts in a common domain, instead of configuring each and every host separately." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/wildcard-egress-hosts/>Egress using Wildcard Hosts</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio to let applications use an external HTTPS proxy." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/http-proxy/>Using an External HTTPS Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for HTTP services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authz-http/>Authorization for HTTP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for TCP services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authz-tcp/>Authorization for TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tutorial on how to configure the groups-base authorization and configure the authorization of list-typed claims in Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/rbac-groups/>Authorization for groups and list claims</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to use Authorization permissive mode." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/authz-permissive/>Authorization permissive mode</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in External CA Key and Certificate</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/health-check/>Citadel Health Checking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable SDS (secret discovery service) for Istio identity provisioning." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/auth-sds/>Provisioning Identity through SDS</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configure which namespaces Citadel should generate service account secrets for." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/ca-namespace-targeting/>Configure Citadel Service Account Secret Generation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/security/https-overlay/>Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Policies><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to enable Istio policy enforcement." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/enabling-policy/>Enabling Policy Enforcement</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to modify request headers and routing using policy adapters." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/control-headers/>Control Headers and Routing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Telemetry><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/>Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false><li role=treeitem aria-label=Metrics><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/>Metrics</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/collecting-metrics/>Collecting Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Logs><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Demonstrates the configuration, collection, and processing of Istio mesh logs." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/>Logs</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize logs." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Envoy proxies to print access log to their standard output." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/access-log/>Getting Envoy's Access Logs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/fluentd/>Logging with Fluentd</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Distributed Tracing"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio-enabled applications to collect trace spans." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Overview of distributed tracing in Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/overview/>Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Jaeger." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/jaeger/>Jaeger</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to LightStep." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/lightstep/>LightStep</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="This task shows you how to configure external access to the set of Istio telemetry addons." href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/gateways/>Remotely Accessing Telemetry Addons</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card90 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." aria-controls=card90-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#examples"/></svg>Examples</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card90 role=region id=card90-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card90><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/endpoints/>Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Mesh Expansion"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Configure an Istio mesh spanning Kubernetes clusters, VMs and bare metals." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/>Mesh Expansion</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/single-network/>Single-network Mesh Expansion</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Integrate VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes with gateways." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/multi-network/>Multi-network Mesh Expansion</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Illustrates how to expand the Bookinfo application's mesh with a raw VM service." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/mesh-expansion/bookinfo-expanded/>Bookinfo with Mesh Expansion</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Multicluster Service Mesh"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Multicluster service mesh examples for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/multicluster/>Multicluster Service Mesh</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Set up a multicluster mesh over two GKE clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/multicluster/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Example multicluster mesh over two IBM Cloud Private clusters." href=/v1.3/docs/examples/multicluster/icp/>IBM Cloud Private</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card104 title="Hints, tips, tricks about running an Istio mesh." aria-controls=card104-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#guide"/></svg>Operations</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card104 role=region id=card104-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card104><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Installation and Configuration"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes important requirements, concepts, and considerations for installing and configuring Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/>Installation and Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/injection-concepts/>Automatic Sidecar Injection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to check which capabilities are allowed for your pods." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/required-pod-capabilities/>Required Pod Capabilities</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides a general overview of Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks and the related issues that can arise." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/webhook/>Dynamic Admission Webhooks Overview</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for server-side configuration validation." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/setup/validation/>Configuration Validation Webhook</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the networking aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to Istio networking operational aspects." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/introduction/>Introduction to Network Operations</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides specific deployment or configuration guidelines to avoid networking or traffic management issues." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/deploy-guidelines/>Avoiding Traffic Management Issues</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to enable and understand Locality Load Balancing." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/locality-load-balancing/>Locality Load Balancing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Information on how to specify protocols." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/traffic-management/protocol-selection/>Protocol Selection</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Security><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage the security aspects of a running mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/security/>Security</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use hardened container images to reduce Istio's attack surface." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/security/harden-docker-images/>Harden Docker Container Images</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of the Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/security/root-transition/>Extending Self-Signed Certificate Lifetime</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Telemetry><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Helps you manage telemetry collection and visualization in a running mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/telemetry/>Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to enable in-proxy generation of HTTP service-level metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/telemetry/in-proxy-service-telemetry/>Generate Istio Metrics Without Mixer [Experimental]</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fine-grained control of Envoy statistics." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/telemetry/envoy-stats/>Envoy Statistics</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Troubleshooting><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to identify and resolve common problems in Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/>Troubleshooting</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio includes a supplemental tool that provides debugging and diagnosis for Istio service mesh deployments." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/istioctl/>Using the istioctl command-line tool</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and techniques to address common Istio traffic management and network problems." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/network-issues/>Network Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and techniques to address common Istio authentication, authorization, and general security-related problems." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/security-issues/>Security Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resolve common problems with Istio's use of Kubernetes webhooks for automatic sidecar injection." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/injection/>Sidecar Injection Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="What to do if Citadel is not behaving properly." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/repairing-citadel/>Repairing Citadel</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes tools and techniques to diagnose Envoy configuration issues related to traffic management." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/proxy-cmd/>Debugging Envoy and Pilot</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to resolve Galley configuration problems." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/validation/>Galley Configuration Problems</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Diagnose problems where metrics are not being collected." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/missing-metrics/>Missing Metrics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Dealing with Grafana issues." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/grafana/>Missing Grafana Output</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Fix missing traces in Zipkin." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/missing-traces/>Missing Zipkin Traces</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Shows you how to use istioctl describe to verify the configurations of a pod in your mesh." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/istioctl-describe/>Understand your Mesh with istioctl describe</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use component-level logging to get insights into a running component's behavior." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/component-logging/>Component Logging</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to use ControlZ to get insight into individual running components." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/controlz/>Component Introspection</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Limitations for using Tcpdump in pods." href=/v1.3/docs/ops/troubleshooting/tcpdump-notes/>Tcpdump Limitations</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card126 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." aria-controls=card126-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#reference"/></svg>Reference</button><div class="body default" aria-labelledby=card126 role=region id=card126-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true aria-labelledby=card126><li role=treeitem aria-label=Configuration><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=treeitem aria-label="Traffic Management"><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure HTTP/TCP routing features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/>Traffic Management</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting load balancing, outlier detection, etc." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/destination-rule/>Destination Rule</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Customizing Envoy configuration generated by Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/envoy-filter/>Envoy Filter</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting edge load balancer." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/gateway/>Gateway</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting service registry." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/service-entry/>Service Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting network reachability of a sidecar." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/sidecar/>Sidecar</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting label/content routing, sni routing, etc." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/virtual-service/>Virtual Service</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Resource annotations used by Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/annotations/>Resource Annotations</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Authorization><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's authorization features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/authorization/>Authorization</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/authorization/constraints-and-properties/>Constraints and Properties</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/authorization/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using the included Helm chart." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Details the Helm chart installation options differences between release-1.2 and release-1.3." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/installation-options-changes/>Installation Options Changes</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label="Policies and Telemetry"><button class=show aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=true><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Describes the configuration model for Istio's policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms.">Mixer Configuration Model</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Adapters><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Adapters</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Apache SkyWalking." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apache-skywalking/>Apache SkyWalking</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to enforce authentication and authorization policies for web apps and APIs." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/app-identity-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudmonitor metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudmonitor/>CloudMonitor</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that delivers logs to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter that sends metrics to SignalFx." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/signalfx/>SignalFx</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to locally output logs and metrics." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Adapter to deliver tracing data to Zipkin." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/zipkin/>Zipkin</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Templates><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to report observed communication edges between workloads." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/edge/>Edge</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A template that represents an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration state for the Mixer client library." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.mixer.v1.config.client/>Mixer Client</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration for Istio control plane installation through the Operator." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/istio.operator.v1alpha12.pb/>Operator Installation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuration affecting the service mesh as a whole." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/>Service Mesh</a></li></ul></li><li role=treeitem aria-label=Commands><button aria-hidden=true></button><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a><ul role=group aria-expanded=false class=leaf-section><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The Istio operator." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/operator/>operator</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li></ul></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="A glossary of common Istio terms." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/glossary/>Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.3/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/docs/ title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio.">Docs</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/ title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters.">Reference</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/ title="Detailed information on configuration options.">Configuration</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/ title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features.">Policies and Telemetry</a></li><li>Mixer Configuration Model</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div><h1 id=title>Mixer Configuration Model</h1><p class=byline><span title="1465 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span> </span>7 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label=Adapters><a href=#adapters>Adapters</a><li role=none aria-label=Attributes><a href=#attributes>Attributes</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Attribute vocabulary"><a href=#attribute-vocabulary>Attribute vocabulary</a><li role=none aria-label="Attribute expressions"><a href=#attribute-expressions>Attribute expressions</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Configuration model"><a href=#configuration-model>Configuration model</a><ol><li role=none aria-label=Handlers><a href=#handlers>Handlers</a><li role=none aria-label=Instances><a href=#instances>Instances</a><li role=none aria-label=Rules><a href=#rules>Rules</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>Istio provides a flexible model to enforce authorization policies and collect telemetry for the
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services in a mesh.</p><p>Infrastructure backends are designed to provide support functionality
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used to build services. They include such things as access control systems,
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telemetry capturing systems, quota enforcement systems, billing systems, and so
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forth. Services traditionally directly integrate with these backend systems,
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creating a hard coupling and baking-in specific semantics and usage options.</p><p>Istio provides a uniform abstraction that makes it possible for Istio to interface with
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an open-ended set of infrastructure backends. This is done in such a way to provide rich
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and deep controls to the operator, while imposing no burden on service developers.
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Istio is designed to change the boundaries between layers in order to reduce
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systemic complexity, eliminate policy logic from service code and give
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control to operators.</p><p>Mixer is the Istio component responsible for providing policy controls and telemetry collection:</p><figure style=width:55%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:70%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/./topology-without-cache.svg title="Mixer Topology"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/./topology-without-cache.svg alt="Mixer Topology"></a></div><figcaption>Mixer Topology</figcaption></figure><p>The Envoy sidecar logically calls Mixer before each request to perform precondition checks, and after each request to report telemetry.
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The sidecar has local caching such that a large percentage of precondition checks can be performed from cache. Additionally, the
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sidecar buffers outgoing telemetry such that it only calls Mixer infrequently.</p><p>At a high level, Mixer provides:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Backend Abstraction</strong>. Mixer insulates the rest of Istio from the implementation details of individual infrastructure backends.</p></li><li><p><strong>Intermediation</strong>. Mixer allows operators to have fine-grained control over all interactions between the mesh and infrastructure backends.</p></li></ul><p>Policy enforcement and telemetry collection are entirely driven from configuration.
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Policy check is disabled by default, avoiding the need to go through the Mixer policy component.
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Refer to <a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options</a> for more information.</p><h2 id=adapters>Adapters</h2><p>Mixer is a highly modular and extensible component. One of its key functions is
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to abstract away the details of different policy and telemetry backend systems,
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allowing the rest of Istio to be agnostic of those backends.</p><p>Mixer’s flexibility in dealing with different infrastructure backends comes
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from its general-purpose plug-in model. Individual plug-ins are
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known as <em>adapters</em> and they allow Mixer to interface to different
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infrastructure backends that deliver core functionality, such as logging,
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monitoring, quotas, ACL checking, and more. The exact set of
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adapters used at runtime is determined through configuration and can easily be
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extended to target new or custom infrastructure backends.</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:70%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/./adapters.svg title="Mixer and its Adapters"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/./adapters.svg alt="Showing Mixer with adapters."></a></div><figcaption>Mixer and its Adapters</figcaption></figure><p>Learn more about the <a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>set of supported adapters</a>.</p><h2 id=attributes>Attributes</h2><p>Attributes are an essential concept to Istio’s policy and telemetry functionality.
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An attribute is a small bit of data that describes a single property of a specific
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service request or the environment for the request. For example, an attribute can
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specify the size of a specific request, the response code for an operation, the IP
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address where a request came from, etc.</p><p>Each attribute has a name and a type. The type defines the kind of data that the attribute holds. For
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example, an attribute can have a <code>STRING</code> type which means it has a textual value, or it can have an <code>INT64</code>
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type indicating it has a 64 bit integer value.</p><p>Here are some example attributes with their associated values:</p><pre><code class=language-plain data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>request.path: xyz/abc
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request.size: 234
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request.time: 12:34:56.789 04/17/2017
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source.ip: [192 168 0 1]
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destination.service.name: example
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</code></pre><p>Mixer is in essence an attribute processing machine. The Envoy sidecar invokes Mixer for
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every request, giving Mixer a set of attributes that describe the request and the environment
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around the request. Based on its configuration and the specific set of attributes it was
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given, Mixer generates calls to a variety of infrastructure backends.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:42.60859894197215%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/./machine.svg title="Attribute Machine"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/mixer-overview/./machine.svg alt="Attribute Machine"></a></div><figcaption>Attribute Machine</figcaption></figure><h3 id=attribute-vocabulary>Attribute vocabulary</h3><p>A given Istio deployment has a fixed vocabulary of attributes that it understands.
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The specific vocabulary is determined by the set of attribute producers being used
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in the deployment. The primary attribute producer in Istio is Envoy, although
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specialized Mixer adapters can also generate attributes.</p><p>Learn more about the <a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>common baseline set of attributes available in most Istio deployments</a>.</p><h3 id=attribute-expressions>Attribute expressions</h3><p>Attribute expressions are used when configuring <a href=#instances>instances</a>.
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Here’s an example use of expressions:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>destination_service: destination.service.host
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response_code: response.code
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destination_version: destination.labels["version"] | "unknown"
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</code></pre><p>The sequences on the right-hand side of the colons are the simplest forms of attribute expressions.
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The first two only consist of attribute names. The <code>response_code</code> label is assigned the value from the <code>response.code</code> attribute.</p><p>Here’s an example of a conditional expression:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>destination_version: destination.labels["version"] | "unknown"
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</code></pre><p>With the above, the <code>destination_version</code> label is assigned the value of <code>destination.labels["version"]</code>. However if that attribute
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is not present, the literal <code>"unknown"</code> is used.</p><p>Refer to the <a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>attribute expression</a> page for details.</p><h2 id=configuration-model>Configuration model</h2><p>Istio’s policy and telemetry features are configured through a common model designed to
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put operators in control of every aspect of authorization policy and telemetry collection.
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Specific focus was given to keeping the model simple, while being powerful
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enough to control Istio’s many features at scale.</p><p>Controlling the policy and telemetry features involves configuring three types of resources:</p><ul><li><p>Configuring a set of <em>handlers</em>, which determine the set of adapters that
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are being used and how they operate. Providing a <code>statsd</code> adapter with the IP
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address for a Statsd backend is an example of handler configuration.</p></li><li><p>Configuring a set of <em>instances</em>, which describe how to map request attributes into adapter inputs.
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Instances represent a chunk of data that one or more adapters will operate
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on. For example, an operator may decide to generate <code>requestcount</code>
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metric instances from attributes such as <code>destination.service.host</code> and
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<code>response.code</code>.</p></li><li><p>Configuring a set of <em>rules</em>, which describe when a particular adapter is called and which instances
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it is given. Rules consist of a <em>match</em> expression and <em>actions</em>. The match expression controls
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when to invoke an adapter, while the actions determine the set of instances to give the adapter.
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For example, a rule might send generated <code>requestcount</code> metric instances to a <code>statsd</code> adapter.</p></li></ul><p>Configuration is based on <em>adapters</em> and <em>templates</em>:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Adapters</strong> encapsulate the logic necessary to interface Mixer with a specific infrastructure backend.</p></li><li><p><strong>Templates</strong> define the schema for specifying request mapping from attributes to adapter inputs.
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A given adapter may support any number of templates.</p></li></ul><h3 id=handlers>Handlers</h3><p>Adapters encapsulate the logic necessary to interface Mixer with specific external infrastructure
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backends such as <a href=https://prometheus.io>Prometheus</a> or <a href=https://cloud.google.com/logging>Stackdriver</a>.
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A <em>handler</em> is a resource responsible for holding the configuration state needed by an adapter. For example, a
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logging adapter may require the IP address and port of the log collection backend.</p><p>Here is an example showing how to create a handler for an adapter. The <code>listchecker</code> adapter checks an input value against a list.
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If the adapter is configured for a whitelist, it returns success if the input value is found in the list.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
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kind: handler
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metadata:
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name: staticversion
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namespace: istio-system
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spec:
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compiledAdapter: listchecker
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params:
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providerUrl: http://white_list_registry/
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blacklist: false
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</code></pre><p>The schema of the data in the <code>params</code> stanza depends on the specific adapter being configured.</p><p>Some adapters implement functionality that goes beyond connecting Mixer to a backend.
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For example, the <code>prometheus</code> adapter consumes metrics and aggregates them as distributions or counters in a configurable way.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
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kind: handler
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metadata:
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name: promhandler
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namespace: istio-system
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spec:
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compiledAdapter: prometheus
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params:
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metrics:
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- name: request_count
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instance_name: requestcount.instance.istio-system
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kind: COUNTER
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label_names:
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- destination_service
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- destination_version
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- response_code
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- name: request_duration
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instance_name: requestduration.instance.istio-system
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kind: DISTRIBUTION
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label_names:
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- destination_service
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- destination_version
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- response_code
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buckets:
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explicit_buckets:
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bounds: [0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10]
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</code></pre><p>Each adapter defines its own particular format of configuration data. Learn more about <a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>the full set of
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adapters and their specific configuration formats</a>.</p><h3 id=instances>Instances</h3><p>Instance configuration specifies the request mapping from attributes to adapter inputs.
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The following is an example of a metric instance configuration that produces the <code>requestduration</code> metric.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
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kind: instance
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metadata:
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name: requestduration
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namespace: istio-system
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spec:
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compiledTemplate: metric
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params:
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value: response.duration | "0ms"
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dimensions:
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destination_service: destination.service.host | "unknown"
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destination_version: destination.labels["version"] | "unknown"
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response_code: response.code | 200
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monitored_resource_type: '"UNSPECIFIED"'
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</code></pre><p>Note that all the dimensions expected in the handler configuration are specified in the mapping.
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Templates define the specific required content of individual instances. Learn more about the <a href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>set of
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templates and their specific configuration formats</a>.</p><h3 id=rules>Rules</h3><p>Rules specify when a particular handler is invoked with a specific instance.
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Consider an example where you want to deliver the <code>requestduration</code> metric to the <code>prometheus</code> handler if
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the destination service is <code>service1</code> and the <code>x-user</code> request header has a specific value.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml data-expandlinks=true data-repo=istio>apiVersion: config.istio.io/v1alpha2
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kind: rule
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metadata:
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name: promhttp
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namespace: istio-system
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spec:
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match: destination.service.host == "service1.ns.svc.cluster.local" && request.headers["x-user"] == "user1"
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actions:
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- handler: promhandler
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instances: [ requestduration ]
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</code></pre><p>A rule contains a <code>match</code> predicate expression and a list of actions to perform if the predicate is true.
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An action specifies the list of instances to be delivered to a handler.
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A rule must use the fully qualified names of handlers and instances.
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If the rule, handlers, and instances are all in the same namespace, the namespace suffix can be elided from
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the fully qualified name as seen in <code>promhandler</code>.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/concepts/observability/>Observability</a></p><p class=desc>Describes the telemetry and monitoring features provided by Istio.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></p><p class=desc>Improving availability and reducing latency.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></p><p class=desc>Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress_sni_monitoring_and_policies/>Monitoring and Policies for TLS Egress</a></p><p class=desc>Describes how to configure SNI monitoring and apply policies on TLS egress traffic.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></p><p class=desc>Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/docs/tasks/telemetry/logs/collecting-logs/>Collecting Logs</a></p><p class=desc>This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect and customize logs.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left></div><div class=right><a title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.3/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label=Adapters><a href=#adapters>Adapters</a><li role=none aria-label=Attributes><a href=#attributes>Attributes</a><ol><li role=none aria-label="Attribute vocabulary"><a href=#attribute-vocabulary>Attribute vocabulary</a><li role=none aria-label="Attribute expressions"><a href=#attribute-expressions>Attribute expressions</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="Configuration model"><a href=#configuration-model>Configuration model</a><ol><li role=none aria-label=Handlers><a href=#handlers>Handlers</a><li role=none aria-label=Instances><a href=#instances>Instances</a><li role=none aria-label=Rules><a href=#rules>Rules</a></ol></li><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.3.5 now" href=/v1.3/docs/setup#downloading-the-release aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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