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href=/v1.3/blog/2019/monitoring-external-service-traffic/>Monitoring blocked and passthrough external service traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></li><li role=none><span role=treeitem class=current title="Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic.">Mixer out-of-process adapter for Knative</span></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="The design principles behind Istio's APIs and how those APIs are evolving." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/evolving-istios-apis/>The Evolution of Istio&#39;s APIs</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Comparison of alternative solutions to control egress traffic including performance considerations." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-3/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 3</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Use Istio Egress Traffic Control to prevent attacks involving egress traffic." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-2/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 2</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Tools and guidance for evaluating Istio's data plane performance." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/performance-best-practices/>Best Practices: Benchmarking Service Mesh Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Learn how to extend the lifetime of Istio self-signed root certificate." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/root-transition/>Extending Istio Self-Signed Root Certificate Lifetime</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Attacks involving egress traffic and requirements for egress traffic control." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/egress-traffic-control-in-istio-part-1/>Secure Control of Egress Traffic in Istio, part 1</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An overview of Istio 1.1 performance." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/istio1.1_perf/>Architecting Istio 1.1 for Performance</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Configuring Istio route rules in a multicluster service mesh." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/multicluster-version-routing/>Version Routing in a Multicluster Service Mesh</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Announces the new Istio blog policy." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/sail-the-blog/>Sail the Blog!</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="De-mystify how Istio manages to plugin its data-plane components into an existing deployment." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/data-plane-setup/>Demystifying Istio&#39;s Sidecar Injection Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Verifies the performance impact of adding an egress gateway." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/egress-performance/>Egress Gateway Performance Investigation</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a Custom Ingress Gateway Using Cert-Manager</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card1 title="Blog posts for 2018." aria-controls=card1-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2018 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card1 role=region id=card1-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card1><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/egress-mongo/>Consuming External MongoDB Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP&#39;s FitStation Platform</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio for monitoring and access policies of HTTP egress traffic." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/egress-monitoring-access-control/>Monitoring and Access Policies for HTTP Egress Traffic</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-Tenancy Support</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.3/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=card><button class="header dynamic" id=card2 title="Blog posts for 2017." aria-controls=card2-body><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#blog"/></svg>2017 Posts</button><div class=body aria-labelledby=card2 role=region id=card2-body><ul role=tree aria-expanded=true class=leaf-section aria-labelledby=card2><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Improving availability and reducing latency." href=/v1.3/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture." href=/v1.3/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy." href=/v1.3/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.3/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li role=none><a role=treeitem title="Istio Auth 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.3/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div><div class=article-container><button tabindex=-1 id=sidebar-toggler title="Toggle the navigation bar"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#pull"/></svg></button><nav aria-label=Breadcrumb><ol><li><a href=/v1.3/ title="Connect, secure, control, and observe services.">Istio</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/blog/ title="Posts about using Istio.">Blog</a></li><li><a href=/v1.3/blog/2019/ title="Blog posts for 2019.">2019 Posts</a></li><li>Mixer out-of-process adapter for Knative</li></ol></nav><article aria-labelledby=title><div class=title-area><div><h1 id=title>Mixer out-of-process adapter for Knative</h1><p class=subtitle>Demonstrates a Mixer out-of-process adapter which implements the Knative scale-from-zero logic</p><p class=byline><span>By</span>
<span class=attribution>Idan Zach (IBM)</span><span> | </span><span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#calendar"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>September 18, 2019</span><span> | </span><span title="596 words"><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#clock"/></svg><span>&nbsp;</span>3 minute read</span></p></div></div><nav class=toc-inlined aria-label="Table of Contents"><div><hr><ol><li role=none aria-label="Knative serving"><a href=#knative-serving>Knative serving</a><li role=none aria-label="Mixer adapter"><a href=#mixer-adapter>Mixer adapter</a><li role=none aria-label=Summary><a href=#summary>Summary</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol><hr></div></nav><p>This post demonstrates how you can use <a href=/v1.3/faq/mixer/>Mixer</a> to push application logic
into Istio. It describes a Mixer adapter which implements the <a href=https://knative.dev/>Knative</a> scale-from-zero logic
with simple code and similar performance to the original implementation.</p><h2 id=knative-serving>Knative serving</h2><p><a href=https://knative.dev/docs/serving/>Knative Serving</a> builds on <a href=https://kubernetes.io/>Kubernetes</a> to support deploying
and serving of serverless applications. A core capability of serverless platforms is scale-to-zero
functionality which reduces resource usage and cost of inactive workloads.
A new mechanism is required to scale from zero when an idle application receives a new request.</p><p>The following diagram represents the current Knative architecture for scale-from-zero.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:76.29350893697084%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-activator.png title="Knative scale-from-zero"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.3/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-activator.png alt="Knative scale-from-zero"></a></div><figcaption>Knative scale-from-zero</figcaption></figure><p>The traffic for an idle application is redirected to <strong>Activator</strong> component by programming Istio with <code>VirtualServices</code>
and <code>DestinationRules</code>. When <strong>Activator</strong> receives a new request, it:</p><ol><li>buffers incoming requests</li><li>triggers the <strong>Autoscaler</strong></li><li>redirects requests to the application after it has been scaled up, including retries and load-balancing (if needed)</li></ol><p>Once the application is up and running again, Knative restores the routing from <strong>Activator</strong> to the running application.</p><h2 id=mixer-adapter>Mixer adapter</h2><p><a href=/v1.3/faq/mixer/>Mixer</a> provides a rich intermediation layer between the Istio components and infrastructure backends.
It is designed as a stand-alone component, separate from <a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/>Envoy</a>, and has a simple extensibility model
to enable Istio to interoperate with a wide breadth of backends. Mixer is inherently easier to extend
than Envoy is.</p><p>Mixer is an attribute processing engine that uses operator-supplied configuration to map request attributes from the Istio proxy into calls
to the infrastructure backends systems via a pluggable set of adapters. Adapters enable <strong>Mixer</strong> to expose a single consistent API, independent of the
infrastructure backends in use. The exact set of adapters used at runtime is determined through operator configuration and can easily
be extended to target new or custom infrastructure backends.</p><p>In order to achieve Knative scale-from-zero, we use a Mixer <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/Mixer-Out-Of-Process-Adapter-Dev-Guide>out-of-process adapter</a>
to call the Autoscaler. Out-of-process adapters for Mixer allow developers to use any
programming language and to build and maintain your extension as a stand-alone program
without the need to build the Istio proxy.</p><p>The following diagram represents the Knative design using the <strong>Mixer</strong> adapter.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:76.29350893697084%><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-mixer-adapter.png title="Knative scale-from-zero"><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.3/blog/2019/knative-activator-adapter/knative-mixer-adapter.png alt="Knative scale-from-zero"></a></div><figcaption>Knative scale-from-zero</figcaption></figure><p>In this design, there is no need to change the routing from/to <strong>Activator</strong> for an idle application as in the original Knative setup.
When the Istio proxy represented by the ingress gateway component receives a new request for an idle application, it informs <strong>Mixer</strong>, including all the
relevant metadata information.
<strong>Mixer</strong> then calls your adapter which triggers the Knative <strong>Autoscaler</strong> using the original Knative protocol.</p><div><aside class="callout idea"><div class=type><svg class="large-icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#callout-idea"/></svg></div><div class=content>By using this design you do not need to deal with buffering, retries and load-balancing because it is already handled by the Istio proxy.</div></aside></div><p>Istio&rsquo;s use of Mixer adapters makes it possible to replace otherwise complex networking-based application logic with a more
straightforward implementation, as demonstrated in the <a href=https://github.com/zachidan/istio-kactivator>Knative adapter</a>.</p><p>When the adapter receives a message from <strong>Mixer</strong>, it sends a <code>StatMessage</code> directly to <strong>Autoscaler</strong>
component using the Knative protocol.
The metadata information (<code>namespace</code> and <code>service name</code>) required by <strong>Autoscaler</strong> are transferred by Istio proxy to
<strong>Mixer</strong> and from there to the adapter.</p><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>I compared the cold-start time of the original Knative reference architecture to the new Istio Mixer adapter reference architecture.
The results show similar cold-start times.
The implementation using the Mixer adapter has greater simplicity. It is not necessary to handle low-level network-based mechanisms as these are handled by Envoy.</p><p>The next step is converting this Mixer adapter into an Envoy-specific filter running inside an ingress gateway.
This will allow to further improve the latency overhead (no more calls to <strong>Mixer</strong> and the adapter) and
to remove the dependency on the Istio Mixer.</p><nav id=see-also><h2>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></p><p class=desc>Improving availability and reducing latency.</p></div><div class=entry><p class=link><a data-skipendnotes=true href=/v1.3/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></p><p class=desc>Provides an overview of Mixer&#39;s plug-in architecture.</p></div></div></nav></article><nav class=pagenav><div class=left><a title="Using Istio to secure multi-cloud Kubernetes applications with zero code changes." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/app-identity-and-access-adapter/><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#left-arrow"/></svg>App Identity and Access Adapter</a></div><div class=right><a title="Taking advantage of Kubernetes trustworthy JWTs to issue certificates for workload instances more securely." href=/v1.3/blog/2019/trustworthy-jwt-sds/>Change in Secret Discovery Service in Istio 1.3<svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#right-arrow"/></svg></a></div></nav><div id=endnotes-container aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class=toc-container><nav class=toc aria-label="Table of Contents"><div id=toc><ol><li role=none aria-label="Knative serving"><a href=#knative-serving>Knative serving</a><li role=none aria-label="Mixer adapter"><a href=#mixer-adapter>Mixer adapter</a><li role=none aria-label=Summary><a href=#summary>Summary</a><li role=none aria-label="See also"><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ol></div></nav></div></main><footer><div class=user-links><a class=channel title="Go download Istio 1.3.5 now" href=/v1.3/docs/setup#downloading-the-release aria-label="Download Istio"><span>download</span><svg class="icon"><use xlink:href="/v1.3/img/icons.svg#download"/></svg>
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