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2019 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse0 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header0><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Istio 1.0.6 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/announcing-1.0.6/>Announcing Istio 1.0.6</a></li><li><a title="Addressing application startup ordering and startup latency using AppSwitch." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/appswitch/>Sidestepping Dependency Ordering with AppSwitch</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager</a></li><li><a title="Istio has a new discussion board." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/announcing-discuss.istio.io/>Announcing discuss.istio.io</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header1><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse1 title="Blog posts for 2018." role=button aria-controls=collapse1><div><img src=/v1.0/img/blog.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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2018 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse1 class="collapse show" data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header1><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Istio 1.0.5 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.5/>Announcing Istio 1.0.5</a></li><li><span class=current title="How to use Istio for traffic management without deploying sidecar proxies.">Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</span></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.4 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.4/>Announcing Istio 1.0.4</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.3 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.3/>Announcing Istio 1.0.3</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.2 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.2/>Announcing Istio 1.0.2</a></li><li><a title="Istio 1.0.1 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.1/>Announcing Istio 1.0.1</a></li><li><a title="Istio hosting an all day Twitch stream to celebrate the 1.0 release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/istio-twitch-stream/>All Day Istio Twitch Stream</a></li><li><a title="How HP is building its next-generation footwear personalization platform on Istio." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/hp/>Istio a Game Changer for HP's FitStation Platform</a></li><li><a title="Istio is ready for production use with its 1.0 release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0/>Announcing Istio 1.0</a></li><li><a title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/delayering-istio/delayering-istio/>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></li><li><a title="Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></li><li><a title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver</a></li><li><a title="Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></li><li><a title="Using Kubernetes namespaces and RBAC to create an Istio soft multi-tenancy environment." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/soft-multitenancy/>Istio Soft Multi-tenancy Support</a></li><li><a title="An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></li><li><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></li><li><a title="Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header2><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse2 title="Blog posts for 2017." role=button aria-controls=collapse2><div><img src=/v1.0/img/blog.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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2017 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse2 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header2><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Improving availability and reducing latency." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li><a title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li><a title="Istio 0.2 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.2-announcement/>Announcing Istio 0.2</a></li><li><a title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li><a title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li><a title="Istio Auth 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li><li><a title="Istio 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-announcement/>Introducing Istio</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/ title="Blog posts for 2018."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i> 2018 Posts</a></p></div><h1 id=title>Incremental Istio Part 1, Traffic Management</h1><p class=byline>By <span class=attribution>Sandeep Parikh</span>
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(<a href=https://twitter.com/crcsmnky>@crcsmnky</a>)
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/
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<span class=publish_date>November 21, 2018</span></p><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlinedTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#setup-why-implement-istio-traffic-management-features>Setup: why implement Istio traffic management features?</a></li><li><a href=#background-traffic-routing-in-an-istio-mesh>Background: traffic routing in an Istio mesh</a></li><li><a href=#in-action-traffic-routing-with-istio>In action: traffic routing with Istio</a></li><li><a href=#testing-your-deployment>Testing your deployment</a></li><li><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><p>Traffic management is one of the critical benefits provided by Istio. At the heart of Istio’s traffic management is the ability to decouple traffic flow and infrastructure scaling. This lets you control your traffic in ways that aren’t possible without a service mesh like Istio.</p><p>For example, let’s say you want to execute a <a href=https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CanaryRelease.html>canary deployment</a>. With Istio, you can specify that <strong>v1</strong> of a service receives 90% of incoming traffic, while <strong>v2</strong> of that service only receives 10%. With standard Kubernetes deployments, the only way to achieve this is to manually control the number of available Pods for each version, for example 9 Pods running v1 and 1 Pod running v2. This type of manual control is hard to implement, and over time may have trouble scaling. For more information, check out <a href=https://istio.io/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a>.</p><p>The same issue exists when deploying updates to existing services. While you can update deployments with Kubernetes, it requires replacing v1 Pods with v2 Pods. Using Istio, you can deploy v2 of your service and use built-in traffic management mechanisms to shift traffic to your updated services at a network level, then remove the v1 Pods.</p><p>In addition to canary deployments and general traffic shifting, Istio also gives you the ability to implement dynamic request routing (based on HTTP headers), failure recovery, retries, circuit breakers, and fault injection. For more information, check out the <a href=https://istio.io/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management documentation</a>.</p><p>This post walks through a technique that highlights a particularly useful way that you can implement Istio incrementally – in this case, only the traffic management features – without having to individually update each of your Pods.</p><h2 id=setup-why-implement-istio-traffic-management-features>Setup: why implement Istio traffic management features?</h2><p>Of course, the first question is: Why would you want to do this?</p><p>If you’re part of one of the many organizations out there that have a large cluster with lots of teams deploying, the answer is pretty clear. Let’s say Team A is getting started with Istio and wants to start some canary deployments on Service A, but Team B hasn’t started using Istio, so they don’t have sidecars deployed.</p><p>With Istio, Team A can still implement their canaries by having Service B call Service A through Istio’s ingress gateway.</p><h2 id=background-traffic-routing-in-an-istio-mesh>Background: traffic routing in an Istio mesh</h2><p>But how can you use Istio’s traffic management capabilities without updating each of your applications’ Pods to include the Istio sidecar? Before answering that question, let’s take a quick high-level look at how traffic enters an Istio mesh and how it’s routed.</p><p>Pods that are part of the Istio mesh contain a sidecar proxy that is responsible for mediating all inbound and outbound traffic to the Pod. Within an Istio mesh, Pilot is responsible for converting high-level routing rules into configurations and propagating them to the sidecar proxies. That means when services communicate with one another, their routing decisions are determined from the client side.</p><p>Let’s say you have two services that are part of the Istio mesh, Service A and Service B. When A wants to communicate with B, the sidecar proxy of Pod A is responsible for directing traffic to Service B. For example, if you wanted to split traffic 50/50 across Service B v1 and v2, the traffic would flow as follows:</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:43%><a class=not-for-endnotes href=/v1.0/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/./fifty-fifty.png><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.0/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/./fifty-fifty.png alt="50/50 Traffic Split" title="50/50 Traffic Split"></a></div><figcaption>50/50 Traffic Split</figcaption></figure><p>If Services A and B are not part of the Istio mesh, there is no sidecar proxy that knows how to route traffic to different versions of Service B. In that case you need to use another approach to get traffic from Service A to Service B, following the 50/50 rules you’ve setup.</p><p>Fortunately, a standard Istio deployment already includes a <a href=https://istio.io/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#gateways>Gateway</a> that specifically deals with ingress traffic outside of the Istio mesh. This Gateway is used to allow ingress traffic from outside the cluster via an external load balancer, or to allow ingress traffic from within the Kubernetes cluster but outside the service mesh. It can be configured to proxy incoming ingress traffic to the appropriate Pods, even if they don’t have a sidecar proxy. While this approach allows you to leverage Istio’s traffic management features, it does mean that traffic going through the ingress gateway will incur an extra hop.</p><figure style=width:60%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:55%><a class=not-for-endnotes href=/v1.0/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/./fifty-fifty-ingress-gateway.png><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.0/blog/2018/incremental-traffic-management/./fifty-fifty-ingress-gateway.png alt="50/50 Traffic Split using Ingress Gateway" title="50/50 Traffic Split using Ingress Gateway"></a></div><figcaption>50/50 Traffic Split using Ingress Gateway</figcaption></figure><h2 id=in-action-traffic-routing-with-istio>In action: traffic routing with Istio</h2><p>A simple way to see this type of approach in action is to first setup your Kubernetes environment using the <a href=https://istio.io/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a> instructions, and then install Istio using <a href=https://istio.io/docs/setup/kubernetes/minimal-install/>Helm</a>, including only the traffic management components (ingress gateway, egress gateway, Pilot). The following example uses <a href=https://cloud.google.com/gke>Google Kubernetes Engine</a>.</p><p>First, <strong>setup and configure <a href=https://istio.io/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/gke/>GKE</a></strong>:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ gcloud container clusters create istio-inc --zone us-central1-f
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$ gcloud container clusters get-credentials istio-inc
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$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-admin-binding \
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--clusterrole=cluster-admin \
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--user=$(gcloud config get-value core/account)</code></pre><p>Next, <strong><a href=https://docs.helm.sh/using_helm/#installing-helm>install Helm</a> and <a href=https://istio.io/docs/setup/kubernetes/minimal-install/>generate a minimal Istio install</a></strong> – only traffic management components:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio \
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--name istio \
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--namespace istio-system \
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--set security.enabled=false \
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--set galley.enabled=false \
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--set sidecarInjectorWebhook.enabled=false \
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--set mixer.enabled=false \
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--set prometheus.enabled=false \
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--set global.proxy.envoyStatsd.enabled=false \
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--set pilot.sidecar=false > istio-minimal.yaml</code></pre><p>Then <strong>create the istio-system namespace and deploy Istio</strong>:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl create namespace istio-system
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$ kubectl apply -f istio-minimal.yaml</code></pre><p>Next, <strong>deploy the Bookinfo sample</strong> without the Istio sidecar containers:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl apply -f samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo.yaml</code></pre><p>Now, <strong>configure a new Gateway</strong> that allows access to the reviews service from outside the Istio mesh, a new <code>VirtualService</code> that splits traffic evenly between v1 and v2 of the reviews service, and a set of new <code>DestinationRule</code> resources that match destination subsets to service versions:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
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apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
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kind: Gateway
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metadata:
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name: reviews-gateway
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spec:
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selector:
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istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
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servers:
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- port:
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number: 80
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name: http
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protocol: HTTP
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hosts:
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- "*"
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---
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apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
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kind: VirtualService
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metadata:
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name: reviews
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spec:
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hosts:
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- "*"
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gateways:
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- reviews-gateway
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http:
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- match:
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- uri:
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prefix: /reviews
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route:
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- destination:
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host: reviews
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subset: v1
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weight: 50
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- destination:
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host: reviews
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subset: v2
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weight: 50
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---
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apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
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kind: DestinationRule
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metadata:
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name: reviews
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spec:
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host: reviews
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subsets:
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- name: v1
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labels:
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version: v1
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- name: v2
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labels:
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version: v2
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- name: v3
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labels:
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version: v3
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EOF</code></pre><p>Finally, <strong>deploy a Pod that you can use for testing</strong> with <code>curl</code> (and without the Istio sidecar container):</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl apply -f samples/sleep/sleep.yaml</code></pre><h2 id=testing-your-deployment>Testing your deployment</h2><p>Now, you can test different behaviors using the <code>curl</code> commands via the sleep Pod.</p><p>The first example is to issue requests to the reviews service using standard Kubernetes service DNS behavior (<strong>note</strong>: <a href=https://stedolan.github.io/jq/><code>jq</code></a> is used in the examples below to filter the output from <code>curl</code>):</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ export SLEEP_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep \
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-o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
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$ for i in `seq 3`; do \
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kubectl exec -it $SLEEP_POD curl http://reviews:9080/reviews/0 | \
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jq '.reviews|.[]|.rating?'; \
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done</code></pre><pre><code class=language-json>{
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"stars": 5,
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"color": "black"
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}
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{
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"stars": 4,
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"color": "black"
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}
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null
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null
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{
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"stars": 5,
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"color": "red"
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}
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{
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"stars": 4,
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"color": "red"
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}</code></pre><p>Notice how we’re getting responses from all three versions of the reviews service (<code>null</code> is from reviews v1 which doesn’t have ratings) and not getting the even split across v1 and v2. This is expected behavior because the <code>curl</code> command is using Kubernetes service load balancing across all three versions of the reviews service. In order to access the reviews 50/50 split we need to access the service via the ingress Gateway:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ for i in `seq 4`; do \
|
||
kubectl exec -it $SLEEP_POD curl http://istio-ingressgateway.istio-system/reviews/0 | \
|
||
jq '.reviews|.[]|.rating?'; \
|
||
done</code></pre><pre><code class=language-json>{
|
||
"stars": 5,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 4,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
null
|
||
null
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 5,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
{
|
||
"stars": 4,
|
||
"color": "black"
|
||
}
|
||
null
|
||
null</code></pre><p>Mission accomplished! This post showed how to deploy a minimal installation of Istio that only contains the traffic management components (Pilot, ingress Gateway), and then use those components to direct traffic to specific versions of the reviews service. And it wasn't necessary to deploy the Istio sidecar proxy to gain these capabilities, so there was little to no interruption of existing workloads or applications.</p><p>Using the built-in ingress Gateway (along with some <code>VirtualService</code> and <code>DestinationRule</code> resources) this post showed how you can easily leverage Istio’s traffic management for cluster-external ingress traffic and cluster-internal service-to-service traffic. This technique is a great example of an incremental approach to adopting Istio, and can be especially useful in real-world cases where Pods are owned by different teams or deployed to different namespaces.</p><h2 id=see-also>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/blog/2019/custom-ingress-gateway/>Deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager</a></p><p class=desc>Describes how to deploy a custom ingress gateway using cert-manager manually.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/v1alpha3-routing/>Introducing the Istio v1alpha3 routing API</a></p><p class=desc>Introduction, motivation and design principles for the Istio v1alpha3 routing API.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/aws-nlb/>Configuring Istio Ingress with AWS NLB</a></p><p class=desc>Describes how to configure Istio ingress with a network load balancer on AWS.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/traffic-mirroring/>Traffic Mirroring with Istio for Testing in Production</a></p><p class=desc>An introduction to safer, lower-risk deployments and release to production.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-tcp/>Consuming External TCP Services</a></p><p class=desc>Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/egress-https/>Consuming External Web Services</a></p><p class=desc>Describes a simple scenario based on Istio's Bookinfo example.</p></div></div></div></div></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"><p><a title="Istio 1.0.5 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.5/><i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-left"></i>Announcing Istio 1.0.5</a></p></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="Istio 1.0.4 patch release." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/announcing-1.0.4/>Announcing Istio 1.0.4
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<i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-right"></i></a></p></div></div></div><div class="d-none d-print-block" aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-2 d-none d-xl-block d-print-none"><nav class=toc><div class=spacer></div><div id=toc class=directory role=directory><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#setup-why-implement-istio-traffic-management-features>Setup: why implement Istio traffic management features?</a></li><li><a href=#background-traffic-routing-in-an-istio-mesh>Background: traffic routing in an Istio mesh</a></li><li><a href=#in-action-traffic-routing-with-istio>In action: traffic routing with Istio</a></li><li><a href=#testing-your-deployment>Testing your deployment</a></li><li><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ul></nav></div></nav></div></div></div></div><footer class="d-print-none container-fluid"><div class=row><div class="col-5 col-lg-4" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=icon><span>discuss</span>
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