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2017 Posts</div></a></div><div id=collapse2 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header2><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Improving availability and reducing latency." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/mixer-spof-myth/>Mixer and the SPOF Myth</a></li><li><a title="Provides an overview of Mixer's plug-in architecture." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/adapter-model/>Mixer Adapter Model</a></li><li><a title="Istio 0.2 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.2-announcement/>Announcing Istio 0.2</a></li><li><a title="How Kubernetes Network Policy relates to Istio policy." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-using-network-policy/>Using Network Policy with Istio</a></li><li><a title="Using Istio to create autoscaled canary deployments." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-canary/>Canary Deployments using Istio</a></li><li><a title="Istio Auth 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-auth/>Using Istio to Improve End-to-End Security</a></li><li><a title="Istio 0.1 announcement." href=/v1.0/blog/2017/0.1-announcement/>Introducing Istio</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/ title="Blog posts for 2018."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i>&nbsp;2018 Posts</a></p></div><h1 id=title>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</h1><p class=byline>By <span class=attribution>Limin Wang</span>
/
<span class=publish_date>July 20, 2018</span></p><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlinedTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#characteristics>Characteristics</a></li><ul><li><a href=#rpc-level-authorization>RPC level authorization</a></li><li><a href=#role-based-access-control-with-conditions>Role-based access control with conditions</a></li><li><a href=#high-performance>High performance</a></li><li><a href=#work-withwithout-primary-identities>Work with/without primary identities</a></li></ul><li><a href=#examples>Examples</a></li><ul><li><a href=#namespace-level-segmentation-via-rbac--conditions>Namespace level segmentation via RBAC + conditions</a></li><li><a href=#servicemethod-level-isolation-withwithout-primary-identities>Service/method level isolation with/without primary identities</a></li><ul><li><a href=#using-authenticated-client-identities>Using authenticated client identities</a></li><li><a href=#client-does-not-have-identity>Client does not have identity</a></li></ul></ul><li><a href=#summary>Summary</a></li><li><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><p>Micro-segmentation is a security technique that creates secure zones in cloud deployments and allows organizations to
isolate workloads from one another and secure them individually.
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>Istio's authorization feature</a>, also known as Istio Role Based Access Control,
provides micro-segmentation for services in an Istio mesh. It features:</p><ul><li>Authorization at different levels of granularity, including namespace level, service level, and method level.</li><li>Service-to-service and end-user-to-service authorization.</li><li>High performance, as it is enforced natively on Envoy.</li><li>Role-based semantics, which makes it easy to use.</li><li>High flexibility as it allows users to define conditions using
<a href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/constraints-and-properties/>combinations of attributes</a>.</li></ul><p>In this blog post, you'll learn about the main authorization features and how to use them in different situations.</p><h2 id=characteristics>Characteristics</h2><h3 id=rpc-level-authorization>RPC level authorization</h3><p>Authorization is performed at the level of individual RPCs. Specifically, it controls &ldquo;who can access my <code>bookstore</code> service”,
or &ldquo;who can access method <code>getBook</code> in my <code>bookstore</code> service”. It is not designed to control access to application-specific
resource instances, like access to &ldquo;storage bucket X” or access to &ldquo;3rd book on 2nd shelf”. Today this kind of application
specific access control logic needs to be handled by the application itself.</p><h3 id=role-based-access-control-with-conditions>Role-based access control with conditions</h3><p>Authorization is a <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-based_access_control>role-based access control (RBAC)</a> system,
contrast this to an <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute-based_access_control>attribute-based access control (ABAC)</a>
system. Compared to ABAC, RBAC has the following advantages:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Roles allow grouping of attributes.</strong> Roles are groups of permissions, which specifies the actions you are allowed
to perform on a system. Users are grouped based on the roles within an organization. You can define the roles and reuse
them for different cases.</p></li><li><p><strong>It is easier to understand and reason about who has access.</strong> The RBAC concepts map naturally to business concepts.
For example, a DB admin may have all access to DB backend services, while a web client may only be able to view the
frontend service.</p></li><li><p><strong>It reduces unintentional errors.</strong> RBAC policies make otherwise complex security changes easier. You won't have
duplicate configurations in multiple places and later forget to update some of them when you need to make changes.</p></li></ul><p>On the other hand, Istio's authorization system is not a traditional RBAC system. It also allows users to define <strong>conditions</strong> using
<a href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/constraints-and-properties/>combinations of attributes</a>. This gives Istio
flexibility to express complex access control policies. In fact, <strong>the &ldquo;RBAC + conditions” model
that Istio authorization adopts, has all the benefits an RBAC system has, and supports the level of flexibility that
normally an ABAC system provides.</strong> You'll see some <a href=#examples>examples</a> below.</p><h3 id=high-performance>High performance</h3><p>Because of its simple semantics, Istio authorization is enforced on Envoy as a native authorization support. At runtime, the
authorization decision is completely done locally inside an Envoy filter, without dependency to any external module.
This allows Istio authorization to achieve high performance and availability.</p><h3 id=work-withwithout-primary-identities>Work with/without primary identities</h3><p>Like any other RBAC system, Istio authorization is identity aware. In Istio authorization policy, there is a primary
identity called <code>user</code>, which represents the principal of the client.</p><p>In addition to the primary identity, you can also specify any conditions that define the identities. For example,
you can specify the client identity as &ldquo;user Alice calling from Bookstore frontend service”, in which case,
you have a combined identity of the calling service (<code>Bookstore frontend</code>) and the end user (<code>Alice</code>).</p><p>To improve security, you should enable <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>authentication features</a>,
and use authenticated identities in authorization policies. However, strongly authenticated identity is not required
for using authorization. Istio authorization works with or without identities. If you are working with a legacy system,
you may not have mutual TLS or JWT authentication setup for your mesh. In this case, the only way to identify the client is, for example,
through IP. You can still use Istio authorization to control which IP addresses or IP ranges are allowed to access your service.</p><h2 id=examples>Examples</h2><p>The <a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/role-based-access-control/>authorization task</a> shows you how to
use Istio's authorization feature to control namespace level and service level access using the
<a href=/v1.0/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo application</a>. In this section, you'll see more examples on how to achieve
micro-segmentation with Istio authorization.</p><h3 id=namespace-level-segmentation-via-rbac--conditions>Namespace level segmentation via RBAC + conditions</h3><p>Suppose you have services in the <code>frontend</code> and <code>backend</code> namespaces. You would like to allow all your services
in the <code>frontend</code> namespace to access all services that are marked <code>external</code> in the <code>backend</code> namespace.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRole
metadata:
name: external-api-caller
namespace: backend
spec:
rules:
- services: [&#34;*&#34;]
methods: [&#34;*”]
constraints:
- key: &#34;destination.labels[visibility]”
values: [&#34;external&#34;]
---
apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: external-api-caller
namespace: backend
spec:
subjects:
- properties:
source.namespace: &#34;frontend”
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;external-api-caller&#34;</code></pre><p>The <code>ServiceRole</code> and <code>ServiceRoleBinding</code> above expressed &ldquo;<em>who</em> is allowed to do <em>what</em> under <em>which conditions</em>”
(RBAC + conditions). Specifically:</p><ul><li><strong>&ldquo;who”</strong> are the services in the <code>frontend</code> namespace.</li><li><strong>&ldquo;what”</strong> is to call services in <code>backend</code> namespace.</li><li><strong>&ldquo;conditions”</strong> is the <code>visibility</code> label of the destination service having the value <code>external</code>.</li></ul><h3 id=servicemethod-level-isolation-withwithout-primary-identities>Service/method level isolation with/without primary identities</h3><p>Here is another example that demonstrates finer grained access control at service/method level. The first step
is to define a <code>book-reader</code> <code>ServiceRole</code> that allows READ access to <code>/books/*</code> resource in <code>bookstore</code> service.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRole
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
rules:
- services: [&#34;bookstore.default.svc.cluster.local&#34;]
paths: [&#34;/books/*”]
methods: [&#34;GET”]</code></pre><h4 id=using-authenticated-client-identities>Using authenticated client identities</h4><p>Suppose you want to grant this <code>book-reader</code> role to your <code>bookstore-frontend</code> service. If you have enabled
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>mutual TLS authentication</a> for your mesh, you can use a
service account to identify your <code>bookstore-frontend</code> service. Granting the <code>book-reader</code> role to the <code>bookstore-frontend</code>
service can be done by creating a <code>ServiceRoleBinding</code> as shown below:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
subjects:
- user: &#34;cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookstore-frontend”
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;book-reader&#34;</code></pre><p>You may want to restrict this further by adding a condition that &ldquo;only users who belong to the <code>qualified-reviewer</code> group are
allowed to read books”. The <code>qualified-reviewer</code> group is the end user identity that is authenticated by
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>JWT authentication</a>. In this case, the combination of the client service identity
(<code>bookstore-frontend</code>) and the end user identity (<code>qualified-reviewer</code>) is used in the authorization policy.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
subjects:
- user: &#34;cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookstore-frontend”
properties:
request.auth.claims[group]: &#34;qualified-reviewer”
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;book-reader&#34;</code></pre><h4 id=client-does-not-have-identity>Client does not have identity</h4><p>Using authenticated identities in authorization policies is strongly recommended for security. However, if you have a
legacy system that does not support authentication, you may not have authenticated identities for your services.
You can still use Istio authorization to protect your services even without authenticated identities. The example below
shows that you can specify allowed source IP range in your authorization policy.</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>apiVersion: &#34;rbac.istio.io/v1alpha1&#34;
kind: ServiceRoleBinding
metadata:
name: book-reader
namespace: default
spec:
subjects:
- properties:
source.ip: 10.20.0.0/9
roleRef:
kind: ServiceRole
name: &#34;book-reader&#34;</code></pre><h2 id=summary>Summary</h2><p>Istio’s authorization feature provides authorization at namespace-level, service-level, and method-level granularity.
It adopts &ldquo;RBAC + conditions” model, which makes it easy to use and understand as an RBAC system, while providing the level of
flexibility that an ABAC system normally provides. Istio authorization achieves high performance as it is enforced
natively on Envoy. While it provides the best security by working together with
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>Istio authentication features</a>, Istio authorization can also be used to
provide access control for legacy systems that do not have authentication.</p><h2 id=see-also>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/role-based-access-control/>Authorization</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up role-based access control for services in the mesh.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/debugging-authorization/>Debugging Authorization</a></p><p class=desc>Demonstrates how to debug authorization.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></p><p class=desc>Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></p><p class=desc>Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/health-check/>Citadel health checking</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to do health checking for Istio services.</p></div></div></div></div></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"><p><a title="Automatic application onboarding and latency optimizations using AppSwitch." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/delayering-istio/delayering-istio/><i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-left"></i>Delayering Istio with AppSwitch</a></p></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="How to export Istio Access Logs to different sinks like BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver." href=/v1.0/blog/2018/export-logs-through-stackdriver/>Exporting Logs to BigQuery, GCS, Pub/Sub through Stackdriver
<i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-right"></i></a></p></div></div></div><div class="d-none d-print-block" aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-2 d-none d-xl-block d-print-none"><nav class=toc><div class=spacer></div><div id=toc class=directory role=directory><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#characteristics>Characteristics</a></li><ul><li><a href=#rpc-level-authorization>RPC level authorization</a></li><li><a href=#role-based-access-control-with-conditions>Role-based access control with conditions</a></li><li><a href=#high-performance>High performance</a></li><li><a href=#work-withwithout-primary-identities>Work with/without primary identities</a></li></ul><li><a href=#examples>Examples</a></li><ul><li><a href=#namespace-level-segmentation-via-rbac--conditions>Namespace level segmentation via RBAC + conditions</a></li><li><a href=#servicemethod-level-isolation-withwithout-primary-identities>Service/method level isolation with/without primary identities</a></li><ul><li><a href=#using-authenticated-client-identities>Using authenticated client identities</a></li><li><a href=#client-does-not-have-identity>Client does not have identity</a></li></ul></ul><li><a href=#summary>Summary</a></li><li><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ul></nav></div></nav></div></div></div></div><footer class="d-print-none container-fluid"><div class=row><div class="col-5 col-lg-4" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=icon><span>discuss</span>
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