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<!doctype html><html lang=en itemscope itemtype=https://schema.org/WebPage><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=x-ua-compatible content="IE=edge"><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no"><meta name=theme-color content="#466BB0"><meta name=title content="What is Istio?"><meta name=description content="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture and design goals."><meta name=keywords content="microservices,services,mesh"><meta property="og:title" content="What is Istio?"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:description" content="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture and design goals."><meta property="og:url" content="/v1.0/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/"><meta property="og:image" content="/v1.0/img/istio-logo-blue-background.svg"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Istio Logo"><meta property="og:image:width" content="112"><meta property="og:image:height" content="150"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Istio"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary"><meta name=twitter:site content="@IstioMesh"><title>Istioldie 1.0 / What is Istio?</title><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-98480406-2"></script><script>window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
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<span class=navbar-toggler-icon></span></button><div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-end" id=navbarCollapse><ul id=navbar-links class="navbar-nav active"><li class=nav-item><a class="nav-link active" title="Learn how to deploy, use, and operate Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/>Docs</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link title="Posts about using Istio." href=/v1.0/blog/2019/announcing-1.0.6/>Blog</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link title="A bunch of resources to help you deploy, configure and use Istio." href=/v1.0/help/>Help</a></li><li class=nav-item><a class=nav-link title="Get a bit more in-depth info about the Istio project." href=/v1.0/about/>About</a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown" id=gearDropdown style=white-space:nowrap><a title="Options and Settings" href class=nav-link data-toggle=dropdown aria-label=Tools aria-haspopup=true aria-expanded=false><i style=width:1em class="fa fa-lg fa-cog"></i></a><div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby=gearDropdown><a class=dropdown-item id=light-theme-item href onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('light');return false;">Light Theme</a>
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<button id=search_close type=reset aria-label="Cancel Search"><i class="far fa-lg fa-times-circle"></i></button></form></div></nav></header><div class=container-fluid><div class="row row-offcanvas"><div class="col-0 col-md-3 col-xl-2 sidebar-offcanvas"><nav class="sidebar d-print-none"><div class=spacer></div><div class=directory role=tablist><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header10><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse10 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." role=button aria-controls=collapse10><div><img src=/v1.0/img/concepts.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
Concepts</div></a></div><div id=collapse10 class="collapse show" data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header10><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><span class=current title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture and design goals.">What is Istio?</span></li><li><a title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li><a title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li><a title="Describes the policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a></li><li><a title="Introduces Performance and Scalability methodology, results and best practices for Istio components." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header20><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse20 title="How to deploy Istio in various environments (e.g., Kubernetes, Consul)." role=button aria-controls=collapse20><div><img src=/v1.0/img/setup.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
Setup</div></a></div><div id=collapse20 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header20><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes and adding virtual machines into the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Instructions to download the Istio release." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/download-release/>Downloading the Release</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an AWS cluster with Kops cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/aws/>Amazon Web Services</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup Minikube for use with Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup the Istio service mesh in a Kubernetes cluster." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start/>Quick Start with Kubernetes</a></li><li><a title="How to quickly setup Istio using Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes Container Service." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start-alicloud-ack/>Quick Start with Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes Container Service</a></li><li><a title="How to quickly setup Istio using IBM Cloud Public or IBM Cloud Private." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start-ibm/>Quick Start with IBM Cloud</a></li><li><a title="Install Istio with the included Helm chart." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/helm-install/>Installation with Helm</a></li><li><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/sidecar-injection/>Installing the sidecar</a></li><li><a title="Install minimal Istio using Helm." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/minimal-install/>Minimal Istio Installation</a></li><li><a title="Install Istio with the included Ansible playbook." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/ansible-install/>Installation with Ansible</a></li><li><a title="Instructions for integrating VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/mesh-expansion/>Mesh Expansion</a></li><li><a title="Install Istio with multicluster support." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/multicluster-install/>Istio Multicluster</a></li><li><a title="How to quickly setup Istio using Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start-gke/>Quick Start with Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li><a title="Demonstrates how to upgrade the Istio control plane and data plane independently." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/upgrading-istio/>Upgrading Istio</a></li><li><a title="Describes the requirements for Kubernetes pods and services to run Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/spec-requirements/>Requirements for Pods and Services</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane in a Consul based environment, with or without Nomad." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/consul/>Nomad & Consul</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Quick Start instructions to setup the Istio service mesh with Docker Compose." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/consul/quick-start/>Quick Start on Docker</a></li><li><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane in a Consul-based environment, with or without Nomad." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/consul/install/>Installation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header33><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse33 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." role=button aria-controls=collapse33><div><img src=/v1.0/img/tasks.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
Tasks</div></a></div><div id=collapse33 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header33><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Configuring Request Routing</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li><a title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Setting Request Timeouts</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Control Ingress Traffic</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh, over TLS, mutual TLS or JWT authentication." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/secure-ingress/>Securing Gateways with HTTPS</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Control Egress Traffic</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li><a title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/authn-policy/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li><a title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for services in the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/role-based-access-control/>Authorization</a></li><li><a title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in external CA key and certificate</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/health-check/>Citadel health checking</a></li><li><a title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/https-overlay/>Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin or Jaeger." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics and logs." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics-logs/>Collecting Metrics and Logs</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to generate a graph of services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/servicegraph/>Generating a Service Graph</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/fluentd/>Logging with Fluentd</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header46><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse46 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." role=button aria-controls=collapse46><div><img src=/v1.0/img/examples.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
Examples</div></a></div><div id=collapse46 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header46><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li><a title="Demonstrates how to use various traffic management capabilities of an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/intelligent-routing/>Intelligent Routing</a></li><li><a title="Demonstrates how to obtain uniform metrics, logs, traces across different services using Istio Mixer and Istio sidecar." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/telemetry/>In-Depth Telemetry</a></li><li><a title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/endpoints/>Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a></li><li><a title="Illustrates how to use Istio to control a Kubernetes cluster and raw VMs as a single mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/integrating-vms/>Integrating Virtual Machines</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="A variety of fully working examples for egress traffic control in Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/advanced-egress/>Advanced egress traffic control</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/advanced-egress/egress-tls-origination/>TLS Origination for Egress Traffic</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/advanced-egress/egress-gateway/>Configure an Egress Gateway</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="A variety of fully working multicluster examples for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/>Enabling multiclusters</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Example multicluster GKE install of Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li><a title="Example multicluster IBM Cloud Private install of Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/icp/>IBM Cloud Private</a></li><li><a title="Example multicluster between IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service & IBM Cloud Private." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/iks-icp/>IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service & IBM Cloud Private</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header78><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse78 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." role=button aria-controls=collapse78><div><img src=/v1.0/img/reference.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
Reference</div></a></div><div id=collapse78 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header78><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's authorization features." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/>Authorization</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/constraints-and-properties/>Constraints and Properties</a></li><li><a title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using the included Helm chart." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary</a></li><li><a title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Adapters</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that delivers logs to a fluentd daemon." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that exposes Istio's Role-Based Access Control model." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/rbac/>RBAC</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that delivers logs and metrics to Google Service Control." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/servicecontrol/>Service Control</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that sends Istio metrics to SignalFx." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/signalfx/>SignalFx</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for outputting logs and metrics locally." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li><a title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li><a title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li><a title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li><a title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li><a title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li><a title="A template used by the Google Service Control adapter." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/servicecontrolreport/>Service Control Report</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents\ an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li><a title="Configuration affecting traffic routing." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/istio.networking.v1alpha3/>Traffic Routing</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li><a title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li><a title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li><a title="Utility to trigger direct calls to Mixer's API." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/mixc/>mixc</a></li><li><a title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li><a title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li><li><a title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li><a title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li><a title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/ title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i>&nbsp;Concepts</a></p></div><h1 id=title>What is Istio?</h1><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlinedTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#what-is-a-service-mesh>What is a service mesh?</a></li><li><a href=#why-use-istio>Why use Istio?</a></li><li><a href=#core-features>Core features</a></li><ul><li><a href=#traffic-management>Traffic management</a></li><li><a href=#security>Security</a></li><li><a href=#observability>Observability</a></li><li><a href=#platform-support>Platform support</a></li><li><a href=#integration-and-customization>Integration and customization</a></li></ul><li><a href=#architecture>Architecture</a></li><ul><li><a href=#envoy>Envoy</a></li><li><a href=#mixer>Mixer</a></li><li><a href=#pilot>Pilot</a></li><li><a href=#citadel>Citadel</a></li><li><a href=#galley>Galley</a></li></ul><li><a href=#design-goals>Design Goals</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><p>Cloud platforms provide a wealth of benefits for the organizations that use them. There’s no denying, however, that adopting the cloud can put strains on DevOps
teams. Developers must use microservices to architect for portability, meanwhile operators are managing extremely large hybrid and multi-cloud deployments.
Istio lets you connect, secure, control, and observe services.</p><p>At a high level, Istio helps reduce the complexity of these deployments, and eases the strain on your development teams. It is a completely open source service
mesh that layers transparently onto existing distributed applications. It is also a platform, including APIs that let it integrate into any logging platform, or
telemetry or policy system. Istio’s diverse feature set lets you successfully, and efficiently, run a distributed microservice architecture, and provides a
uniform way to secure, connect, and monitor microservices.</p><h2 id=what-is-a-service-mesh>What is a service mesh?</h2><p>Istio addresses the challenges developers and operators face as monolithic applications transition towards a distributed microservice architecture. To see how,
it helps to take a more detailed look at Istio’s service mesh.</p><p>The term service mesh is used to describe the network of microservices that make up such applications and the interactions between them. As a service mesh grows
in size and complexity, it can become harder to understand and manage. Its requirements can include discovery, load balancing, failure recovery, metrics, and
monitoring. A service mesh also often has more complex operational requirements, like A/B testing, canary releases, rate limiting, access control, and
end-to-end authentication.</p><p>Istio provides behavioral insights and operational control over the service mesh as a whole, offering a complete solution to satisfy the diverse requirements of
microservice applications.</p><h2 id=why-use-istio>Why use Istio?</h2><p>Istio makes it easy to create a network of deployed services with load balancing, service-to-service authentication, monitoring, and more, without any changes
in service code. You add Istio support to services by deploying a special sidecar proxy throughout your environment that intercepts all network communication
between microservices, then configure and manage Istio using its control plane functionality, which includes:</p><ul><li><p>Automatic load balancing for HTTP, gRPC, WebSocket, and TCP traffic.</p></li><li><p>Fine-grained control of traffic behavior with rich routing rules, retries, failovers, and fault injection.</p></li><li><p>A pluggable policy layer and configuration API supporting access controls, rate limits and quotas.</p></li><li><p>Automatic metrics, logs, and traces for all traffic within a cluster, including cluster ingress and egress.</p></li><li><p>Secure service-to-service communication in a cluster with strong identity-based authentication and authorization.</p></li></ul><p>Istio is designed for extensibility and meets diverse deployment needs.</p><h2 id=core-features>Core features</h2><p>Istio provides a number of key capabilities uniformly across a network of
services:</p><h3 id=traffic-management>Traffic management</h3><p>Istio’s easy rules configuration and traffic routing lets you control the flow of traffic and API calls between services. Istio simplifies configuration of
service-level properties like circuit breakers, timeouts, and retries, and makes it a breeze to set up important tasks like A/B testing, canary rollouts, and
staged rollouts with percentage-based traffic splits.</p><p>With better visibility into your traffic, and out-of-box failure recovery features, you can catch issues before they cause problems, making calls more reliable,
and your network more robust &ndash; no matter what conditions you face.</p><h3 id=security>Security</h3><p>Istio’s security capabilities free developers to focus on security at the application level. Istio provides the underlying secure communication channel, and
manages authentication, authorization, and encryption of service communication at scale. With Istio, service communications are secured by default,
letting you enforce policies consistently across diverse protocols and runtimes &ndash; all with little or no application changes.</p><p>While Istio is platform independent, using it with Kubernetes (or infrastructure) network policies, the benefits are even greater, including the ability to
secure pod-to-pod or service-to-service communication at the network and application layers.</p><h3 id=observability>Observability</h3><p>Istio’s robust tracing, monitoring, and logging give you deep insights into your service mesh deployment. Gain a real understanding of how service performance
impacts things upstream and downstream with Istio’s monitoring features, while its custom dashboards provide visibility into the performance of all your
services and let you see how that performance is affecting your other processes.</p><p>Istio’s Mixer component is responsible for policy controls and telemetry collection. It provides backend abstraction and intermediation, insulating the rest of
Istio from the implementation details of individual infrastructure backends, and giving operators fine-grained control over all interactions between the mesh
and infrastructure backends.</p><p>All these features let you more effectively set, monitor, and enforce SLOs on services. Of course, the bottom line is that you can detect and fix issues quickly
and efficiently.</p><h3 id=platform-support>Platform support</h3><p>Istio is platform-independent and designed to run in a variety of environments, including those spanning Cloud, on-premise, Kubernetes, Mesos, and more. You can
deploy Istio on Kubernetes, or on Nomad with Consul. Istio currently supports:</p><ul><li><p>Service deployment on Kubernetes</p></li><li><p>Services registered with Consul</p></li><li><p>Services running on individual virtual machines</p></li></ul><h3 id=integration-and-customization>Integration and customization</h3><p>The policy enforcement component of Istio can be extended and customized to integrate with existing solutions for ACLs, logging, monitoring, quotas, auditing,
and more.</p><h2 id=architecture>Architecture</h2><p>An Istio service mesh is logically split into a <strong>data plane</strong> and a <strong>control
plane</strong>.</p><ul><li><p>The <strong>data plane</strong> is composed of a set of intelligent proxies
(<a href=https://www.envoyproxy.io/>Envoy</a>) deployed as sidecars. These proxies
mediate and control all network communication between microservices along
with <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/>Mixer</a>, a general-purpose
policy and telemetry hub.</p></li><li><p>The <strong>control plane</strong> manages and configures the proxies to route traffic.
Additionally, the control plane configures Mixers to enforce policies and
collect telemetry.</p></li></ul><p>The following diagram shows the different components that make up each plane:</p><figure style=width:80%><div class=wrapper-with-intrinsic-ratio style=padding-bottom:80%><a class=not-for-endnotes href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/./arch.svg><img class=element-to-stretch src=/v1.0/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/./arch.svg alt="The overall architecture of an Istio-based application." title="Istio Architecture"></a></div><figcaption>Istio Architecture</figcaption></figure><h3 id=envoy>Envoy</h3><p>Istio uses an extended version of the
<a href=https://envoyproxy.github.io/envoy/>Envoy</a> proxy. Envoy is a high-performance
proxy developed in C++ to mediate all inbound and outbound traffic for all
services in the service mesh. Istio leverages Envoy’s many built-in features,
for example:</p><ul><li>Dynamic service discovery</li><li>Load balancing</li><li>TLS termination</li><li>HTTP/2 and gRPC proxies</li><li>Circuit breakers</li><li>Health checks</li><li>Staged rollouts with %-based traffic split</li><li>Fault injection</li><li>Rich metrics</li></ul><p>Envoy is deployed as a <strong>sidecar</strong> to the relevant service in the same
Kubernetes pod. This deployment allows Istio to extract a wealth of signals
about traffic behavior as
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/#attributes>attributes</a>. Istio can, in
turn, use these attributes in <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/>Mixer</a>
to enforce policy decisions, and send them to monitoring systems to provide
information about the behavior of the entire mesh.</p><p>The sidecar proxy model also allows you to add Istio capabilities to an
existing deployment with no need to rearchitect or rewrite code. You can read
more about why we chose this approach in our <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/#design-goals>Design
Goals</a>.</p><h3 id=mixer>Mixer</h3><p><a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/>Mixer</a> is a platform-independent
component. Mixer enforces access control and usage policies across the service
mesh, and collects telemetry data from the Envoy proxy and other services. The
proxy extracts request level
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/#attributes>attributes</a>, and sends them
to Mixer for evaluation. You can find more information on this attribute
extraction and policy evaluation in our <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/#configuration-model>Mixer Configuration
documentation</a>.</p><p>Mixer includes a flexible plugin model. This model enables Istio to interface
with a variety of host environments and infrastructure backends. Thus, Istio
abstracts the Envoy proxy and Istio-managed services from these details.</p><h3 id=pilot>Pilot</h3><p><a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#pilot-and-envoy>Pilot</a> provides
service discovery for the Envoy sidecars, traffic management capabilities
for intelligent routing (e.g., A/B tests, canary deployments, etc.),
and resiliency (timeouts, retries, circuit breakers, etc.).</p><p>Pilot converts high level routing rules that control traffic behavior into
Envoy-specific configurations, and propagates them to the sidecars at runtime.
Pilot abstracts platform-specific service discovery mechanisms and synthesizes
them into a standard format that any sidecar conforming with the <a href=https://github.com/envoyproxy/data-plane-api>Envoy data
plane APIs</a> can consume. This
loose coupling allows Istio to run on multiple environments such as Kubernetes,
Consul, or Nomad, while maintaining the same operator interface for traffic
management.</p><h3 id=citadel>Citadel</h3><p><a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/>Citadel</a> provides strong service-to-service and
end-user authentication with built-in identity and credential management. You
can use Citadel to upgrade unencrypted traffic in the service mesh. Using
Citadel, operators can enforce policies based on service identity rather than
on network controls. Starting from release 0.5, you can use
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#authorization>Istio's authorization feature</a> to control
who can access your services.</p><h3 id=galley>Galley</h3><p>Galley validates user authored Istio API configuration on behalf of
the other Istio control plane components. Over time, Galley will take
over responsibility as the top-level configuration ingestion, processing and
distribution component of Istio. It will be responsible for insulating
the rest of the Istio components from the details of obtaining user
configuration from the underlying platform (e.g. Kubernetes).</p><h2 id=design-goals>Design Goals</h2><p>A few key design goals informed Istio’s architecture. These goals are essential
to making the system capable of dealing with services at scale and with high
performance.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Maximize Transparency</strong>: To adopt Istio, an operator or developer is
required to do the minimum amount of work possible to get real value from the
system. To this end, Istio can automatically inject itself into all the
network paths between services. Istio uses sidecar proxies to capture traffic
and, where possible, automatically program the networking layer to route
traffic through those proxies without any changes to the deployed application
code. In Kubernetes, the proxies are injected into pods and traffic is
captured by programming <code>iptables</code> rules. Once the sidecar proxies are
injected and traffic routing is programmed, Istio can mediate all traffic.
This principle also applies to performance. When applying Istio to a
deployment, operators see a minimal increase in resource costs for the
functionality being provided. Components and APIs must all be designed with
performance and scale in mind.</p></li><li><p><strong>Incrementality</strong>: As operators and developers become more dependent on the
functionality that Istio provides, the system must grow with their needs.
While we continue to add new features, the greatest need is the ability to
extend the policy system, to integrate with other sources of policy and
control, and to propagate signals about mesh behavior to other systems for
analysis. The policy runtime supports a standard extension mechanism for
plugging in other services. In addition, it allows for the extension of its
vocabulary to allow policies to be enforced based on new signals that the
mesh produces.</p></li><li><p><strong>Portability</strong>: The ecosystem in which Istio is used varies along many
dimensions. Istio must run on any cloud or on-premises environment with
minimal effort. The task of porting Istio-based services to new environments
must be trivial. Using Istio, you are able to operate a single service
deployed into multiple environments. For example, you can deploy on multiple
clouds for redundancy.</p></li><li><p><strong>Policy Uniformity</strong>: The application of policy to API calls between
services provides a great deal of control over mesh behavior. However, it can
be equally important to apply policies to resources which are not necessarily
expressed at the API level. For example, applying a quota to the amount of
CPU consumed by an ML training task is more useful than applying a quota to
the call which initiated the work. To this end, Istio maintains the policy
system as a distinct service with its own API rather than the policy system
being baked into the proxy sidecar, allowing services to directly integrate
with it as needed.</p></li></ul></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management
<i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-right"></i></a></p></div></div></div><div class="d-none d-print-block" aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-2 d-none d-xl-block d-print-none"><nav class=toc><div class=spacer></div><div id=toc class=directory role=directory><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#what-is-a-service-mesh>What is a service mesh?</a></li><li><a href=#why-use-istio>Why use Istio?</a></li><li><a href=#core-features>Core features</a></li><ul><li><a href=#traffic-management>Traffic management</a></li><li><a href=#security>Security</a></li><li><a href=#observability>Observability</a></li><li><a href=#platform-support>Platform support</a></li><li><a href=#integration-and-customization>Integration and customization</a></li></ul><li><a href=#architecture>Architecture</a></li><ul><li><a href=#envoy>Envoy</a></li><li><a href=#mixer>Mixer</a></li><li><a href=#pilot>Pilot</a></li><li><a href=#citadel>Citadel</a></li><li><a href=#galley>Galley</a></li></ul><li><a href=#design-goals>Design Goals</a></li></ul></nav></div></nav></div></div></div><footer class="d-print-none container-fluid"><div class=row><div class="col-5 col-lg-4" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=icon><span>discuss</span>
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<a title="Stack Overflow is where you can ask questions and find curated answers on deploying, configuring, and using Istio" href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/istio aria-label="Stack Overflow"><svg viewBox="0 0 120 120"><polygon points="84.4,93.8 84.4,70.6 92.1,70.6 92.1,101.5 22.6,101.5 22.6,70.6 30.3,70.6 30.3,93.8"/><path d="M38.8 68.4l37.8 7.9 1.6-7.6-37.8-7.9L38.8 68.4zM43.8 50.4l35 16.3 3.2-7-35-16.4L43.8 50.4zM53.5 33.2l29.7 24.7 4.9-5.9L58.4 27.3 53.5 33.2zM72.7 14.9l-6.2 4.6 23 31 6.2-4.6-23-31zM38 86h38.6v-7.7H38V86z"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="tag row d-none d-lg-flex">for everyone</div></div></div><div class="col-7 col-lg-4"><p class="text-center copyright" role=contentinfo>Istio
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