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<button id=search_close type=reset aria-label="Cancel Search"><i class="far fa-lg fa-times-circle"></i></button></form></div></nav></header><div class=container-fluid><div class="row row-offcanvas"><div class="col-0 col-md-3 col-xl-2 sidebar-offcanvas"><nav class="sidebar d-print-none"><div class=spacer></div><div class=directory role=tablist><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header10><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse10 title="Learn about the different parts of the Istio system and the abstractions it uses." role=button aria-controls=collapse10><div><img src=/v1.0/img/concepts.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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Concepts</div></a></div><div id=collapse10 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header10><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Introduces Istio, the problems it solves, its high-level architecture and design goals." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/>What is Istio?</a></li><li><a title="Describes the various Istio features focused on traffic routing and control." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></li><li><a title="Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></li><li><a title="Describes the policy enforcement and telemetry mechanisms." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/policies-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a></li><li><a title="Introduces Performance and Scalability methodology, results and best practices for Istio components." href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/performance-and-scalability/>Performance and Scalability</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header20><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse20 title="How to deploy Istio in various environments (e.g., Kubernetes, Consul)." role=button aria-controls=collapse20><div><img src=/v1.0/img/setup.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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Setup</div></a></div><div id=collapse20 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header20><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane on Kubernetes and adding virtual machines into the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Instructions to download the Istio release." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/download-release/>Downloading the Release</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="How to prepare various Kubernetes platforms before installing Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/>Platform Setup</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Instructions to setup an Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/alicloud/>Alibaba Cloud</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an AWS cluster with Kops cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/aws/>Amazon Web Services</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an Azure cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/azure/>Azure</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an IBM Cloud cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/ibm/>IBM Cloud</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup Minikube for use with Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/minikube/>Minikube</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an OpenShift cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/openshift/>OpenShift</a></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup an OKE cluster for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/platform-setup/oci/>Oracle Cloud Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Instructions to setup the Istio service mesh in a Kubernetes cluster." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start/>Quick Start with Kubernetes</a></li><li><a title="How to quickly setup Istio using Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes Container Service." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start-alicloud-ack/>Quick Start with Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes Container Service</a></li><li><a title="How to quickly setup Istio using IBM Cloud Public or IBM Cloud Private." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start-ibm/>Quick Start with IBM Cloud</a></li><li><a title="Install Istio with the included Helm chart." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/helm-install/>Installation with Helm</a></li><li><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio sidecar in application pods automatically using the sidecar injector webhook or manually using istioctl CLI." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/sidecar-injection/>Installing the sidecar</a></li><li><a title="Install minimal Istio using Helm." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/minimal-install/>Minimal Istio Installation</a></li><li><a title="Install Istio with the included Ansible playbook." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/ansible-install/>Installation with Ansible</a></li><li><a title="Instructions for integrating VMs and bare metal hosts into an Istio mesh deployed on Kubernetes." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/mesh-expansion/>Mesh Expansion</a></li><li><a title="Install Istio with multicluster support." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/multicluster-install/>Istio Multicluster</a></li><li><a title="How to quickly setup Istio using Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start-gke/>Quick Start with Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li><a title="Demonstrates how to upgrade the Istio control plane and data plane independently." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/upgrading-istio/>Upgrading Istio</a></li><li><a title="Describes the requirements for Kubernetes pods and services to run Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/spec-requirements/>Requirements for Pods and Services</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane in a Consul based environment, with or without Nomad." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/consul/>Nomad & Consul</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Quick Start instructions to setup the Istio service mesh with Docker Compose." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/consul/quick-start/>Quick Start on Docker</a></li><li><a title="Instructions for installing the Istio control plane in a Consul-based environment, with or without Nomad." href=/v1.0/docs/setup/consul/install/>Installation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header33><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse33 title="How to do single specific targeted activities with the Istio system." role=button aria-controls=collapse33><div><img src=/v1.0/img/tasks.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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Tasks</div></a></div><div id=collapse33 class="collapse show" data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header33><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Tasks that demonstrate Istio's traffic routing features." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/>Traffic Management</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure dynamic request routing to multiple versions of a microservice." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-routing/>Configuring Request Routing</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to inject faults to test the resiliency of your application." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/fault-injection/>Fault Injection</a></li><li><a title="Shows you how to migrate traffic from an old to new version of a service." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/>Traffic Shifting</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to setup request timeouts in Envoy using Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/request-timeouts/>Setting Request Timeouts</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>Control Ingress Traffic</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh, over TLS, mutual TLS or JWT authentication." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/secure-ingress/>Securing Gateways with HTTPS</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to route traffic from services in the mesh to external services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/>Control Egress Traffic</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure circuit breaking for connections, requests, and outlier detection." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/circuit-breaking/>Circuit Breaking</a></li><li><a title="This task demonstrates the traffic mirroring/shadowing capabilities of Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/mirroring/>Mirroring</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to do health checking for Istio services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/app-health-check/>Health Checking of Istio Services</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-down"></i><a title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/>Security</a></label><ul class=tree><li><span class=current title="Shows you how to use Istio authentication policy to setup mutual TLS and basic end-user authentication.">Authentication Policy</span></li><li><a title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to set up role-based access control for services in the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/role-based-access-control/>Authorization</a></li><li><a title="Shows how operators can configure Citadel with existing root certificate, signing certificate and key." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/plugin-ca-cert/>Plugging in external CA key and certificate</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/health-check/>Citadel health checking</a></li><li><a title="Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to enable mutual TLS on HTTPS services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/https-overlay/>Mutual TLS over HTTPS</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Demonstrates policy enforcement features." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/>Policies</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="This task shows you how to use Istio to dynamically limit the traffic to a service." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limiting/>Enabling Rate Limits</a></li><li><a title="Shows how to control access to a service using simple denials or white/black listing." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/denial-and-list/>Denials and White/Black Listing</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Demonstrates how to collect telemetry information from the mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/>Telemetry</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="How to configure the proxies to send tracing requests to Zipkin or Jaeger." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/distributed-tracing/>Distributed Tracing</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics and logs." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/metrics-logs/>Collecting Metrics and Logs</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to collect metrics for TCP services." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/tcp-metrics/>Collecting Metrics for TCP services</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to query for Istio Metrics using Prometheus." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/querying-metrics/>Querying Metrics from Prometheus</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to setup and use the Istio Dashboard to monitor mesh traffic." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/using-istio-dashboard/>Visualizing Metrics with Grafana</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to visualize your services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/kiali/>Visualizing Your Mesh</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to generate a graph of services within an Istio mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/servicegraph/>Generating a Service Graph</a></li><li><a title="This task shows you how to configure Istio to log to a Fluentd daemon." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/telemetry/fluentd/>Logging with Fluentd</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header46><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse46 title="A variety of fully working example uses for Istio that you can experiment with." role=button aria-controls=collapse46><div><img src=/v1.0/img/examples.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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Examples</div></a></div><div id=collapse46 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header46><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li><a title="Deploys a sample application composed of four separate microservices used to demonstrate various Istio features." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/bookinfo/>Bookinfo Application</a></li><li><a title="Demonstrates how to use various traffic management capabilities of an Istio service mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/intelligent-routing/>Intelligent Routing</a></li><li><a title="Demonstrates how to obtain uniform metrics, logs, traces across different services using Istio Mixer and Istio sidecar." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/telemetry/>In-Depth Telemetry</a></li><li><a title="Explains how to manually integrate Google Cloud Endpoints services with Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/endpoints/>Install Istio for Google Cloud Endpoints Services</a></li><li><a title="Illustrates how to use Istio to control a Kubernetes cluster and raw VMs as a single mesh." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/integrating-vms/>Integrating Virtual Machines</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="A variety of fully working examples for egress traffic control in Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/advanced-egress/>Advanced egress traffic control</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to perform TLS origination for traffic to external services." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/advanced-egress/egress-tls-origination/>TLS Origination for Egress Traffic</a></li><li><a title="Describes how to configure Istio to direct traffic to external services through a dedicated gateway." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/advanced-egress/egress-gateway/>Configure an Egress Gateway</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="A variety of fully working multicluster examples for Istio that you can experiment with." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/>Enabling multiclusters</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Example multicluster GKE install of Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/gke/>Google Kubernetes Engine</a></li><li><a title="Example multicluster IBM Cloud Private install of Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/icp/>IBM Cloud Private</a></li><li><a title="Example multicluster between IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service & IBM Cloud Private." href=/v1.0/docs/examples/multicluster/iks-icp/>IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service & IBM Cloud Private</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class=card><div class=card-header role=tab id=header78><a data-toggle=collapse href=#collapse78 title="Detailed authoritative reference material such as command-line options, configuration options, and API calling parameters." role=button aria-controls=collapse78><div><img src=/v1.0/img/reference.svg alt=Icon class=page_icon>
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Reference</div></a></div><div id=collapse78 class=collapse data-parent=#sidebar role=tabpanel aria-labelledby=header78><div class=card-body><ul class=tree><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Detailed information on configuration options." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/>Configuration</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's authorization features." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/>Authorization</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Describes the supported constraints and properties." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/constraints-and-properties/>Constraints and Properties</a></li><li><a title="Configuration for Role Based Access Control." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/authorization/istio.rbac.v1alpha1/>RBAC</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Describes the options available when installing Istio using the included Helm chart." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/installation-options/>Installation Options</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Describes how to configure Istio's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/>Policies and Telemetry</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Describes the base attribute vocabulary used for policy and control." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/attribute-vocabulary/>Attribute Vocabulary</a></li><li><a title="Mixer configuration expression language reference." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/expression-language/>Expression Language</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Mixer adapters allow Istio to interface to a variety of infrastructure backends for such things as metrics and logs." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/>Adapters</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Adapter for Apigee's distributed policy checks and analytics." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/apigee/>Apigee</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for circonus.com's monitoring solution." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/circonus/>Circonus</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for cloudwatch metrics." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/cloudwatch/>CloudWatch</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a dogstatsd agent for delivery to DataDog." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/datadog/>Datadog</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that always returns a precondition denial." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/denier/>Denier</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that delivers logs to a fluentd daemon." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/fluentd/>Fluentd</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that extracts information from a Kubernetes environment." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/kubernetesenv/>Kubernetes Env</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that performs whitelist or blacklist checks." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/list/>List</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for a simple in-memory quota management system." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/memquota/>Memory quota</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that implements an Open Policy Agent engine." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/opa/>OPA</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that exposes Istio metrics for ingestion by a Prometheus harvester." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/prometheus/>Prometheus</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that exposes Istio's Role-Based Access Control model." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/rbac/>RBAC</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for a Redis-based quota management system." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/redisquota/>Redis Quota</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that delivers logs and metrics to Google Service Control." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/servicecontrol/>Service Control</a></li><li><a title="Adapter that sends Istio metrics to SignalFx." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/signalfx/>SignalFx</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver logs and metrics to Papertrail and AppOptics backends." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/solarwinds/>SolarWinds</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver logs, metrics, and traces to Stackdriver." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stackdriver/>Stackdriver</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to a StatsD backend." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/statsd/>StatsD</a></li><li><a title="Adapter for outputting logs and metrics locally." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/stdio/>Stdio</a></li><li><a title="Adapter to deliver metrics to Wavefront by VMware." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/adapters/wavefront/>Wavefront by VMware</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Default Metrics exported from Istio through Mixer." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/metrics/>Default Metrics</a></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Mixer templates are used to send data to individual adapters." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/>Templates</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="The Analytics template is used to dispatch runtime telemetry to Apigee." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/analytics/>Analytics</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a single API key." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/apikey/>API Key</a></li><li><a title="A template used to represent an access control query." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/authorization/>Authorization</a></li><li><a title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/checknothing/>Check Nothing</a></li><li><a title="A template that is used to control the production of Kubernetes-specific attributes." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/kubernetes/>Kubernetes</a></li><li><a title="A template designed to let you perform list checking operations." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/listentry/>List Entry</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a single runtime log entry." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/logentry/>Log Entry</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a single runtime metric." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/metric/>Metric</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents a quota allocation request." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/quota/>Quota</a></li><li><a title="A template that carries no data, useful for testing." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/reportnothing/>Report Nothing</a></li><li><a title="A template used by the Google Service Control adapter." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/servicecontrolreport/>Service Control Report</a></li><li><a title="A template that represents\ an individual span within a distributed trace." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/templates/tracespan/>Trace Span</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Describes the rules used to configure Mixer's policy and telemetry features." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/policy-and-telemetry/istio.policy.v1beta1/>Rules</a></li></ul></li><li><a title="Authentication policy for Istio services." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/istio.authentication.v1alpha1/>Authentication Policy</a></li><li><a title="Configuration affecting traffic routing." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/config/istio.networking.v1alpha3/>Traffic Routing</a></li></ul></li><li class=sublist><label class=tree-toggle><i class="fa fa-lg fa-caret-right"></i><a title="Describes usage and options of the Istio commands and utilities." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/>Commands</a></label><ul class="tree collapse"><li><a title="Galley provides configuration management services for Istio." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/galley/>galley</a></li><li><a title="Istio Certificate Authority (CA)." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/istio_ca/>istio_ca</a></li><li><a title="Istio control interface." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/istioctl/>istioctl</a></li><li><a title="Utility to trigger direct calls to Mixer's API." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/mixc/>mixc</a></li><li><a title="Mixer is Istio's abstraction on top of infrastructure backends." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/mixs/>mixs</a></li><li><a title="Istio security per-node agent." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/node_agent/>node_agent</a></li><li><a title="Istio Pilot agent." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/pilot-agent/>pilot-agent</a></li><li><a title="Istio Pilot." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/pilot-discovery/>pilot-discovery</a></li><li><a title="Kubernetes webhook for automatic Istio sidecar injection." href=/v1.0/docs/reference/commands/sidecar-injector/>sidecar-injector</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8"><p class=d-md-none><label class=sidebar-toggler data-toggle=offcanvas><i class="fa fa-sign-out-alt"></i></label></p><main aria-labelledby=title><div class=pagenav><p><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/ title="Demonstrates how to secure the mesh."><i style=transform:scaleX(-1) class="fa fa-level-up-alt"></i> Security</a></p></div><h1 id=title>Authentication Policy</h1><nav class="toc-inlined d-xl-none d-print-none"><hr><div class=directory role=directory><nav id=InlinedTableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#before-you-begin>Before you begin</a></li><ul><li><a href=#setup>Setup</a></li></ul><li><a href=#globally-enabling-istio-mutual-tls>Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS</a></li><ul><li><a href=#request-from-non-istio-services-to-istio-services>Request from non-Istio services to Istio services</a></li><li><a href=#request-from-istio-services-to-non-istio-services>Request from Istio services to non-Istio services</a></li><li><a href=#request-from-istio-services-to-kubernetes-api-server>Request from Istio services to Kubernetes API server</a></li><li><a href=#cleanup-part-1>Cleanup part 1</a></li></ul><li><a href=#enable-mutual-tls-per-namespace-or-service>Enable mutual TLS per namespace or service</a></li><ul><li><a href=#namespace-wide-policy>Namespace-wide policy</a></li><li><a href=#service-specific-policy>Service-specific policy</a></li><li><a href=#policy-precedence>Policy precedence</a></li><li><a href=#cleanup-part-2>Cleanup part 2</a></li></ul><li><a href=#end-user-authentication>End-user authentication</a></li><ul><li><a href=#end-user-authentication-with-mutual-tls>End-user authentication with mutual TLS</a></li><li><a href=#cleanup-part-3>Cleanup part 3</a></li></ul><li><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ul></nav></div><hr></nav><p>This task covers the primary activities you might need to perform when enabling, configuring, and using Istio authentication policies. Find out more about
|
||
the underlying concepts in the <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#authentication>authentication overview</a>.</p><h2 id=before-you-begin>Before you begin</h2><ul><li><p>Understand Istio <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#authentication-policies>authentication policy</a> and related
|
||
<a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/#mutual-tls-authentication>mutual TLS authentication</a> concepts.</p></li><li><p>Have a Kubernetes cluster with Istio installed, without global mutual TLS enabled (e.g use <code>install/kubernetes/istio.yaml</code> as described in
|
||
<a href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start/#installation-steps>installation steps</a>, or set <code>global.mtls.enabled</code> to false using
|
||
<a href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/helm-install/>Helm</a>).</p></li></ul><h3 id=setup>Setup</h3><p>Our examples use two namespaces <code>foo</code> and <code>bar</code>, with two services, <code>httpbin</code> and <code>sleep</code>, both running with an Envoy sidecar proxy. We also use second
|
||
instances of <code>httpbin</code> and <code>sleep</code> running without the sidecar in the <code>legacy</code> namespace. If you’d like to use the same examples when trying the tasks,
|
||
run the following:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl create ns foo
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@) -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@) -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl create ns bar
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@) -n bar
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@) -n bar
|
||
$ kubectl create ns legacy
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@ -n legacy
|
||
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@ -n legacy</code></pre><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml></a><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml></a><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml></a><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml></a><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml></a><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/samples/sleep/sleep.yaml></a><p>You can verify setup by sending an HTTP request with <code>curl</code> from any <code>sleep</code> pod in the namespace <code>foo</code>, <code>bar</code> or <code>legacy</code> to either <code>httpbin.foo</code>,
|
||
<code>httpbin.bar</code> or <code>httpbin.legacy</code>. All requests should succeed with HTTP code 200.</p><p>For example, here is a command to check <code>sleep.bar</code> to <code>httpbin.foo</code> reachability:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n bar -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n bar -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200</code></pre><p>This one-liner command conveniently iterates through all reachability combinations:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200</code></pre><p>You should also verify that there are no existing authentication policies in the system, which you can do as follows:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get policies.authentication.istio.io --all-namespaces
|
||
No resources found.</code></pre><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get meshpolicies.authentication.istio.io
|
||
No resources found.</code></pre><p>Last but not least, verify that there are no destination rules that apply on the example services. You can do this by checking the <code>host:</code> value of
|
||
existing destination rules and make sure they do not match. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl get destinationrules.networking.istio.io --all-namespaces -o yaml | grep "host:"
|
||
host: istio-policy.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
|
||
host: istio-telemetry.istio-system.svc.cluster.local</code></pre><blockquote><p>Depending on the version of Istio, you may see destination rules for hosts other then those shown. However, there should be none with hosts in the <code>foo</code>,
|
||
<code>bar</code> and <code>legacy</code> namespace, nor is the match-all wildcard <code>*</code></p></blockquote><h2 id=globally-enabling-istio-mutual-tls>Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS</h2><p>To set a mesh-wide authentication policy that enables mutual TLS, submit <em>mesh authentication policy</em> like below:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "MeshPolicy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "default"
|
||
spec:
|
||
peers:
|
||
- mtls: {}
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>This policy specifies that all workloads in the mesh will only accept encrypted requests using TLS. As you can see, this authentication policy has the kind:
|
||
<code>MeshPolicy</code>. The name of the policy must be <code>default</code>, and it contains no <code>targets</code> specification (as it is intended to apply to all services in the mesh).</p><p>At this point, only the receiving side is configured to use mutual TLS. If you run the <code>curl</code> command between <em>Istio services</em> (i.e those with sidecars), all
|
||
requests will fail with a 503 error code as the client side is still using plain-text.</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ for from in "foo" "bar"; do for to in "foo" "bar"; do kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 503
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 503
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 503
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 503</code></pre><p>To configure the client side, you need to set <a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/traffic-management/#rule-destinations>destination rules</a> to use mutual TLS. It's possible to use
|
||
multiple destination rules, one for each applicable service (or namespace). However, it's more convenient to use a rule with the <code>*</code> wildcard to match all
|
||
services so that it is on par with the mesh-wide authentication policy.</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "networking.istio.io/v1alpha3"
|
||
kind: "DestinationRule"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "default"
|
||
namespace: "default"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: "*.local"
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
||
EOF</code></pre><blockquote></blockquote><ul><li>Host value <code>*.local</code> to limit matches only to services in cluster, as opposed to external services. Also note, there is no restriction on the name or
|
||
namespace for destination rule.</li><li>With <code>ISTIO_MUTUAL</code> TLS mode, Istio will set the path for key and certificates (e.g client certificate, private key and CA certificates) according to
|
||
its internal implementation.</li></ul><p>Don’t forget that destination rules are also used for non-auth reasons such as setting up canarying, but the same order of precedence applies. So if a service
|
||
requires a specific destination rule for any reason - for example, for a configuration load balancer - the rule must contain a similar TLS block with
|
||
<code>ISTIO_MUTUAL</code> mode, as otherwise it will override the mesh- or namespace-wide TLS settings and disable TLS.</p><p>Re-running the testing command as above, you will see all requests between Istio-services are now completed successfully:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ for from in "foo" "bar"; do for to in "foo" "bar"; do kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200</code></pre><h3 id=request-from-non-istio-services-to-istio-services>Request from non-Istio services to Istio services</h3><p>The non-Istio service, e.g <code>sleep.legacy</code> doesn't have a sidecar, so it cannot initiate the required TLS connection to Istio services. As a result,
|
||
requests from <code>sleep.legacy</code> to <code>httpbin.foo</code> or <code>httpbin.bar</code> will fail:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ for from in "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar"; do kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56</code></pre><blockquote><p>Due to the way Envoy rejects plain-text requests, you will see <code>curl</code> exit code 56 (failure with receiving network data) in this case.</p></blockquote><p>This works as intended, and unfortunately, there is no solution for this without reducing authentication requirements for these services.</p><h3 id=request-from-istio-services-to-non-istio-services>Request from Istio services to non-Istio services</h3><p>Try to send requests to <code>httpbin.legacy</code> from <code>sleep.foo</code> (or <code>sleep.bar</code>). You will see requests fail as Istio configures clients as instructed in our
|
||
destination rule to use mutual TLS, but <code>httpbin.legacy</code> does not have a sidecar so it's unable to handle it.</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ for from in "foo" "bar"; do for to in "legacy"; do kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 503
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 503</code></pre><p>To fix this issue, we can add a destination rule to overwrite the TLS setting for <code>httpbin.legacy</code>. For example:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: DestinationRule
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin-legacy"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: "httpbin.legacy.svc.cluster.local"
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
EOF</code></pre><h3 id=request-from-istio-services-to-kubernetes-api-server>Request from Istio services to Kubernetes API server</h3><p>The Kubernetes API server doesn't have a sidecar, thus request from Istio services such as <code>sleep.foo</code> will fail due to the same problem as when sending
|
||
requests to any non-Istio service.</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ TOKEN=$(kubectl describe secret $(kubectl get secrets | grep default | cut -f1 -d ' ') | grep -E '^token' | cut -f2 -d':' | tr -d '\t')
|
||
kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n foo -- curl https://kubernetes.default/api --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" --insecure -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 35</code></pre><p>Again, we can correct this by overriding the destination rule for the API server (<code>kubernetes.default</code>)</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: DestinationRule
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "api-server"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local"
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
EOF</code></pre><blockquote><p>If you install Istio with <a href=/v1.0/docs/setup/kubernetes/quick-start/#option-2-install-istio-with-default-mutual-tls-authentication>default mutual TLS option</a>,
|
||
this rule, together with the global authentication policy and destination rule above will be injected to the system during installation process.</p></blockquote><p>Re-run the testing command above to confirm that it returns 200 after the rule is added:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ TOKEN=$(kubectl describe secret $(kubectl get secrets | grep default | cut -f1 -d ' ') | grep -E '^token' | cut -f2 -d':' | tr -d '\t')
|
||
$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n foo -- curl https://kubernetes.default/api --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" --insecure -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200</code></pre><h3 id=cleanup-part-1>Cleanup part 1</h3><p>Remove global authentication policy and destination rules added in the session:</p><pre><code class=language-yaml>$ kubectl delete meshpolicy default
|
||
$ kubectl delete destinationrules default httpbin-legacy api-server</code></pre><h2 id=enable-mutual-tls-per-namespace-or-service>Enable mutual TLS per namespace or service</h2><p>In addition to specifying an authentication policy for your entire mesh, Istio also lets you specify policies for particular namespaces or services. A
|
||
namespace-wide policy takes precedence over the mesh-wide policy, while a service-specific policy has higher precedence still.</p><h3 id=namespace-wide-policy>Namespace-wide policy</h3><p>The example below shows the policy to enable mutual TLS for all services in namespace <code>foo</code>. As you can see, it uses kind: “Policy” rather than “MeshPolicy”,
|
||
and specifies a namespace, in this case, <code>foo</code>. If you don’t specify a namespace value the policy will apply to the default namespace.</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "Policy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "default"
|
||
namespace: "foo"
|
||
spec:
|
||
peers:
|
||
- mtls: {}
|
||
EOF</code></pre><blockquote><p>Similar to <em>mesh-wide policy</em>, namespace-wide policy must be named <code>default</code>, and doesn't restrict any specific service (no <code>targets</code> section)</p></blockquote><p>Add corresponding destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "networking.istio.io/v1alpha3"
|
||
kind: "DestinationRule"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "default"
|
||
namespace: "foo"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: "*.foo.svc.cluster.local"
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
||
EOF</code></pre><blockquote><p>Host <code>*.foo.svc.cluster.local</code> limits the matches to services in <code>foo</code> namespace only.</p></blockquote><p>As these policy and destination rule are applied on services in namespace <code>foo</code> only, you should see only request from client-without-sidecar (<code>sleep.legacy</code>) to <code>httpbin.foo</code> start to fail.</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ for from in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do for to in "foo" "bar" "legacy"; do kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n ${from} -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n ${from} -- curl http://httpbin.${to}:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "sleep.${from} to httpbin.${to}: %{http_code}\n"; done; done
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.foo to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.foo: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.bar to httpbin.legacy: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.foo: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 200
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.legacy: 200</code></pre><h3 id=service-specific-policy>Service-specific policy</h3><p>You can also set authentication policy and destination rule for a specific service. Run this command to set another policy only for <code>httpbin.bar</code> service.</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "Policy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
spec:
|
||
targets:
|
||
- name: httpbin
|
||
peers:
|
||
- mtls: {}
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>And a destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "networking.istio.io/v1alpha3"
|
||
kind: "DestinationRule"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: "httpbin.bar.svc.cluster.local"
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
||
EOF</code></pre><blockquote></blockquote><ul><li>In this example, we do <strong>not</strong> specify namespace in metadata but put it in the command line (<code>-n bar</code>), which has an identical effect.</li><li>There is no restriction on the authentication policy and destination rule name. This example uses the name of the service itself for simplicity.</li></ul><p>Again, run the probing command. As expected, request from <code>sleep.legacy</code> to <code>httpbin.bar</code> starts failing with the same reasons.</p><pre><code class=language-plain>...
|
||
sleep.legacy to httpbin.bar: 000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56</code></pre><p>If we have more services in namespace <code>bar</code>, we should see traffic to them won't be affected. Instead of adding more services to demonstrate this behavior,
|
||
we edit the policy slightly to apply on a specific port:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "Policy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
spec:
|
||
targets:
|
||
- name: httpbin
|
||
ports:
|
||
- number: 1234
|
||
peers:
|
||
- mtls: {}
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>And a corresponding change to the destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n bar -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "networking.istio.io/v1alpha3"
|
||
kind: "DestinationRule"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: httpbin.bar.svc.cluster.local
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
portLevelSettings:
|
||
- port:
|
||
number: 1234
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>This new policy will apply only to the <code>httpbin</code> service on port <code>1234</code>. As a result, mutual TLS is disabled (again) on port <code>8000</code> and requests from
|
||
<code>sleep.legacy</code> will resume working.</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n legacy -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n legacy -- curl http://httpbin.bar:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200</code></pre><h3 id=policy-precedence>Policy precedence</h3><p>To illustrate how a service-specific policy takes precedence over namespace-wide policy, you can add a policy to disable mutual TLS for <code>httpbin.foo</code> as below.
|
||
Note that you've already created a namespace-wide policy that enables mutual TLS for all services in namespace <code>foo</code> and observe that requests from
|
||
<code>sleep.legacy</code> to <code>httpbin.foo</code> are failing (see above).</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n foo -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "Policy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "overwrite-example"
|
||
spec:
|
||
targets:
|
||
- name: httpbin
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>and destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n foo -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "networking.istio.io/v1alpha3"
|
||
kind: "DestinationRule"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "overwrite-example"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: httpbin.foo.svc.cluster.local
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: DISABLE
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>Re-running the request from <code>sleep.legacy</code>, you should see a success return code again (200), confirming service-specific policy overrides the namespace-wide policy.</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n legacy -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n legacy -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200</code></pre><h3 id=cleanup-part-2>Cleanup part 2</h3><p>Remove policies and destination rules created in the above steps:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl delete policy default overwrite-example -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl delete policy httpbin -n bar
|
||
$ kubectl delete destinationrules default overwrite-example -n foo
|
||
$ kubectl delete destinationrules httpbin -n bar</code></pre><h2 id=end-user-authentication>End-user authentication</h2><p>To experiment with this feature, you need a valid JWT. The JWT must correspond to the JWKS endpoint you want to use for the demo. In
|
||
this tutorial, we use this <a href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/demo.jwt>JWT test</a> and this
|
||
<a href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json>JWKS endpoint</a> from the Istio code base.</p><p>Also, for convenience, expose <code>httpbin.foo</code> via <code>ingressgateway</code> (for more details, see the <a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/>ingress task</a>).</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: Gateway
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: httpbin-gateway
|
||
namespace: foo
|
||
spec:
|
||
selector:
|
||
istio: ingressgateway # use Istio default gateway implementation
|
||
servers:
|
||
- port:
|
||
number: 80
|
||
name: http
|
||
protocol: HTTP
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- "*"
|
||
EOF</code></pre><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
|
||
kind: VirtualService
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: httpbin
|
||
namespace: foo
|
||
spec:
|
||
hosts:
|
||
- "*"
|
||
gateways:
|
||
- httpbin-gateway
|
||
http:
|
||
- route:
|
||
- destination:
|
||
port:
|
||
number: 8000
|
||
host: httpbin.foo.svc.cluster.local
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>Get ingress IP</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ export INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl -n istio-system get service istio-ingressgateway -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')</code></pre><p>And run a test query</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ curl $INGRESS_HOST/headers -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200</code></pre><p>Now, add a policy that requires end-user JWT for <code>httpbin.foo</code>. The next command assumes there is no service-specific policy for <code>httpbin.foo</code> (which should
|
||
be the case if you run <a href=#cleanup-part-2>cleanup</a> as described). You can run <code>kubectl get policies.authentication.istio.io -n foo</code> to confirm.</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n foo -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "Policy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "jwt-example"
|
||
spec:
|
||
targets:
|
||
- name: httpbin
|
||
origins:
|
||
- jwt:
|
||
issuer: "testing@secure.istio.io"
|
||
jwksUri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json"
|
||
principalBinding: USE_ORIGIN
|
||
EOF</code></pre><p>The same curl command from before will return with 401 error code, as a result of server is expecting JWT but none was provided:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ curl $INGRESS_HOST/headers -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
401</code></pre><p>Attaching the valid token generated above returns success:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ TOKEN=$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/demo.jwt -s)
|
||
$ curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" $INGRESS_HOST/headers -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"
|
||
200</code></pre><p>To observe other aspects of JWT validation, use the script <a href=https://github.com/istio/istio/tree/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/gen-jwt.py><code>gen-jwt.py</code></a> to
|
||
generate new tokens to test with different issuer, audiences, expiry date, etc. For example, the command below creates a token that
|
||
expires in 5 seconds. As you see, Istio authenticates requests using that token successfully at first but rejects them after 5 seconds:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ TOKEN=$(@security/tools/jwt/samples/gen-jwt.py@ @security/tools/jwt/samples/key.pem@ --expire 5)
|
||
$ for i in `seq 1 10`; do curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" $INGRESS_HOST/headers -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n"; sleep 1; done
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
200
|
||
401
|
||
401
|
||
401
|
||
401
|
||
401</code></pre><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/gen-jwt.py></a><a hidden style=display:none href=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/key.pem></a><p>You can add a JWT policy on <code>istio-ingressgateway</code>. This is often used to define
|
||
JWT policies that apply at the gateway, instead of for individual services. See
|
||
the <a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/traffic-management/secure-ingress/>configure end-user authentication on ingress gateway</a> for more details.</p><h3 id=end-user-authentication-with-mutual-tls>End-user authentication with mutual TLS</h3><p>End-user authentication and mutual TLS can be used together. Modify the policy above to define both mutual TLS and end-user JWT authentication:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -n foo -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
|
||
kind: "Policy"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "jwt-example"
|
||
spec:
|
||
targets:
|
||
- name: httpbin
|
||
peers:
|
||
- mtls: {}
|
||
origins:
|
||
- jwt:
|
||
issuer: "testing@secure.istio.io"
|
||
jwksUri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.0/security/tools/jwt/samples/jwks.json"
|
||
principalBinding: USE_ORIGIN
|
||
EOF</code></pre><blockquote><p>Use <code>istio create</code> if the <code>jwt-example</code> policy hasn't been submitted.</p></blockquote><p>And add a destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-bash>cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
|
||
apiVersion: "networking.istio.io/v1alpha3"
|
||
kind: "DestinationRule"
|
||
metadata:
|
||
name: "httpbin"
|
||
namespace: "foo"
|
||
spec:
|
||
host: "httpbin.foo.svc.cluster.local"
|
||
trafficPolicy:
|
||
tls:
|
||
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
|
||
EOF</code></pre><blockquote><p>If you already enable mutual TLS mesh-wide or namespace-wide, the host <code>httpbin.foo</code> is already covered by the other destination rule.
|
||
Therefore, you do not need to add this destination rule. On the other hand, you still need to add the <code>mtls</code> stanza to the authentication policy as the service-specific policy will override the mesh-wide (or namespace-wide) policy completely.</p></blockquote><p>After these changes, traffic from Istio services, including ingress gateway, to <code>httpbin.foo</code> will use mutual TLS. The test command above will still work. Requests from Istio services directly to <code>httpbin.foo</code> also work, given the correct token:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n foo -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n foo -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n" --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
|
||
200</code></pre><p>However, requests from non-Istio services, which use plain-text will fail:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -n legacy -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c sleep -n legacy -- curl http://httpbin.foo:8000/ip -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}\n" --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
|
||
000
|
||
command terminated with exit code 56</code></pre><h3 id=cleanup-part-3>Cleanup part 3</h3><ol><li><p>Remove authentication policy:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl delete policy jwt-example</code></pre></li><li><p>Remove destination rule:</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl delete policy httpbin</code></pre></li><li><p>If you are not planning to explore any follow-on tasks, you can remove all resources simply by deleting test namespaces.</p><pre><code class=language-command>$ kubectl delete ns foo bar legacy</code></pre></li></ol><h2 id=see-also>See also</h2><div class=see-also><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/mtls-migration/>Mutual TLS Migration</a></p><p class=desc>Shows you how to incrementally migrate your Istio services to mutual TLS.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/concepts/security/>Security</a></p><p class=desc>Describes Istio's authorization and authentication functionality.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/blog/2018/istio-authorization/>Micro-Segmentation with Istio Authorization</a></p><p class=desc>Describe Istio's authorization feature and how to use it in various use cases.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/role-based-access-control/>Authorization</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to set up role-based access control for services in the mesh.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/health-check/>Citadel health checking</a></p><p class=desc>Shows how to enable Citadel health checking with Kubernetes.</p></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-xl-4"><p class=link><a href=/v1.0/help/ops/security/debugging-authorization/>Debugging Authorization</a></p><p class=desc>Demonstrates how to debug authorization.</p></div></div></div></div></main><div class="container-fluid d-print-none"><br><div class=row><div class="col-6 pagenav"></div><div class="col-6 pagenav" style=text-align:right><p><a title="Shows you how to verify and test Istio's automatic mutual TLS authentication." href=/v1.0/docs/tasks/security/mutual-tls/>Mutual TLS Deep-Dive
|
||
<i class="fa fa-long-arrow-alt-right"></i></a></p></div></div></div><div class="d-none d-print-block" aria-hidden=true><h2>Links</h2><ol id=endnotes></ol></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-2 d-none d-xl-block d-print-none"><nav class=toc><div class=spacer></div><div id=toc class=directory role=directory><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#before-you-begin>Before you begin</a></li><ul><li><a href=#setup>Setup</a></li></ul><li><a href=#globally-enabling-istio-mutual-tls>Globally enabling Istio mutual TLS</a></li><ul><li><a href=#request-from-non-istio-services-to-istio-services>Request from non-Istio services to Istio services</a></li><li><a href=#request-from-istio-services-to-non-istio-services>Request from Istio services to non-Istio services</a></li><li><a href=#request-from-istio-services-to-kubernetes-api-server>Request from Istio services to Kubernetes API server</a></li><li><a href=#cleanup-part-1>Cleanup part 1</a></li></ul><li><a href=#enable-mutual-tls-per-namespace-or-service>Enable mutual TLS per namespace or service</a></li><ul><li><a href=#namespace-wide-policy>Namespace-wide policy</a></li><li><a href=#service-specific-policy>Service-specific policy</a></li><li><a href=#policy-precedence>Policy precedence</a></li><li><a href=#cleanup-part-2>Cleanup part 2</a></li></ul><li><a href=#end-user-authentication>End-user authentication</a></li><ul><li><a href=#end-user-authentication-with-mutual-tls>End-user authentication with mutual TLS</a></li><li><a href=#cleanup-part-3>Cleanup part 3</a></li></ul><li><a href=#see-also>See also</a></li></ul></nav></div></nav></div></div></div><footer class="d-print-none container-fluid"><div class=row><div class="col-5 col-lg-4" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class=row><div class=icon><span>discuss</span>
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<a title="Stack Overflow is where you can ask questions and find curated answers on deploying, configuring, and using Istio" href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/istio aria-label="Stack Overflow"><svg viewBox="0 0 120 120"><polygon points="84.4,93.8 84.4,70.6 92.1,70.6 92.1,101.5 22.6,101.5 22.6,70.6 30.3,70.6 30.3,93.8"/><path d="M38.8 68.4l37.8 7.9 1.6-7.6-37.8-7.9L38.8 68.4zM43.8 50.4l35 16.3 3.2-7-35-16.4L43.8 50.4zM53.5 33.2l29.7 24.7 4.9-5.9L58.4 27.3 53.5 33.2zM72.7 14.9l-6.2 4.6 23 31 6.2-4.6-23-31zM38 86h38.6v-7.7H38V86z"/></svg></a></div></div><div class="tag row d-none d-lg-flex">for everyone</div></div></div><div class="col-7 col-lg-4"><p class="text-center copyright" role=contentinfo>Istio
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Archive
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1.0<br>© 2019 Istio Authors, <a href=https://policies.google.com/privacy>Privacy Policy</a><br>Archived on March 19, 2019</p></div><div class="col-6 col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-flex" role=navigation><div class=container-fluid><div class="row justify-content-end"><div class=icon><span>github</span>
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<a title="Access our team drive if you'd like to take a look at the Istio technical design documents" href=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/istio-team-drive-access aria-label="team drive"><svg viewBox="0 0 207.027 207.027"><path d="M69.866 15.557.0 138.919l28.732 52.552 143.288-.029 35.008-59.588L136.39 15.735 69.866 15.557zM17.166 139.046 74.268 38.205 91.21 67.783 33.24 168.447 17.166 139.046zM99.841 82.851l23.805 41.558-47.732-.006L99.841 82.851zM163.434 176.443l-117.332.024 21.53-37.065 64.606.008.067.119 52.865-.085L163.434 176.443zM140.932 124.411 90.157 35.767l-2.966-5.178 40.751.121 57.003 93.706L140.932 124.411z"/></svg></a></div><div class=icon><span>working groups</span>
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