# Distributed tracing with Knative, OpenTelemetry and Jaeger

!!! note
    Knative Release 1.19 and higher supports emitting OpenTelemetry traces. So the contents of this post are out of date.

**Author: [Ben Moss](https://twitter.com/mossity), Software Engineer @ [VMware](http://vmware.com)**

When trying to understand and diagnose our systems, one of the most basic tools
we learn to lean on is the stack trace. Stack traces give us a structured view
of the flow of logic that our program is executing in order to help us wrap our
heads around how we got into a certain state. Distributed tracing is our
industry's attempt to take this idea and apply it at the next higher level of
abstraction and give us a view of the way that messages flow between programs
themselves.

Knative Eventing is a set of building blocks for wiring up the kind of
distributed architecture that is favored by many these days. It gives us a
language for describing and assembling the connections between programs, through
brokers, triggers, channels and flows, but with this power comes the risk of
creating a pile of spaghetti where determining how events were triggered can
become difficult. In this post we’re going to walk through setting up
distributed tracing with Eventing and see how it can help us better understand
our programs and a bit about how Eventing works under the hood as well.


## The lay of the tracing landscape

One of the first problems that comes with trying to learn about how to do
tracing is just wrapping your head around the ecosystem: Zipkin, Jaeger,
OpenTelemetry, OpenCensus, OpenTracing, and countless more, which one should you
be using? The good news is that these last three “Open” libraries are attempts
to create standards for metrics and tracing so that we don’t need to decide
right away what storage and visualization tools we’ll use, and that switching
between them should be (mostly) painless. OpenCensus and OpenTracing both
started as a way of unifying the fractured landscape around tracing and metrics,
resulting in a tragic/hilarious set of new divergent and competing standards.
OpenTelemetry is the latest effort, itself a unification of OpenCensus and
OpenTracing.

![xkcd comic "How Standards Proliferate"](https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/standards.png)

Knative’s tracing support today [only works with OpenCensus](https://github.com/knative/pkg/blob/bda81c029160eb91786c7e23a35acdd5ee2196b5/tracing/setup.go), but the OpenTelemetry community has given us tools for bridging just this sort of gap in our systems. In this post we’re going to focus on using Jaeger through a mix of OpenCensus and OpenTelemetry, but the broader lessons should apply no matter what tools you’re using.


## Getting started

We’re going to assume that you have a cluster with Knative Serving and Eventing
installed. If you don’t already have a cluster I recommend giving [the Knative
Quickstart](https://knative.dev/docs/getting-started/#install-the-knative-quickstart-environment)
a try, but in theory any setup should work.

Once we have Knative installed, we’re going to add the [OpenTelemetry
operator](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-operator#getting-started)
to our cluster, which depends on
[cert-manager](https://cert-manager.io/docs/installation/). Something to watch
out for while installing these two is that you’ll need to wait for
cert-manager’s webhook pod to start before you can install the operator, or else
you’ll see a bunch of “connection refused” errors creating certificates. Running
`kubectl -n cert-manager wait --for=condition=Ready pods --all` will block until
cert-manager is ready to roll. `kubectl wait` defaults to a 30 second timeout,
so it may take longer on your cluster depending on image download speeds.


```
kubectl apply -f https://github.com/jetstack/cert-manager/releases/latest/download/cert-manager.yaml &&
kubectl -n cert-manager wait --for=condition=Ready pods --all &&
kubectl apply -f https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-operator/releases/download/v0.40.0/opentelemetry-operator.yaml
```


Next we’ll set up the [Jaeger
operator](https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-operator#getting-started)
(yes, another operator, I swear this is the last one).


```
kubectl create namespace observability &&
kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-operator/v1.28.0/deploy/crds/jaegertracing.io_jaegers_crd.yaml &&
kubectl create -n observability \
	-f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-operator/v1.28.0/deploy/service_account.yaml \
	-f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-operator/v1.28.0/deploy/role.yaml \
	-f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-operator/v1.28.0/deploy/role_binding.yaml \
	-f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jaegertracing/jaeger-operator/v1.28.0/deploy/operator.yaml
```


Once it's up we can create a Jaeger instance by running:


```
kubectl apply -n observability -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: jaegertracing.io/v1
kind: Jaeger
metadata:
  name: simplest
EOF
```


This may take a while to spin up, as we’re again waiting for the operator pod
and then the Jaeger pod itself to spin up. Once up, the Jaeger operator will
create a Kubernetes Ingress for our Jaeger, but since we’re running on Kind we
don’t have any ingress installed. No matter, a port-forward will suffice for our
purposes: running `kubectl -n observability port-forward service/simplest-query
16686` will give us our Jaeger dashboard will be accessible on
[http://localhost:16686](http://localhost:16686).

Next we’re going to create the [OpenTelemetry
collector](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/collector/getting-started/), which will
be responsible for receiving traces from our programs and forwarding them to
Jaeger. The collector is an abstraction that lets us connect systems that speak
different protocols to each other. Even if we only export Zipkin traces we can
rely on the collector to translate them into the form that Jaeger can consume.
[This collector
definition](https://github.com/benmoss/knative-tracing/blob/main/otel.yaml) will
tell the OpenTelemetry operator to create a collector that will listen for
traces as if it’s a Zipkin instance, but export them both to logs for debugging
as well as to our Jaeger instance.


```
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: opentelemetry.io/v1alpha1
kind: OpenTelemetryCollector
metadata:
  name: otel
  namespace: observability
spec:
  config: |
    receivers:
      zipkin:
    exporters:
      logging:
      jaeger:
        endpoint: "simplest-collector.observability:14250"
        tls:
          insecure: true

    service:
      pipelines:
        traces:
          receivers: [zipkin]
          processors: []
          exporters: [logging, jaeger]
EOF
```

If all is well we should now see 3 pods are running in the `observability`
namespace: our Jaeger operator, our Jaeger instance, and the OpenTelemetry
collector.

Finally we can configure Eventing and Serving to point all of their traces to
our collector:


```
for ns in knative-eventing knative-serving; do
  kubectl patch --namespace "$ns" configmap/config-tracing \
   --type merge \
   --patch '{"data":{"backend":"zipkin","zipkin-endpoint":"http://otel-collector.observability:9411/api/v2/spans", "debug": "true"}}'
done
```


The `debug` flag here tells Knative to send _all_ traces to our collector,
whereas in a real-world deployment you’d probably want to set a sample rate to
only get a representative subset of your traces.


## Hello, world?

Now that our tracing infrastructure is all deployed and configured, we can start
taking advantage of it by deploying some services. We can deploy [the heartbeat
image](https://github.com/knative/eventing/blob/41e36eea88aada0f73e98ff5fb39b6509135dda1/cmd/heartbeats/main.go)
as a
[ContainerSource](https://knative.dev/docs/eventing/custom-event-source/containersource/)
to test and see that everything is wired up correctly:


```
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1
kind: ContainerSource
metadata:
  name: heartbeats
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: gcr.io/knative-nightly/knative.dev/eventing/cmd/heartbeats:latest
          name: heartbeats
          args:
            - --period=1
          env:
            - name: POD_NAME
              value: "heartbeats"
            - name: POD_NAMESPACE
              value: "default"
            - name: K_CONFIG_TRACING
              value: '{"backend":"zipkin","debug":"true","sample-rate":"1","zipkin-endpoint":"http://otel-collector.observability:9411/api/v2/spans"}'
  sink:
    uri: http://dev.null
EOF
```

For right now this container will just be sending its heartbeats to the
non-existent domain [http://dev.null](http://dev.null), so if we look at the
logs for this pod we will see a bunch of DNS resolution errors. However if we
inspect the logs of our `otel-collector` pod, we should see that it’s
successfully receiving traces from our service. It’s good confirmation that our
configuration works, but not very exciting from a tracing perspective! Let’s
make it somewhat realistic by adding in a Knative service to receive our
heartbeats:


```
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: event-display
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: gcr.io/knative-nightly/knative.dev/eventing/cmd/event_display:latest
          env:
            - name: K_CONFIG_TRACING
              value: '{"backend":"zipkin","debug":"true","zipkin-endpoint":"http://otel-collector.observability:9411/api/v2/spans"}'
EOF
```

We'll update our heartbeats service to start sending heartbeats here instead:

```
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1
kind: ContainerSource
metadata:
  name: heartbeats
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: gcr.io/knative-nightly/knative.dev/eventing/cmd/heartbeats:latest
          name: heartbeats
          args:
            - --period=1
          env:
            - name: POD_NAME
              value: "heartbeats"
            - name: POD_NAMESPACE
              value: "default"
            - name: K_CONFIG_TRACING
              value: '{"backend":"zipkin","debug":"true","zipkin-endpoint":"http://otel-collector.observability:9411/api/v2/spans"}'
  sink:
    ref:
      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      name: event-display
EOF
```

Once these services are deployed we can check back over at our Jaeger dashboard and we should see some more a more interesting trace:

![Screenshot of the Jaeger UI of a traces](images/tracing-1.png)

On the “System Architecture” tab of Jaeger we can also see a nice graph of our
topology, including one component you may or may not know about, the
[activator](https://knative.dev/docs/serving/knative-kubernetes-services/#service-activator):

![Screenshot of a Jaeger architecture diagram](images/tracing-2.png)

This is a component that Knative Serving adds to the network path of Knative
Service to buffer requests when our service isn’t ready to handle them as well
as reporting request metrics to the autoscaler. You can also see that it adds a
tiny penalty, around 2ms on my cluster. It’s possible to [configure
Knative](https://knative.dev/docs/serving/load-balancing/target-burst-capacity/)
so that the activator stays out of the path under different scenarios, but
that’s a topic for another blog post :).


## Getting fancy

Let’s make our topology a little more interesting by adding in some Knative
bells and whistles. First, let’s start sending our messages through a
[Broker](https://knative.dev/docs/eventing/broker/) and
[Trigger](https://knative.dev/docs/eventing/broker/triggers/) instead of
directly from our heartbeats service. We’ll create a broker and trigger that
forward all messages to the event-display service, and reconfigure our heartbeat
service to point to the broker:


```
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1
kind: Trigger
metadata:
  name: heartbeat-to-eventdisplay
spec:
  broker: default
  subscriber:
    ref:
      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      name: event-display
---
apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1
kind: Broker
metadata:
  name: default
---
apiVersion: sources.knative.dev/v1
kind: ContainerSource
metadata:
  name: heartbeats
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: gcr.io/knative-nightly/knative.dev/eventing/cmd/heartbeats:latest
          name: heartbeats
          args:
            - --period=1
          env:
            - name: POD_NAME
              value: "heartbeats"
            - name: POD_NAMESPACE
              value: "default"
            - name: K_CONFIG_TRACING
              value: '{"backend":"zipkin","debug":"true","zipkin-endpoint":"http://otel-collector.observability:9411/api/v2/spans"}'
  sink:
    ref:
      apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Broker
      name: default
EOF
```

If we turn back to our Jaeger now, we should see a much more complicated trace,
with many more hops from Eventing’s in-memory broker now in the path our
messages take between heartbeat and event-display. If you’re using a different
broker implementation your traces will be different, but in all cases we’re
adding complexity to our system for the sake of increasing its flexibility and
power.

![Screenshot of a Jaeger trace with a broker and trigger](images/tracing-3.png)

From here we can add another wrinkle to our deployment: instead of every
heartbeat going straight to our event-display service, let’s flip a coin and
only send it on if we get a “heads” back. Luckily for you I’m well-versed in
numerological theory and have already [coded up this coin-flipping
microservice](https://github.com/benmoss/knative-tracing/blob/main/cmd/coinflip/main.go),
so we can just deploy it as a new Knative service.


```
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: coinflip
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: benmoss/coinflip:latest
          env:
            - name: OTLP_TRACE_ENDPOINT
              value: otel-collector.observability:4317
---
apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1
kind: Trigger
metadata:
  name: heartbeat-to-coinflip
spec:
  broker: default
  subscriber:
    ref:
      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      name: coinflip
  filter:
    attributes:
      type: dev.knative.eventing.samples.heartbeat
---
apiVersion: eventing.knative.dev/v1
kind: Trigger
metadata:
  name: heartbeat-to-eventdisplay
spec:
  broker: default
  subscriber:
    ref:
      apiVersion: serving.knative.dev/v1
      kind: Service
      name: event-display
  filter:
    attributes:
      flip: heads
EOF
```
For this service I decided to instrument it with the release-candidate
OpenTelemetry client libraries, and to export them with the gRPC protocol. To
enable these traces to make their way through to Jaeger, we’re going to need to
enable our collector’s [OTLP (OpenTelemetry
Protocol)](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/main/specification/protocol/otlp.md)
receiver and add it to our pipeline.

```
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: opentelemetry.io/v1alpha1
kind: OpenTelemetryCollector
metadata:
  name: otel
  namespace: observability
spec:
  config: |
    receivers:
      zipkin:
      otlp:
        protocols:
          grpc:
    exporters:
      logging:
      jaeger:
        endpoint: "simplest-collector.observability.svc.cluster.local:14250"
        insecure: true

    service:
      pipelines:
        traces:
          receivers: [zipkin, otlp]
          processors: []
          exporters: [logging, jaeger]
EOF
```

If we examine the [new trigger
configuration](https://github.com/benmoss/knative-tracing/blob/133540feced8ad819d05087f4607009bd55f7ed6/trigger.yml)
we can see that now we have two triggers, one that sends all heartbeat type
events to the coin-flipper, and then one that sends all events with the
extension “flip: heads” to the event-display. The coin-flipping service clones
the incoming heartbeat event, flips a coin and adds the result as a CloudEvents
extension, and also changes the event type so we don’t accidentally spawn an
infinite loop of coin flips. It then sends this event back to the broker to get
requeued, which then either gets dispatched to the event-display on heads or
dropped if the result was tails.

If we turn back to our Jaeger interface, we’ll see heartbeats traces of varying
lengths, sometimes terminating on an unlucky tails, but sometimes winning the
jackpot and forwarding on to the event-display. Examining the logs of the
event-display we should see events still coming in, albeit at a slower rate than
before, and all with the “flip: heads” extension. We’ll also see these custom
spans that we are sending with our [custom
instrumentation](https://github.com/benmoss/knative-tracing/blob/133540feced8ad819d05087f4607009bd55f7ed6/cmd/coinflip/main.go#L52)
from within the coin-flipper service.

![Screenshot of a span with custom metadata attached](images/tracing-4.png)

![Screenshot of a flow diagram from Jaeger](images/tracing-5.png)

We can get a sense from Jaeger's architecture diagram what is happening here.
Our events are flowing in from the heartbeats service, through the broker, and
out to each of our triggers. The filters on our triggers mean that initially the
events will only continue to our coinflip service. The coinflip service replies
with a new event, which then flows back through the broker and filters, this
time being rejected by our coinflip trigger but accepted by the event-display
trigger.

## Wrapping up

Hopefully through this all we learned a little bit about both Knative and the
value of good observability tools. We saw how we can make good use of the
OpenTelemetry Collector to integrate systems speaking different protocols and
funnel them all to one shared Jaeger instance. The topology we created was in
one sense trivial, but hopefully interesting and complex enough to point the way
towards how you might structure real evented systems. The observability and
metrics ecosystem is big and sometimes can feel overwhelming, but once it’s
configured it can be a lifesaver in terms of understanding and troubleshooting
your systems.

## Links/references

* [Source code for code examples in this post](https://github.com/benmoss/knative-tracing)
* [OpenTelemetry, OpenTracing, OpenCensus: An Introduction and Glossary](https://www.honeycomb.io/blog/opentelemetry-opentracing-opencensus-an-introduction-and-glossary/)
* Source for the [event-display](https://github.com/knative/eventing/blob/c1838335a063891749df6bfdd480690bbbbdcf9a/cmd/event_display/main.go) and [heartbeats](https://github.com/knative/eventing/blob/c1838335a063891749df6bfdd480690bbbbdcf9a/cmd/heartbeats/main.go) apps
