From 83c34b14b0aa685ac05d1e09eef7c2341547a4d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Qiming Teng <tengqim@cn.ibm.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 11:33:17 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] [zh] Translate API concepts reference

---
 .../docs/reference/using-api/api-concepts.md  | 1902 +++++++++++++++++
 .../ssa/nginx-deployment-no-replicas.yaml     |   18 +
 .../ssa/nginx-deployment-replicas-only.yaml   |    6 +
 .../application/ssa/nginx-deployment.yaml     |   19 +
 4 files changed, 1945 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 content/zh/docs/reference/using-api/api-concepts.md
 create mode 100644 content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-no-replicas.yaml
 create mode 100644 content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-replicas-only.yaml
 create mode 100644 content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment.yaml

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+---
+title: Kubernetes API 概念
+content_type: concept
+weight: 20
+---
+<!--
+title: Kubernetes API Concepts
+reviewers:
+- smarterclayton
+- lavalamp
+- liggitt
+content_type: concept
+weight: 20
+-->
+
+<!-- overview -->
+<!--
+This page describes common concepts in the Kubernetes API.
+-->
+本页描述 Kubernetes API 的通用概念。
+
+<!-- body -->
+<!--
+The Kubernetes API is a resource-based (RESTful) programmatic interface provided via HTTP. It supports retrieving, creating,
+updating, and deleting primary resources via the standard HTTP verbs (POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, GET), includes additional subresources for many objects that allow fine grained authorization (such as binding a pod to a node), and can accept and serve those resources in different representations for convenience or efficiency. It also supports efficient change notifications on resources via "watches" and consistent lists to allow other components to effectively cache and synchronize the state of resources.
+-->
+Kubernetes API 是基于资源的（RESTful）、通过 HTTP 提供的编程接口。
+API 支持通过标准的 HTTP 动词（POST、PUT、PATCH、DELETE 和  GET）
+检视、创建、更新和删除主要资源，为很多允许细粒度权限控制的对象提供子资源
+（如将 Pod 绑定到节点上），并且出于便利性或效率考虑，支持并提供这些资源的
+不同表示形式。
+Kubernetes  API 还通过 "watch" 和一致性的列表支持高效的资源变更通知，
+从而允许其他组件对资源的状态进行高效的缓存和同步。
+
+<!--
+## Standard API terminology
+
+Most Kubernetes API resource types are [objects](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/kubernetes-objects/#kubernetes-objects): they represent a concrete instance of a concept on the cluster, like a pod or namespace. A smaller number of API resource types are "virtual" - they often represent operations rather than objects, such as a permission check (use a POST with a JSON-encoded body of `SubjectAccessReview` to the `subjectaccessreviews` resource). All objects will have a unique name to allow idempotent creation and retrieval, but virtual resource types may not have unique names if they are not retrievable or do not rely on idempotency.
+-->
+## 标准 API 术语  {#standard-api-terminology}
+
+大多数 Kubernetes API 资源类型都是
+[对象](/zh/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/kubernetes-objects/#kubernetes-objects)：
+它们代表的是集群中某一概念的具体实例，例如一个 Pod 或名字空间。
+为数不多的几个 API 资源类型是“虚拟的” - 它们通常代表的是操作而非对象本身，
+例如访问权限检查（使用 POST 请求发送一个 JSON 编码的 `SubjectAccessReview`
+负载到 `subjectaccessreviews` 资源）。
+所有对象都有一个唯一的名字，以便支持幂等的创建和检视操作，不过如果虚拟资源类型
+不可检视或者不要求幂等，可以不具有唯一的名字。
+
+<!--
+Kubernetes generally leverages standard RESTful terminology to describe the API concepts:
+
+* A **resource type** is the name used in the URL (`pods`, `namespaces`, `services`)
+* All resource types have a concrete representation in JSON (their object schema) which is called a **kind**
+* A list of instances of a resource type is known as a **collection**
+* A single instance of the resource type is called a **resource**
+-->
+Kubernetes 一般会利用标准的 RESTful 术语来描述 API 概念：
+
+* **资源类型（Resource Type）** 是在 URL 中使用的名称（`pods`、`namespaces`、`services`）
+* 所有资源类型都有具有一个 JSON 形式（其对象的模式定义）的具体表示，称作**类别（Kind）**
+* 某资源类型的实例的列表称作 **集合（Collection）**
+* 资源类型的单个实例被称作 **资源（Resource）**
+
+<!--
+All resource types are either scoped by the cluster (`/apis/GROUP/VERSION/*`) or to a namespace (`/apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/*`). A namespace-scoped resource type will be deleted when its namespace is deleted and access to that resource type is controlled by authorization checks on the namespace scope. The following paths are used to retrieve collections and resources:
+
+* Cluster-scoped resources:
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE` - return the collection of resources of the resource type
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE/NAME` - return the resource with NAME under the resource type
+* Namespace-scoped resources:
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE` - return the collection of all instances of the resource type across all namespaces
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE` - return collection of all instances of the resource type in NAMESPACE
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE/NAME` - return the instance of the resource type with NAME in NAMESPACE
+-->
+所有资源类型要么是集群作用域的（`/apis/GROUP/VERSION/*`），要么是名字空间
+作用域的（`/apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/*`）。
+名字空间作用域的资源类型会在其名字空间被删除时也被删除，并且对该资源类型的
+访问是由定义在名字空间域中的授权检查来控制的。
+下列路径用来检视集合和资源：
+
+* 集群作用域的资源：
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE` - 返回指定资源类型的资源的集合
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE/NAME` - 返回指定资源类型下名称为 NAME 的资源
+* 名字空间作用域的资源：
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE` - 返回所有名字空间中指定资源类型的全部实例的集合
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE` - 返回名字空间 NAMESPACE 内给定资源类型的全部实例的集合
+  * `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE/NAME` - 返回名字空间 NAMESPACE 中给定资源类型的名称为 NAME 的实例
+
+<!--
+Since a namespace is a cluster-scoped resource type, you can retrieve the list of all namespaces with `GET /api/v1/namespaces` and details about a particular namespace with `GET /api/v1/namespaces/NAME`.
+
+Almost all object resource types support the standard HTTP verbs - GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE. Kubernetes uses the term **list** to describe returning a collection of resources to distinguish from retrieving a single resource which is usually called a **get**.
+-->
+由于名字空间本身是一个集群作用域的资源累;，你可以通过 `GET /api/v1/namespaces/`
+检视所有名字空间的列表，使用 `GET /api/v1/namespaces/NAME` 查看特定名字空间的
+详细信息。
+
+几乎所有对象资源类型都支持标准的 HTTP 动词 - GET、POST、PUT、PATCH 和 DELETE。
+Kubernetes 使用术语 **list** 来描述返回资源集合的操作，以便与返回单个资源的、
+通常称作 **get** 的操作相区分。
+
+<!--
+Some resource types will have one or more sub-resources, represented as sub paths below the resource:
+
+* Cluster-scoped subresource: `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE/NAME/SUBRESOURCE`
+* Namespace-scoped subresource: `GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE/NAME/SUBRESOURCE`
+
+The verbs supported for each subresource will differ depending on the object - see the API documentation more information. It is not possible to access sub-resources across multiple resources - generally a new virtual resource type would be used if that becomes necessary.
+-->
+某些资源类型有一个或多个子资源（Sub-resource），表现为对应资源下面的子路径：
+
+* 集群作用域的子资源：`GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE/NAME/SUBRESOURCE`
+* 名字空间作用域的子资源：`GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE/NAME/SUBRESOURCE`
+
+取决于对象是什么，每个子资源所支持的动词有所不同 - 参见 API 文档以了解更多信息。
+跨多个资源来访问其子资源是不可能的 - 如果需要这一能力，则通常意味着需要一种
+新的虚拟资源类型了。
+
+<!--
+## Efficient detection of changes
+
+To enable clients to build a model of the current state of a cluster, all Kubernetes object resource types are required to support consistent lists and an incremental change notification feed called a **watch**.  Every Kubernetes object has a `resourceVersion` field representing the version of that resource as stored in the underlying database. When retrieving a collection of resources (either namespace or cluster scoped), the response from the server will contain a `resourceVersion` value that can be used to initiate a watch against the server. The server will return all changes (creates, deletes, and updates) that occur after the supplied `resourceVersion`. This allows a client to fetch the current state and then watch for changes without missing any updates. If the client watch is disconnected they can restart a new watch from the last returned `resourceVersion`, or perform a new collection request and begin again. See [Resource Version Semantics](#resource-versions) for more detail.
+
+For example:
+-->
+## 高效检测变更  {#efficient-detection-of-changes}
+
+为了使客户端能够构造一个模型来表达集群的当前状态，所有 Kubernetes 对象资源类型
+都需要支持一致的列表和一个称作 **watch** 的增量变更通知信源（feed）。
+每个 Kubernetes 对象都有一个 `resourceVersion` 字段，代表该资源在下层数据库中
+存储的版本。检视资源集合（名字空间作用域或集群作用域）时，服务器返回的响应
+中会包含 `resourceVersion` 值，可用来向服务器发起 watch 请求。
+服务器会返回所提供的 `resourceVersion` 之后发生的所有变更（创建、删除和更新）。
+这使得客户端能够取回当前的状态并监视其变更，且不会错过任何变更事件。
+客户端的监视连接被断开时，可以从最后返回的 `resourceVersion` 重启新的监视连接，
+或者执行一个新的集合请求之后从头开始监视操作。
+参阅[资源版本语义](#resource-versions)以了解更多细节。
+
+例如：
+
+<!--
+1. List all of the pods in a given namespace.
+-->
+1. 列举给定名字空间中的所有 Pods：
+
+   ```console
+   GET /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods
+   ---
+   200 OK
+   Content-Type: application/json
+   {
+     "kind": "PodList",
+     "apiVersion": "v1",
+     "metadata": {"resourceVersion":"10245"},
+     "items": [...]
+   }
+   ```
+
+<!--
+2. Starting from resource version 10245, receive notifications of any creates, deletes, or updates as individual JSON objects.
+-->
+2. 从资源版本 10245 开始，以 JSON 对象的形式接收所有创建、删除或更新操作的通知：
+
+   ```console
+   GET /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods?watch=1&resourceVersion=10245
+   ---
+   200 OK
+   Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+   Content-Type: application/json
+
+   {
+     "type": "ADDED",
+     "object": {"kind": "Pod", "apiVersion": "v1", "metadata": {"resourceVersion": "10596", ...}, ...}
+   }
+   {
+     "type": "MODIFIED",
+     "object": {"kind": "Pod", "apiVersion": "v1", "metadata": {"resourceVersion": "11020", ...}, ...}
+   }
+   ...
+   ```
+
+<!--
+A given Kubernetes server will only preserve a historical list of changes for a limited time. Clusters using etcd3 preserve changes in the last 5 minutes by default.  When the requested watch operations fail because the historical version of that resource is not available, clients must handle the case by recognizing the status code `410 Gone`, clearing their local cache, performing a list operation, and starting the watch from the `resourceVersion` returned by that new list operation. Most client libraries offer some form of standard tool for this logic. (In Go this is called a `Reflector` and is located in the `k8s.io/client-go/cache` package.)
+-->
+给定的 Kubernetes 服务器只会保留一定的时间内发生的历史变更列表。
+使用 etcd3 的集群默认保存过去 5 分钟内发生的变更。
+当所请求的 watch 操作因为资源的历史版本不存在而失败，客户端必须能够处理
+因此而返回的状态代码 `410 Gone`，清空其本地的缓存，重新执行 list 操作，
+并基于新的 list 操作所返回的 `resourceVersion` 来开始新的 watch 操作。
+大多数客户端库都能够提供某种形式的、包含此逻辑的工具。
+（在 Go 语言客户端库中，这一设施称作 `Reflector`，位于
+`k8s.io/client-go/cache` 包中。)
+
+<!--
+### Watch bookmarks
+
+To mitigate the impact of short history window, we introduced a concept of `bookmark` watch event. It is a special kind of event to mark that all changes up to a given `resourceVersion` the client is requesting have already been sent. Object returned in that event is of the type requested by the request, but only `resourceVersion` field is set, e.g.:
+-->
+### 监视书签（Watch Bookmark）
+
+为了处理历史窗口过短的问题，我们引入了 `bookmark（书签）` 监视事件的概念。
+该事件是一种特殊事件，用来标示客户端所请求的、指定的 `resourceVersion` 之前
+的所有变更都以被发送。该事件中返回的对象是所请求的资源类型，但其中仅包含
+`resourceVersion` 字段，例如：
+
+```console
+GET /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods?watch=1&resourceVersion=10245&allowWatchBookmarks=true
+---
+200 OK
+Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "type": "ADDED",
+  "object": {"kind": "Pod", "apiVersion": "v1", "metadata": {"resourceVersion": "10596", ...}, ...}
+}
+...
+{
+  "type": "BOOKMARK",
+  "object": {"kind": "Pod", "apiVersion": "v1", "metadata": {"resourceVersion": "12746"} }
+}
+```
+
+<!--
+`Bookmark` events can be requested by `allowWatchBookmarks=true` option in watch requests, but clients shouldn't assume bookmarks are returned at any specific interval, nor may they assume the server will send any `bookmark` event.
+-->
+通过在 watch 请求中设置 `allowWatchBookmarks=true` 选项，可以请求 `bookmark`
+事件，但是客户端不能假定服务器端会按某特定时间间隔返回书签事件，甚至也不能
+假定服务器一定会发送 `bookmark` 事件。
+
+<!--
+## Retrieving large results sets in chunks
+-->
+## 分块检视大体量结果
+
+{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.9" state="beta" >}}
+
+<!--
+On large clusters, retrieving the collection of some resource types may result in very large responses that can impact the server and client. For instance, a cluster may have tens of thousands of pods, each of which is 1-2kb of encoded JSON. Retrieving all pods across all namespaces may result in a very large response (10-20MB) and consume a large amount of server resources. Starting in Kubernetes 1.9 the server supports the ability to break a single large collection request into many smaller chunks while preserving the consistency of the total request. Each chunk can be returned sequentially which reduces both the total size of the request and allows user-oriented clients to display results incrementally to improve responsiveness.
+-->
+在较大规模的集群中，检视某些资源类型的集合时可能会返回较大体量的响应数据，对
+服务器和客户端都会造成影响。例如，某集群可能包含数万个 Pod，每个 Pod 的 JSON
+编码都有 1-2 KB 的大小。返回所有名字空间的全部 Pod 时，其结果可能体量很大
+（10-20 MB）且耗用大量的服务器资源。
+从 Kubernetes 1.9 开始，服务器支持将单一的大体量集合请求分解成多个小数据块
+同时还保证整个请求的一致性的能力。
+各个数据块可以按顺序返回，进而降低请求的尺寸，允许面向用户的客户端以增量形式
+呈现返回结果，改进系统响应效果。
+
+<!--
+To retrieve a single list in chunks, two new parameters `limit` and `continue`
+are supported on collection requests and a new field `continue` is returned
+from all list operations in the list `metadata` field. A client should specify
+the maximum results they wish to receive in each chunk with `limit` and the
+server will return up to `limit` resources in the result and include a
+`continue` value if there are more resources in the collection. The client can
+then pass this `continue` value to the server on the next request to instruct
+the server to return the next chunk of results. By continuing until the server
+returns an empty `continue` value the client can consume the full set of
+results.
+-->
+为了用分块的形式返回一个列表，集合请求上可以设置两个新的参数 `limit` 和
+`continue`，并且所有 list 操作的返回结果列表的 `metadata` 字段中会包含一个
+新的 `continue` 字段。
+客户端应该将 `limit` 设置为希望在每个数据块中收到的结果个数上限，而服务器则
+会在结果中至多返回 `limit` 个资源并在集合中还有更多资源的时候包含一个
+`continue` 值。客户端在下次请求时则可以将此 `continue` 值传递给服务器，
+告知后者要从何处开始返回结果的下一个数据块。
+通过重复这一操作直到服务器端返回空的 `continue` 值，客户端可以受到结果的
+全集。
+
+<!--
+Like a watch operation, a `continue` token will expire after a short amount of time (by default 5 minutes) and return a `410 Gone` if more results cannot be returned. In this case, the client will need to start from the beginning or omit the `limit` parameter.
+
+For example, if there are 1,253 pods on the cluster and the client wants to receive chunks of 500 pods at a time, they would request those chunks as follows:
+-->
+与 watch 操作类似，`continue` 令牌也会在很短的时间（默认为 5 分钟）内过期，
+并在无法返回更多结果时返回 `410 Gone` 代码。
+这时，客户端需要从头开始执行上述检视操作或者忽略 `limit` 参数。
+
+例如，如果集群上有 1253 个 Pods，客户端希望每次收到包含至多 500 个 Pod 的
+数据块，它应按下面的步骤来请求数据块：
+
+<!--
+1. List all of the pods on a cluster, retrieving up to 500 pods each time.
+-->
+1. 列举集群中所有 Pod，每次接收至多 500 个 Pods：
+
+```console
+GET /api/v1/pods?limit=500
+---
+200 OK
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "kind": "PodList",
+  "apiVersion": "v1",
+  "metadata": {
+    "resourceVersion":"10245",
+    "continue": "ENCODED_CONTINUE_TOKEN",
+    ...
+  },
+  "items": [...] // returns pods 1-500
+}
+```
+<!--
+2. Continue the previous call, retrieving the next set of 500 pods.
+-->
+2. 继续前面的调用，返回下一组 500 个 Pods：
+
+```console
+GET /api/v1/pods?limit=500&continue=ENCODED_CONTINUE_TOKEN
+---
+200 OK
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "kind": "PodList",
+  "apiVersion": "v1",
+  "metadata": {
+    "resourceVersion":"10245",
+    "continue": "ENCODED_CONTINUE_TOKEN_2",
+    ...
+  },
+  "items": [...] // returns pods 501-1000
+}
+```
+
+<!--
+3. Continue the previous call, retrieving the last 253 pods.
+-->
+3. 继续前面的调用，返回最后 253 个 Pods：
+
+```console
+GET /api/v1/pods?limit=500&continue=ENCODED_CONTINUE_TOKEN_2
+---
+200 OK
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "kind": "PodList",
+  "apiVersion": "v1",
+  "metadata": {
+    "resourceVersion":"10245",
+    "continue": "", // continue token is empty because we have reached the end of the list
+    ...
+  },
+  "items": [...] // returns pods 1001-1253
+}
+```
+
+<!--
+Note that the `resourceVersion` of the list remains constant across each request, indicating the server is showing us a consistent snapshot of the pods. Pods that are created, updated, or deleted after version `10245` would not be shown unless the user makes a list request without the `continue` token.  This allows clients to break large requests into smaller chunks and then perform a watch operation on the full set without missing any updates.
+-->
+注意 list 操作的 `resourceVersion` 在每个请求中都设置的是同一个数值，
+这表明服务器要向我们展示一个一致的 Pods 快照视图。
+在版本 `10245` 之后创建、更新或删除的 Pods 都不会显示出来，除非用户发出
+list 请求时不指定 `continue` 令牌。
+这一设计使得客户端能够将较大的响应切分为较小的数据块，且能够对较大的集合
+执行监视动作而不会错失任何更新事件。
+
+<!--
+## Receiving resources as Tables
+
+The output from the `kubectl get` command is a simple tabular representation of one or more instances of a particular resource type. In the past, clients were required to reproduce the tabular and describe output implemented in `kubectl` to perform simple lists of objects.
+A few limitations of that approach include non-trivial logic when dealing with certain objects. Additionally, types provided by API aggregation or third party resources are not known at compile time. This means that generic implementations had to be in place for types unrecognized by a client.
+-->
+## 以表格形式接收资源
+
+`kubectl get` 命令的输出是一个包含一个或多个资源的简单表格形式。
+过去，客户端需要重复 `kubectl` 中所实现的表格输出和描述输出逻辑，以执行
+简单的对象列表操作。
+这一方法在处理某些对象时，需要引入不容忽视的逻辑。
+此外，[API 聚合](/zh/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/apiserver-aggregation/)
+和[定制资源](/zh/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/)
+所提供的资源类型都是编译时不可预知的。这意味着，客户端必须针对无法
+识别的类型提供通用的实现逻辑。
+
+<!--
+In order to avoid potential limitations as described above, clients may request the Table representation of objects, delegating specific details of printing to the server. The Kubernetes API implements standard HTTP content type negotiation: passing an `Accept` header containing a value of `application/json;as=Table;g=meta.k8s.io;v=v1beta1` with a `GET` call will request that the server return objects in the Table content type.
+
+For example:
+-->
+为了避免上述各种潜在的局限性，客户端可以请求服务器端返回对象的表格（Table）
+表现形式，从而将打印输出的特定细节委托给服务器。
+Kubernetes API 实现标准的 HTTP 内容类型（Content Type）协商：为 `GET` 调用
+传入一个值为 `application/json;as=Table;g=meta.k8s.io;v=v1beta1` 的 `Accept`
+头部即可请求服务器以 Table 的内容类型返回对象。
+
+例如，以 Table 格式列举集群中所有 Pods：
+
+```console
+GET /api/v1/pods
+Accept: application/json;as=Table;g=meta.k8s.io;v=v1beta1
+---
+200 OK
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+    "kind": "Table",
+    "apiVersion": "meta.k8s.io/v1beta1",
+    ...
+    "columnDefinitions": [
+        ...
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+<!--
+For API resource types that do not have a custom Table definition on the
+server, a default Table response is returned by the server, consisting of the
+resource's `name` and `creationTimestamp` fields.
+-->
+对于在服务器上不存在定制的 Table 定义的 API 资源类型而言，服务器会返回
+一个默认的 Table 响应，其中包含资源的 `name` 和 `creationTimestamp` 字段。
+
+```console
+GET /apis/crd.example.com/v1alpha1/namespaces/default/resources
+---
+200 OK
+Content-Type: application/json
+...
+
+{
+    "kind": "Table",
+    "apiVersion": "meta.k8s.io/v1beta1",
+    ...
+    "columnDefinitions": [
+        {
+            "name": "Name",
+            "type": "string",
+            ...
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "Created At",
+            "type": "date",
+            ...
+        }
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+<!--
+Table responses are available beginning in version 1.10 of the kube-apiserver.
+As such, not all API resource types will support a Table response,
+specifically when using a client against older clusters. Clients that must
+work against all resource types, or can potentially deal with older clusters,
+should specify multiple content types in their `Accept` header to support
+fallback to non-Tabular JSON:
+-->
+`kube-apiserver` 从 1.10 版本开始提供 Table 响应。
+因此，并非所有 API 资源类型都支持 Table 响应，尤其是使用客户端访问较老的集群时。
+如果客户端需要能够处理所有资源类型，或者有可能需要与较老的集群交互，
+则需要在其 `Accept` 头部设定多个内容类型值，以便可以回退到非表格形式的 JSON
+表示。
+
+```
+Accept: application/json;as=Table;g=meta.k8s.io;v=v1beta1, application/json
+```
+
+<!--
+## Alternate representations of resources
+
+By default Kubernetes returns objects serialized to JSON with content type `application/json`. This is the default serialization format for the API. However, clients may request the more efficient Protobuf representation of these objects for better performance at scale. The Kubernetes API implements standard HTTP content type negotiation: passing an `Accept` header with a `GET` call will request that the server return objects in the provided content type, while sending an object in Protobuf to the server for a `PUT` or `POST` call takes the `Content-Type` header. The server will return a `Content-Type` header if the requested format is supported, or the `406 Not acceptable` error if an invalid content type is provided.
+
+See the API documentation for a list of supported content types for each API.
+
+For example:
+-->
+## 资源的其他表示形式
+
+默认情况下，Kubernetes 返回 JSON 序列化的的对象并设定内容类型为
+`application/json`。这是 API 的默认序列化格式。
+不过，客户端也可出于大规模环境中更佳性能的需求而请求对象的更为高效的 Protobuf
+表现形式。
+Kubernetes API 实现了标准的 HTTP 内容类型协商：为 `GET` 调用传递一个 `Accept`
+头部来请求服务器以所指定的内容类型返回对象，同时在通过 `PUT` 或 `POST` 调用
+向服务器发送 Protobuf 格式的对象时提供 `Content-Type` 头部。
+服务器会能够支持所请求的格式时返回 `Content-Type` 头部，并在所提供的内容类型
+不合法时返回 `406 Not acceptable（无法接受）` 错误。
+
+请参阅 API 文档了解每个 API 所支持的内容类型。
+
+例如：
+
+<!--
+1. List all of the pods on a cluster in Protobuf format.
+-->
+1. 以 Protobuf 格式列举集群上的所有 Pods：
+
+```console
+GET /api/v1/pods
+Accept: application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf
+---
+200 OK
+Content-Type: application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf
+
+... binary encoded PodList object
+```
+
+<!--
+2. Create a pod by sending Protobuf encoded data to the server, but request a response in JSON.
+-->
+2. 通过向服务器发送 Protobuf 编码的数据创建 Pod，但请求以 JSON 形式接收响应：
+
+```console
+POST /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods
+Content-Type: application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf
+Accept: application/json
+... binary encoded Pod object
+---
+200 OK
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "kind": "Pod",
+  "apiVersion": "v1",
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+<!--
+Not all API resource types will support Protobuf, specifically those defined
+via Custom Resource Definitions or those that are API extensions. Clients that
+must work against all resource types should specify multiple content types in
+their `Accept` header to support fallback to JSON:
+-->
+并非所有 API 资源类型都支持 Protobuf，尤其是那些通过定制资源定义（CRD）或通过
+API 扩展而加入的资源。如果客户端必须能够处理所有资源类型，则应在其 `Accept`
+头部指定多种内容类型以便可以回退到 JSON 格式：
+
+```
+Accept: application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf, application/json
+```
+
+<!--
+### Protobuf encoding
+
+Kubernetes uses an envelope wrapper to encode Protobuf responses. That wrapper starts with a 4 byte magic number to help identify content in disk or in etcd as Protobuf (as opposed to JSON), and then is followed by a Protobuf encoded wrapper message, which describes the encoding and type of the underlying object and then contains the object.
+
+The wrapper format is:
+-->
+### Protobuf encoding
+
+Kubernetes 使用封套形式来对 Protobuf 响应进行编码。
+封套外层由 4 个字节的特殊数字开头，便于从磁盘文件或 etcd 中辩识 Protobuf
+格式的（而不是 JSON）数据。
+接下来存放的是 Protobuf 编码的封套消息，其中描述下层对象的编码和类型，最后
+才是对象本身。
+
+封套格式如下：
+
+<!--
+```
+A four byte magic number prefix:
+  Bytes 0-3: "k8s\x00" [0x6b, 0x38, 0x73, 0x00]
+
+An encoded Protobuf message with the following IDL:
+  message Unknown {
+    // typeMeta should have the string values for "kind" and "apiVersion" as set on the JSON object
+    optional TypeMeta typeMeta = 1;
+
+    // raw will hold the complete serialized object in protobuf. See the protobuf definitions in the client libraries for a given kind.
+    optional bytes raw = 2;
+
+    // contentEncoding is encoding used for the raw data. Unspecified means no encoding.
+    optional string contentEncoding = 3;
+
+    // contentType is the serialization method used to serialize 'raw'. Unspecified means application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf and is usually
+    // omitted.
+    optional string contentType = 4;
+  }
+
+  message TypeMeta {
+    // apiVersion is the group/version for this type
+    optional string apiVersion = 1;
+    // kind is the name of the object schema. A protobuf definition should exist for this object.
+    optional string kind = 2;
+  }
+```
+-->
+```
+四个字节的特殊数字前缀：
+  字节 0-3: "k8s\x00" [0x6b, 0x38, 0x73, 0x00]
+
+使用下面 IDL 来编码的 Protobuf 消息：
+  message Unknown {
+    // typeMeta 应该包含 "kind" 和 "apiVersion" 的字符串值，就像
+    // 对应的 JSON 对象中所设置的那样
+    optional TypeMeta typeMeta = 1;
+
+    // raw 中将保存用 protobuf 序列化的完整对象。
+    // 参阅客户端库中为指定 kind 所作的 protobuf 定义
+    optional bytes raw = 2;
+
+    // contentEncoding 用于 raw 数据的编码格式。未设置此值意味着没有特殊编码。
+    optional string contentEncoding = 3;
+
+    // contentType 包含 raw 数据所采用的序列化方法。
+    // 未设置此值意味着  application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf，且通常被忽略
+    optional string contentType = 4;
+  }
+
+  message TypeMeta {
+    // apiVersion 是 type 对应的组名/版本
+    optional string apiVersion = 1;
+    // kind 是对象模式定义的名称。此对象应该存在一个 protobuf 定义。
+    optional string kind = 2;
+  }
+```
+
+<!--
+Clients that receive a response in `application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf` that does not match the expected prefix should reject the response, as future versions may need to alter the serialization format in an incompatible way and will do so by changing the prefix.
+-->
+收到 `application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf` 格式响应的客户端在响应与预期的前缀
+不匹配时应该拒绝响应，因为将来的版本可能需要以某种不兼容的方式更改序列化格式，
+并且这种更改是通过变更前缀完成的。
+
+<!--
+## Resource deletion
+
+Resources are deleted in two phases: 1) finalization, and 2) removal.
+-->
+## 资源删除
+
+资源删除要经过两个阶段：1) 终止（finalization），和 2）去除。
+
+```json
+{
+  "kind": "ConfigMap",
+  "apiVersion": "v1",
+  "metadata": {
+    "finalizers": {"url.io/neat-finalization", "other-url.io/my-finalizer"},
+    "deletionTimestamp": nil,
+  }
+}
+```
+
+<!--
+When a client first deletes a resource, the `.metadata.deletionTimestamp` is
+set to the current time.  Once the `.metadata.deletionTimestamp` is set,
+external controllers that act on finalizers may start performing their cleanup
+work at any time, in any order.  Order is NOT enforced because it introduces
+significant risk of stuck `.metadata.finalizers`.  `.metadata.finalizers` is a
+shared field, any actor with permission can reorder it.  If the finalizer list
+is processed in order, then this can lead to a situation in which the
+component responsible for the first finalizer in the list is waiting for a
+signal (field value, external system, or other) produced by a component
+responsible for a finalizer later in the list, resulting in a deadlock.
+Without enforced ordering finalizers are free to order amongst themselves and
+are not vulnerable to ordering changes in the list.
+
+Once the last finalizer is removed, the resource is actually removed from
+etcd.
+-->
+当客户端首先删除某资源时，其 `.metadata.deletionTimestamp` 会被设置为当前时间。
+一旦 `.metadata.deletionTimestamp` 被设置，则对终结器（finalizers）执行动作
+的外部控制器就可以在任何时候、以任何顺序执行其清理工作。
+这里不强调顺序是因为很可能带来 `.metadata.finalizers` 被锁定的风险。
+`.metadata.finalizers` 是一个共享的字段，任何具有相关权限的主体都可以对其
+执行重排序的操作。如果终结器列表要按顺序处理，则很可能导致负责列表中第一个
+终结器的组件要等待负责列表中排序靠后的终结器的组件的信号（可能是字段值变更、
+外部系统或者其他形式），从而导致死锁行为。
+在不对终结器顺序作强制要求的情况下，终结器可以自行排序，且不会因为其在列表
+中的顺序而引入任何不稳定因素。
+
+当最后一个终结器也被移除时，资源才真正从 etcd 中移除。
+
+<!--
+## Single resource API
+
+API verbs GET, CREATE, UPDATE, PATCH, DELETE and PROXY support single resources only.
+These verbs with single resource support have no support for submitting
+multiple resources together in an ordered or unordered list or transaction.
+Clients including kubectl will parse a list of resources and make
+single-resource API requests.
+
+API verbs LIST and WATCH support getting multiple resources, and
+DELETECOLLECTION supports deleting multiple resources.
+-->
+## 单个资源 API  {#single-resource-api}
+
+API 动词 GET、CREATE、UPDATE、PATCH、DELETE 和 PROXY 仅支持单个资源。
+这些支持单一资源的动词不支持以有序或无序列表甚或事务的形式同时提交给
+多个资源。
+包括 kubectl 在内的客户端将解析资源的列表，并执行单一资源的 API 请求。
+
+API 动词 LIST 和 WATCH 支持获取多个资源，而 DELETECOLLECTION 支持删除多个
+资源。
+
+<!--
+## Dry-run
+-->
+## 试运行  {#dry-run}
+
+{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.18" state="stable" >}}
+
+<!--
+The modifying verbs (`POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, and `DELETE`) can accept requests in a _dry run_ mode. Dry run mode helps to evaluate a request through the typical request stages (admission chain, validation, merge conflicts) up until persisting objects to storage. The response body for the request is as close as possible to a non-dry-run response. The system guarantees that dry-run requests will not be persisted in storage or have any other side effects.
+-->
+修改性质的动词（`POST`、`PUT`、`PATCH` 和 `DELETE`）可以支持 _试运行（dry
+run）_ 模式的请求。试运行模式可帮助通过典型的请求阶段（准入控制链、合法性
+检查、合并冲突）来评估请求，只是最终的对象不会写入存储。请求的响应主体与
+非试运行模式下的响应尽可能接近。系统会保证试运行模式的请求不会被写入到存储
+中，也不会产生其他副作用。
+
+<!--
+### Make a dry-run request
+
+Dry-run is triggered by setting the `dryRun` query parameter. This parameter is a string, working as an enum, and the only accepted values are:
+
+* `All`: Every stage runs as normal, except for the final storage stage. Admission controllers are run to check that the request is valid, mutating controllers mutate the request, merge is performed on `PATCH`, fields are defaulted, and schema validation occurs. The changes are not persisted to the underlying storage, but the final object which would have been persisted is still returned to the user, along with the normal status code. If the request would trigger an admission controller which would have side effects, the request will be failed rather than risk an unwanted side effect. All built in admission control plugins support dry-run. Additionally, admission webhooks can declare in their [configuration object](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#webhook-v1beta1-admissionregistration-k8s-io) that they do not have side effects by setting the sideEffects field to "None". If a webhook actually does have side effects, then the sideEffects field should be set to "NoneOnDryRun", and the webhook should also be modified to understand the `DryRun` field in AdmissionReview, and prevent side effects on dry-run requests.
+* Leave the value empty, which is also the default: Keep the default modifying behavior.
+
+For example:
+-->
+### 发起试运行请求  {#make-a-dry-run-request}
+
+通过设置 `dryRun` 查询参数可以触发试运行模式。此参数是一个字符串，以枚举值
+的形式工作且可接受的值只有：
+
+* `All`：每个阶段被会正常运行，除了最后的存储阶段。准入控制器会被运行来检查请求
+  是否合法，变更性（Mutating）控制器会变更请求，`PATCH` 请求也会触发合并操作，
+  对象字段的默认值也会被设置，且基于模式定义的合法性检查也会被执行。
+  所生成的变更不会被写入到下层的持久性存储中，但本来会写入到数据库中的最终对象
+  会和正常的状态代码一起被返回给用户。如果请求会触发准入控制器而该准入控制器
+  带有一定的副作用，则请求会失败而不是冒险产生不希望的副作用。
+  所有的内置准入控制器插件都支持试运行模式。此外，准入控制 Webhook 也可在其
+  [配置对象](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#webhook-v1beta1-admissionregistration-k8s-io)
+  中通过将 `sideEffects` 字段设置为 "None" 来声明自身不会产生副作用。
+  如果某 Webhook 确实会产生副作用，那么 `sideEffects` 字段应该设置为 "NoneOnDryRun"，
+  并且 Webhook 应该被更改以支持 AdmissionReview 中的 `dryRun` 字段，从而避免
+  在试运行时产生副作用。
+
+* 空字符串（也即默认值）：保留默认的修改行为。
+
+例如：
+
+```console
+POST /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods?dryRun=All
+Content-Type: application/json
+Accept: application/json
+```
+
+<!--
+The response would look the same as for non-dry-run request, but the values of some generated fields may differ.
+-->
+响应会与非试运行模式请求的响应看起来相同，只是某些生成字段的值可能会不同。
+
+<!--
+### Dry-run authorization
+
+Authorization for dry-run and non-dry-run requests is identical. Thus, to make
+a dry-run request, the user must be authorized to make the non-dry-run request.
+
+For example, to run a dry-run `PATCH` for Deployments, you must have the
+`PATCH` permission for Deployments, as in the example of the RBAC rule below.
+-->
+### 试运行的授权    {#dry-run-authorization}
+
+试运行和非试运行请求的鉴权是完全相同的。因此，要发起一个试运行请求，用户必须
+被授权执行非试运行请求。
+
+例如，要在 Deployment 对象上试运行 `PATCH` 操作，你必须具有对 Deployment 执行
+`PATCH` 操作的访问权限，如下面的 RBAC 规则所示：
+
+```yaml
+rules:
+- apiGroups: ["extensions", "apps"]
+  resources: ["deployments"]
+  verbs: ["patch"]
+```
+
+<!--
+See [Authorization Overview](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/).
+-->
+参阅[鉴权概述](/zh/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/)以了解鉴权细节。
+
+<!--
+### Generated values
+
+Some values of an object are typically generated before the object is persisted. It is important not to rely upon the values of these fields set by a dry-run request, since these values will likely be different in dry-run mode from when the real request is made. Some of these fields are:
+
+* `name`: if `generateName` is set, `name` will have a unique random name
+* `creationTimestamp`/`deletionTimestamp`: records the time of creation/deletion
+* `UID`: uniquely identifies the object and is randomly generated (non-deterministic)
+* `resourceVersion`: tracks the persisted version of the object
+* Any field set by a mutating admission controller
+* For the `Service` resource: Ports or IPs that kube-apiserver assigns to v1.Service objects
+-->
+### 生成的值  {#generated-values}
+
+对象的某些值通常是在对象被写入数据库之前生成的。很重要的一点是不要依赖试运行
+请求为这些字段所设置的值，因为试运行模式下所得到的这些值与真实请求所获得的
+值很可能不同。这类字段有：
+
+* `name`：如果设置了 `generateName` 字段，则 `name` 会获得一个唯一的随机名称
+* `creationTimestamp`/`deletionTimestamp`：记录对象的创建/删除时间
+* `UID`：唯一性标识对象，取值随机生成（非确定性）
+* `resourceVersion`： 跟踪对象的持久化（存储）版本
+* 变更性准入控制器所设置的字段
+* 对于 `Service` 资源：`kube-apiserver` 为 `v1.Service` 对象分配的端口和 IP
+
+<!--
+## Server Side Apply
+-->
+## 服务器端应用  {#server-side-apply}
+
+{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.16" state="beta" >}}
+
+<!--
+Starting from Kubernetes v1.18, if you have Server Side Apply enabled then the
+control plane tracks managed fields for all newly created objects.
+-->
+从 Kubernetes v1.18 开始，如果你启动了服务器端应用（Service Side Apply）功能
+特性，则控制面会跟踪所有新创建的对象的托管字段（Managed Fields）。
+
+<!--
+### Introduction
+
+Server Side Apply helps users and controllers manage their resources via
+declarative configurations. It allows them to create and/or modify their
+objects declaratively, simply by sending their fully specified intent.
+
+A fully specified intent is a partial object that only includes the fields and
+values for which the user has an opinion. That intent either creates a new
+object or is [combined](#merge-strategy), by the server, with the existing object.
+
+The system supports multiple appliers collaborating on a single object.
+-->
+### 介绍  {#introduction}
+
+服务器端应用可以通过声明式配置帮助用户和控制器管理其资源。此功能特性允许
+用户和控制器通过将完全设定的意愿发送到服务器以声明式方式创建与/或更改其对象。
+
+完全设定的意愿（Fully Specified Intent）是对象的一个部分，仅包含用户希望表达
+其意愿的字段和取值。此意愿或者是要创建一个新的对象，或者是由服务器来负责
+完成的、与现有对象的[合并](#merge-strategy)。
+
+系统支持多个施加者（Applier）同一个对象上进行协作。
+
+<!--
+Changes to an object's fields are tracked through a "[field management](#field-management)"
+mechanism. When a field's value changes, ownership moves from its current
+manager to the manager making the change. When trying to apply an object, fields
+that have a different value and are owned by another manager will result in a
+[conflict](#conflicts). This is done in order to signal that the operation might undo another
+collaborator's changes. Conflicts can be forced, in which case the value will be
+overridden, and the ownership will be transferred.
+-->
+对对象字段的变更是通过“[字段管理](#field-management)”来进行跟踪的。
+当字段的值发生变化时，其属主从其当前的管理器切换为作出变更的管理器。
+尝试应用对象时，取值不同的字段以及由另一个管理器所拥有的字段都会导致
+[冲突](#conflicts)。引发冲突的目的是通告该操作可能会撤销掉另一协作方
+所做的变更。冲突可以被强制解决，从而导致字段取值被覆盖且其属主关系
+被转移。
+
+<!--
+If you remove a field from a configuration and apply the configuration, server side apply checks
+if there are any other field managers that also own the field.  If the field is
+not owned by any other field managers, it is either deleted from the live
+object or reset to its default value, if it has one. The same rule applies to associative list or
+map items.
+
+Server side apply is meant both as a replacement for the original `kubectl
+apply` and as a simpler mechanism for controllers to enact their changes.
+-->
+如果你从配置中去除了一个字段并应用该配置，服务器端应用组件会检查是否有其他字段
+管理器也拥有该字段。如果该字段不再被任何其他字段管理器所拥有，则或者它会被
+从现时对象上删除，或者会被重置为其默认值（假设有的话）。
+同样的规则也适用于关联列表或映射条目。
+
+服务器端应用旨在成为原来的 `kubectl apply` 的替代技术，同时也作为控制器来
+施加其变更的一种更简单的机制。
+
+<!--
+### Field Management
+
+Compared to the `last-applied` annotation managed by `kubectl`, Server Side
+Apply uses a more declarative approach, which tracks a user's field management,
+rather than a user's last applied state. This means that as a side effect of
+using Server Side Apply, information about which field manager manages each
+field in an object also becomes available.
+
+For a user to manage a field, in the Server Side Apply sense, means that the
+user relies on and expects the value of the field not to change. The user who
+last made an assertion about the value of a field will be recorded as the
+current field manager. This can be done either by changing the value with
+`POST`, `PUT`, or non-apply `PATCH`, or by including the field in a config sent
+to the Server Side Apply endpoint. When using Server-Side Apply, trying to
+change a field which is managed by someone else will result in a rejected
+request (if not forced, see [Conflicts](#conflicts)).
+-->
+### 字段管理    {#field-management}
+
+与 `kubectl` 所管理的 `last-applied` 注解相比，服务器端应用机制使用的是一种
+更为贴近声明式管理的方法。该方法会跟踪用户的字段管理而不是其上一次应用的
+状态。这就意味着，作为服务器端应用的一种副作用，关于哪个字段管理器管理对象中
+哪个字段的信息也变得透明。
+
+从服务器端应用的角度，让用户来管理字段意味着用户可以相信并期望字段不会发生变更。
+上次对某字段取值做出断言的用户会被记录为当前的字段管理器。
+这一记录操作可以通过使用 `POST`、`PUT` 或非应用性（non-apply）的 `PATCH` 去
+更改字段值来实现，或者将字段包含在发送该服务器端应用末端的配置中来实现。
+当使用服务器端应用特性时，尝试更给由其他人所管理的字段会导致请求被拒绝
+（这里指非强制应用场景，参见[冲突](#conflicts)）。
+
+<!--
+When two or more appliers set a field to the same value, they share ownership of
+that field. Any subsequent attempt to change the value of the shared field, by any of
+the appliers, results in a conflict. Shared field owners may give up ownership
+of a field by removing it from their configuration.
+
+Field management is stored in a`managedFields` field that is part of an object's
+[`metadata`](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< latest-version >}}/#objectmeta-v1-meta).
+
+A simple example of an object created by Server Side Apply could look like this:
+-->
+当两个或者多个施加者将某字段设置为相同的值，它们会共享字段的属主地位。
+由任何施加者所发起的、尝试变更共享字段取值的请求都会导致冲突。
+共享字段的属主可以通过将字段从其配置中去除来放弃其属主角色。
+
+字段管理信息保存在 `managedFields` 字段中，而该字段是对象
+[`metadata`](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< latest-version >}}/#objectmeta-v1-meta)
+的一部分。
+
+通过服务器端应用创建的对象的一个简单例子看起来可能像这样：
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: test-cm
+  namespace: default
+  labels:
+    test-label: test
+  managedFields:
+  - manager: kubectl
+    operation: Apply
+    apiVersion: v1
+    time: "2010-10-10T0:00:00Z"
+    fieldsType: FieldsV1
+    fieldsV1:
+      f:metadata:
+        f:labels:
+          f:test-label: {}
+      f:data:
+        f:key: {}
+data:
+  key: some value
+```
+
+<!--
+The above object contains a single manager in `metadata.managedFields`. The
+manager consists of basic information about the managing entity itself, like
+operation type, api version, and the fields managed by it.
+
+This field is managed by the apiserver and should not be changed by
+the user.
+
+Nevertheless it is possible to change `metadata.managedFields` through an
+`Update` operation. Doing so is highly discouraged, but might be a reasonable
+option to try if, for example, the `managedFields` get into an inconsistent
+state (which clearly should not happen).
+
+The format of the `managedFields` is described in the [API](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#fieldsv1-v1-meta).
+-->
+上面的对象在其 `metadata.managedFields` 中包含了唯一的管理器。管理器记录中
+包含了管理实体自身的一些基本信息，例如操作类型、API 版本以及所管理的字段。
+
+此字段由 API 服务器管理，因而不应被用户修改。
+
+尽管如此，通过 `Update` 操作来更改 `metadata.managedFields` 字段值还是可能的。
+这样做是非常不鼓励的，但在某些场合也可能是一种合理的选择。例如，`managedFields`
+陷入了某种不一致的状态（很明显这种事不应该发生）。
+
+`managedFields` 的格式在[API](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#fieldsv1-v1-meta)
+中有详细描述。
+
+### 冲突    {#conflicts}
+
+<!--
+A conflict is a special status error that occurs when an `Apply` operation tries
+to change a field, which another user also claims to manage. This prevents an
+applier from unintentionally overwriting the value set by another user. When
+this occurs, the applier has 3 options to resolve the conflicts:
+-->
+冲突是一种特殊的状态错误，发生在某 `Apply` 操作尝试变更某字段，而另一个用户
+也声称要管理之的时候。冲突的检测可以避免某一施加者不小心覆盖另一个用户所设置
+的字段值。当发生冲突时，解决它的方法有三种：
+
+<!--
+* **Overwrite value, become sole manager:** If overwriting the value was
+  intentional (or if the applier is an automated process like a controller) the
+  applier should set the `force` query parameter to true and make the request
+  again. This forces the operation to succeed, changes the value of the field,
+  and removes the field from all other managers' entries in managedFields.
+
+* **Don't overwrite value, give up management claim:** If the applier doesn't
+  care about the value of the field anymore, they can remove it from their
+  config and make the request again. This leaves the value unchanged, and causes
+  the field to be removed from the applier's entry in managedFields.
+
+* **Don't overwrite value, become shared manager:** If the applier still cares
+  about the value of the field, but doesn't want to overwrite it, they can
+  change the value of the field in their config to match the value of the object
+  on the server, and make the request again. This leaves the value unchanged,
+  and causes the field's management to be shared by the applier and all other
+  field managers that already claimed to manage it.
+-->
+- **覆盖字段值，成为唯一的管理器：** 如果有意要覆盖字段值（或者施加者本身是
+  一个控制器这种自动化进程），施加者应该设置查询参数 `force` 为 `true，并
+  再次发出请求。这样做会强迫操作成功，更改字段值，将字段从 `managedFields`
+  中其他管理器项中去除。
+
+- **不重载字段值，放弃管理主张：** 如果施加者不再关心字段取值，它们可以将字段
+  从其配置中删除并再次发出请求。这样做会保留字段值不变，同时从 `managedFields`
+  中施加者条目中删除该字段。
+
+- **不重载字段值，成为共享管理器：** 如果施加者仍然关心字段取值，但不想重载
+  其当前值，它可以将其配置中该字段的值更改为与服务器端对象上的值匹配，并再次
+  发出请求。这样做会保留字段取值不变，同时使得字段的管理权力被施加者以及所有
+  原来声称要管理该字段的其他字段管理器一起分享。
+
+<!--
+### Managers
+
+Managers identify distinct workflows that are modifying the object (especially
+useful on conflicts!), and can be specified through the `fieldManager` query
+parameter as part of a modifying request. It is required for the apply endpoint,
+though kubectl will default it to `kubectl`. For other updates, its default is
+computed from the user-agent.
+-->
+### 管理器   {#managers}
+
+管理器标示更改对象的不同工作流（尤其是在有冲突的场合），可以作为更改对象的请求
+的一部分，在 `fieldManager` 查询参数中设定。该参数对于 Apply 操作的端点是必需
+的，尽管 `kubectl` 会将其默认设置为 `kubectl`。对于其他更新操作，其默认值是
+基于用户代理（User-agent）计算而来的。
+
+<!--
+### Apply and Update
+
+The two operation types considered by this feature are `Apply` (`PATCH` with
+content type `application/apply-patch+yaml`) and `Update` (all other operations
+which modify the object). Both operations update the `managedFields`, but behave
+a little differently.
+-->
+### 应用与更新    {#apply-and-update}
+
+服务器端应用所考虑的两种操作分别是 `Apply` （内容类型设置为
+`application/apply-patch+yaml` 的 `PATCH` 操作）和 `Update`（所有其他会更改
+对象的操作）。这两种操作都会更新 `managedFields` 字段值，但其行为略有不同。
+
+<!--
+Whether you are submitting JSON data or YAML data, use `application/apply-patch+yaml` as the
+Content-Type header value.
+
+All JSON documents are valid YAML.
+-->
+{{< note >}}
+无论你所提交的是 JSON 数据或者 YAML 数据，都应将 `Content-Type` 头部字段
+的值设置为 `application/apply-patch+yaml`。
+
+所有 JSON 文档也都是合法的 YAML 文档。
+{{< /note >}}
+
+<!--
+For instance, only the apply operation fails on conflicts while update does
+not. Also, apply operations are required to identify themselves by providing a
+`fieldManager` query parameter, while the query parameter is optional for update
+operations. Finally, when using the apply operation you cannot have `managedFields` in the object that is being applied.
+
+An example object with multiple managers could look like this:
+-->
+例如，发生冲突时只有 Apply 操作会失败，而 Update 操作不会失败。
+还有，Apply 操作要求通过提供一个 `fieldManager` 查询参数来标识自身，而
+对于 Update 操作而言，这一查询参数是可选的。
+最后，使用 Apply 操作时，被应用的对象中不能包含 `managedFields` 字段。
+
+带有多个管理器的一个对象示例可能看起来是这个样子：
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: test-cm
+  namespace: default
+  labels:
+    test-label: test
+  managedFields:
+  - manager: kubectl
+    operation: Apply
+    apiVersion: v1
+    fields:
+      f:metadata:
+        f:labels:
+          f:test-label: {}
+  - manager: kube-controller-manager
+    operation: Update
+    apiVersion: v1
+    time: '2019-03-30T16:00:00.000Z'
+    fields:
+      f:data:
+        f:key: {}
+data:
+  key: new value
+```
+
+<!--
+In this example, a second operation was run as an `Update` by the manager called
+`kube-controller-manager`. The update changed a value in the data field which
+caused the field's management to change to the `kube-controller-manager`.
+-->
+在此例中，第二个操作是由一个称作 `kube-controller-manager` 的管理器所发起的
+`Update` 执行的。该 Update 操作更改了 data 字段的值，导致该字段的管理者被更改
+为 `kube-controller-manager`。
+
+<!--
+If this update would have been an `Apply` operation, the operation
+would have failed due to conflicting ownership.
+-->
+{{< note >}}
+如果此操作是一个 Apply 操作，则操作可能已因为属主冲突而失败。
+{{< /note >}}
+
+<!--
+### Merge strategy
+
+The merging strategy, implemented with Server Side Apply, provides a generally
+more stable object lifecycle. Server Side Apply tries to merge fields based on
+the fact who manages them instead of overruling just based on values. This way
+it is intended to make it easier and more stable for multiple actors updating
+the same object by causing less unexpected interference.
+
+When a user sends a "fully-specified intent" object to the Server Side Apply
+endpoint, the server merges it with the live object favoring the value in the
+applied config if it is specified in both places. If the set of items present in
+the applied config is not a superset of the items applied by the same user last
+time, each missing item not managed by any other appliers is removed. For
+more information about how an object's schema is used to make decisions when
+merging, see
+[sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff](https://sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff).
+-->
+### 合并策略   {#merge-strategy}
+
+服务器端应用所实现的合并策略能够支持相对更为稳定的对象生命周期。
+服务器端应用机制尝试基于字段的管理器是谁来合并字段而不是仅仅基于字段取值来判断。
+这种机制旨在通过减少意外的干扰而将多个主体更新同一对象的操作变得更为简单和稳定。
+
+当用户发送一个“完全指定的意愿”对象到服务器端应用端点，如果字段值同时出现在现时
+对象中和所给的意愿对象中，服务器会优先选择应用配置中的字段值。
+如果应用的配置中存在的条目集合不是同一用户上次应用的条目集合的超集，所有未被其他
+施加者管理的、在应用的配置中缺失的条目都会被移除。
+关于如何使用对象的模式定义（Schema）来决定合并行为的更多信息，可参阅
+[sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff](https://sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff)。
+
+<!--
+A number of markers were added in Kubernetes 1.16 and 1.17, to allow API
+developers to describe the merge strategy supported by lists, maps, and
+structs. These markers can be applied to objects of the respective type,
+in Go files or in the [OpenAPI schema definition of the
+CRD](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}#jsonschemaprops-v1-apiextensions-k8s-io):
+-->
+Kubernetes 1.16 和 1.17 中都添加了若干的标志（Markers），便于 API 开发人员
+描述 list、map 和 struct 所支持的合并策略。这些标志可以应用到 Go 文件中
+对应类型的对象或者 [CRD 的 OpenAPI 模式定义](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}#jsonschemaprops-v1-apiextensions-k8s-io)：
+
+<!--
+| Golang marker | OpenAPI extension | Accepted values | Description | Introduced in |
+|----|----|----|----|----|
+| `//+listType` | `x-kubernetes-list-type` | `atomic`/`set`/`map` | Applicable to lists. `atomic` and `set` apply to lists with scalar elements only. `map` applies to lists of nested types only. If configured as `atomic`, the entire list is replaced during merge; a single manager manages the list as a whole at any one time. If `granular`, different managers can manage entries separately. | 1.16          |
+| `//+listMapKeys` | `x-kubernetes-list-map-keys` | Slice of map keys that uniquely identify entries for example `["port", "protocol"]` | Only applicable when `+listType=map`. A slice of strings whose values in combination must uniquely identify list entries. | 1.16 |
+| `//+mapType` | `x-kubernetes-map-type` | `atomic`/`granular` | Applicable to maps. `atomic` means that the map can only be entirely replaced by a single manager. `granular` means that the map supports separate managers updating individual fields. | 1.17 |
+| `//+structType` | `x-kubernetes-map-type` | `atomic`/`granular` | Applicable to structs; otherwise same usage and OpenAPI annotation as `//+mapType`.| 1.17 |
+-->
+| Golang 标志 | OpenAPI 扩展 | 可接受的值 | 描述 | 引入版本 |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `//+listType` | `x-kubernetes-list-type` | `atomic`/`set`/`map` | 可应用到 list 类型。`atomic` 和 `set` 适用于仅包含标量的 list。`map` 适用于由内嵌类型组成的  list。如果配置为 `atomic`，则整个 list 会在合并时被替换掉；每次只会有一个管理器负责总体管理这个 list。如果配置为 `granular`，则不同的管理器可以分别管理不同的表项。 | 1.16  |
+| `//+listMapKeys` | `x-kubernetes-list-map-keys` | 由 map 主键构成的可唯一标识表项的切片，例如 `["port", "protocol"]` | 仅当标记了 `+listType=map` 时适用。切片中各个字符串对应的取值的组合必须能够唯一性地标识 list 中的表项。 | 1.16 |
+| `//+mapType` | `x-kubernetes-map-type` | `atomic`/`granular` | 适用于 map 类型。`atomic` 意味着 map 只能被某管理器整体替换。`granular` 则意味着 map 支持使用不同管理器来更新不同字段。 | 1.17 |
+| `//+structType` | `x-kubernetes-map-type` | `atomic`/`granular` | 适用于 struct 类型。除此以外，其用法和 OpenAPI 注解都与 `//+mapType` 相同。 | 1.17 |
+
+<!--
+### Custom Resources
+
+By default, Server Side Apply treats custom resources as unstructured data. All
+keys are treated the same as struct fields, and all lists are considered atomic.
+
+If the Custom Resource Definition defines a
+[schema](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}#jsonschemaprops-v1-apiextensions-k8s-io)
+that contains annotations as defined in the previous "Merge Strategy"
+section, these annotations will be used when merging objects of this
+type.
+-->
+### 定制资源  {#custom-resources}
+
+默认情况下，服务器端应用机制会将定制资源视为无结构的数据。其中所有键都会
+被视同 struct 的字段，而所有 list 都会被视为 atomic。
+
+如果定制资源定义（CRD）定义了包含如[合并策略](#merge-strategy)节所述的注解的
+[模式定义（Schema）](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}#jsonschemaprops-v1-apiextensions-k8s-io)，
+则在合并该类型对象时会使用到这些注解。
+
+<!--
+### Using Server-Side Apply in a controller
+
+As a developer of a controller, you can use server-side apply as a way to
+simplify the update logic of your controller. The main differences with a
+read-modify-write and/or patch are the following:
+
+* the applied object must contain all the fields that the controller cares about.
+* there are no way to remove fields that haven't been applied by the controller
+  before (controller can still send a PATCH/UPDATE for these use-cases).
+* the object doesn't have to be read beforehand, `resourceVersion` doesn't have
+  to be specified.
+
+It is strongly recommended for controllers to always "force" conflicts, since they
+might not be able to resolve or act on these conflicts.
+-->
+### 在控制器中使用服务器端应用机制  {#using-server-side-apply-in-a-controller}
+
+作为控制器的开发人员，你可以将服务器端应用机制作为一种方法来简化你的控制器中的更新逻辑。
+与“读出-更改-写回”或“读出-更改-打补丁”方式相比，区别如下：
+
+* 所应用的对象必需包含控制器所关心的所有字段；
+* 没有办法移除控制器之前未曾应用过的字段（控制器在这些使用场景中仍然可以发送一个
+  PATCH/UPDATE 请求）。
+* 对象不需要事先读出，且不必指定 `resourceVersion` 值。
+
+强烈建议控制器总是“强制解决”冲突，因为它们可能无法更好地解决或者处理这些冲突。
+
+<!--
+### Transferring Ownership
+
+In addition to the concurrency controls provided by [conflict
+resolution](#conflicts), Server Side Apply provides ways to perform coordinated
+field ownership transfers from users to controllers.
+
+This is best explained by example. Let's look at how to safely transfer
+ownership of the `replicas` field from a user to a controller while enabling
+automatic horizontal scaling for a Deployment, using the HorizontalPodAutoscaler
+resource and its accompanying controller.
+
+Say a user has defined deployment with `replicas` set to the desired value:
+-->
+### 转移属主关系   {#transferring-ownership}
+
+除了[冲突解决](#conflicts)机制所提供的并发控制外，服务器端应用机制还提供了一些
+方法，通过协作式途径将字段属主从用户转移到控制器。
+
+这一转移操作最好通过示例来阐明。我们来看如何安全地将 `replicas` 字段的属主从
+一个用户转移给一个控制器，同时允许使用 HorizontalPodAutoscaler 资源及其相配套
+的控制器为 Deployment 提供自动的水平扩缩。
+
+假定一个用户定义了一个 Deployment，并将其 `replicas` 设置为其期望值：
+
+{{< codenew file="application/ssa/nginx-deployment.yaml" >}}
+
+<!--
+And the user has created the deployment using server side apply like so:
+-->
+用户使用服务器端应用机制创建了 Deployment：
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f application/ssa/nginx-deployment.yaml --server-side
+```
+
+<!--
+Then later, HPA is enabled for the deployment, e.g.:
+-->
+再接下来，为 Deployment 启用了 HPA，例如：
+
+```shell
+kubectl autoscale deployment nginx-deployment --cpu-percent=50 --min=1 --max=10
+```
+
+<!--
+Now, the user would like to remove `replicas` from their configuration, so they
+don't accidentally fight with the HPA controller. However, there is a race: it
+might take some time before HPA feels the need to adjust `replicas`, and if
+the user removes `replicas` before the HPA writes to the field and becomes
+its owner, then apiserver will set `replicas` to 1, its default value. This
+is not what the user wants to happen, even temporarily.
+-->
+现在，用户希望将 `replicas` 从其配置中移除，这样它们就不会与 HPA
+控制器产生冲突。不过，仍然会有竞争条件出现：在 HPA 觉得需要调整 `replicas`
+之前可能还有一段时间。如果用户在向 `replicas` 字段写入新值进而成为其属主之前，
+已经从配置中移除了该字段，则 API 服务器会将 `replicas` 设置为 1，也就是该字段
+的默认值。这一复位操作并非用户希望发生的事情，即使是临时性的复位也不可以。
+
+<!--
+There are two solutions:
+
+- (easy) Leave `replicas` in the configuration; when HPA eventually writes to that
+  field, the system gives the user a conflict over it. At that point, it is safe
+  to remove from the configuration.
+
+- (more advanced) If, however, the user doesn't want to wait, for example
+  because they want to keep the cluster legible to coworkers, then they can take
+  the following steps to make it safe to remove `replicas` from their
+  configuration:
+-->
+解决方案有两种：
+
+- （较容易的方案）在配置中保留 `replicas`，当 HPA 终于向该字段中写入取值时，
+  系统会向用户报告一个冲突事件。在这一刻，从配置中移除该字段是相对安全的。
+
+- （更高级的方案）如果用户不想等待 HPA 写入字段值的事件，例如他们希望集群状态对
+  他们的同事而言也是清晰明确的，则他们可以采取以下步骤安全地从他们的配置中移除
+  `replicas` 字段。
+
+<!--
+First, the user defines a new configuration containing only the `replicas` field:
+-->
+首先，用户定义一个新的，仅包含 `replicas` 字段的配置：
+
+{{< codenew file="application/ssa/nginx-deployment-replicas-only.yaml" >}}
+
+<!--
+The user applies that configuration using the field manager name `handover-to-hpa`:
+-->
+接下来使用名为 `handover-to-hpa` 的字段管理器应用该配置：
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f application/ssa/nginx-deployment-replicas-only.yaml --server-side --field-manager=handover-to-hpa --validate=false
+```
+
+<!--
+If the apply results in a conflict with the HPA controller, then do nothing. The
+conflict just indicates the controller has claimed the field earlier in the
+process than it sometimes does.
+
+At this point the user may remove the `replicas` field from their configuration.
+-->
+如果应用操作与 HPA 控制器发生冲突，则什么也不做。冲突恰好表明控制器比平时早了
+一点发出对该字段的主张：
+
+这时，用户可以从其配置中删除 `replicas` 字段。
+
+{{< codenew file="application/ssa/nginx-deployment-no-replicas.yaml" >}}
+
+<!--
+Note that whenever the HPA controller sets the `replicas` field to a new value,
+the temporary field manager will no longer own any fields and will be
+automatically deleted. No clean up is required.
+-->
+注意，无论 HPA 控制器何时将 `replicas` 字段设置为新的取值，临时性的字段管理器
+都不再拥有任何字段，并且会被自动删除。用户不需要执行清理操作。
+
+<!--
+### Transferring Ownership Between Users
+
+Users can transfer ownership of a field between each other by setting the field
+to the same value in both of their applied configs, causing them to share
+ownership of the field. Once the users share ownership of the field, one of them
+can remove the field from their applied configuration to give up ownership and
+complete the transfer to the other user.
+-->
+### 在用户间移交属主角色     {#transferring-ownership-between-users}
+
+用户之间可以通过在他们所应用的配置中将字段设置为相同的值来转移字段属主关系，
+这样做会共享对字段的拥有权。一旦用户间共享了字段的属主关系，其中一个用户就
+可以从其所应用的配置中移除该字段，放弃属主角色，从而完成了属主关系的移交。
+
+<!--
+### Comparison with Client Side Apply
+
+A consequence of the conflict detection and resolution implemented by Server
+Side Apply is that an applier always has up to date field values in their local
+state. If they don't, they get a conflict the next time they apply. Any of the
+three options to resolve conflicts results in the applied configuration being an
+up to date subset of the object on the server's fields.
+
+This is different from Client Side Apply, where outdated values which have been
+overwritten by other users are left in an applier's local config. These values
+only become accurate when the user updates that specific field, if ever, and an
+applier has no way of knowing whether their next apply will overwrite other
+users' changes.
+
+Another difference is that an applier using Client Side Apply is unable to
+change the API version they are using, but Server Side Apply supports this use
+case.
+-->
+### 与客户端应用的比较   {#comparison-with-client-side-apply}
+
+服务器端应用机制所实现的冲突检测和解决方案的后果之一是施加者在其本地状态中总是
+能够看到最新的字段值。如果他们看不到，则在下次执行 Apply 操作时会收到冲突事件。
+解决冲突的三种方法中，任何一种都会让所应用的配置成为服务器端对象字段的最新
+子集。
+
+这点与客户端应用不同，施加者本地配置中保留的可能是已经被其他用户更改过了的过时
+的取值。只有用户更新该字段时，相应的字段值才会变得准确。施加者也无法知道他们
+下次执行 Apply 操作时是否会重载其他用户做出的变更。
+
+另外一点区别在于使用客户端应用的施加者无法更改他们所使用的 API
+版本，但是服务器端应用能够支持这种使用场景。
+
+<!--
+### Upgrading from client-side apply to server-side apply
+
+Client-side apply users who manage a resource with `kubectl apply` can start
+using server-side apply with the following flag.
+-->
+### 从客户端应用升级到服务器端应用   {#upgrading-from-client-side-apply-to-server-side-apply}
+
+客户端应用机制的用户如果在使用 `kubectl apply` 来管理资源，可以使用下面的标志
+来开始使用服务器端应用：
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply --server-side [--dry-run=server]
+```
+
+<!--
+By default, field management of the object transfers from client-side apply
+to kubectl server-side apply without encountering conflicts.
+-->
+默认情况下，对象的字段管理会从客户端应用转移到 kubectl
+服务器端应用，且不会出现冲突状况。
+
+<!--
+Keep the `last-applied-configuration` annotation up to date. The annotation infers client-side apply's managed fields. Any fields not managed by client-side apply raise conflicts.
+
+For example, if you used `kubectl scale` to update the replicas field after client-side apply,
+then this field is not owned by client-side apply and creates conflicts on `kubectl apply -server-side`.
+-->
+{{< caution >}}
+请保持 `last-applied-configuration` 注解内容是最新的。该注解用来推测客户端
+应用所管理的字段。所有没有被客户端应用管理的字段都会引发冲突。
+
+例如，如果你在客户端应用操作后使用 `kubectl scale` 命令更新了 `replicas`
+字段，该字段不再由客户端应用所拥有，在 `kubectl apply --server-side` 时会
+引发冲突。
+{{< /caution >}}
+
+<!--
+This behavior applies to server-side apply with the `kubectl` field manager. As
+an exception, you can opt-out of this behavior by specifying a different,
+non-default field manager, as seen in the following example. The default field manager for kubectl
+server-side apply is `kubectl`.
+-->
+此行为适用于使用 `kubectl` 字段管理器执行的服务器端应用。
+作为一种例外情况，你也可以选择不采用这种行为，而是像下面的例子中所给的那样，
+指定一个不同的、非默认的字段管理器。用 `kubectl` 来执行服务器端应用时，默认
+的字段管理器总是 `kubectl`。
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply --server-side --field-manager=my-manager [--dry-run=server]
+```
+
+<!--
+### Downgrading from server-side apply to client-side apply
+
+If you manage a resource with `kubectl apply -server-side`,
+you can downgrade to client-side apply directly with `kubectl apply`.
+
+Downgrading works because kubectl server-side apply keeps the
+`last-applied-configuration` annotation up-to-date if you use
+`kubectl apply`.
+
+This behavior applies to server-side apply with the `kubectl` field manager. As
+an exception, you can opt-out of this behavior by specifying a different,
+non-default field manager, as seen in the following example. The default field manager for kubectl
+server-side apply is `kubectl`.
+-->
+### 从服务器端应用降格为客户端应用   {#downgrading-from-server-side-apply-to-client-side-apply}
+
+如果你使用 `kubectl apply --server-side` 来管理资源，你可以直接使用
+`kubectl apply` 来降格到客户端应用机制。
+
+降格操作之所以能够有效是因为 kubectl 服务器端应用在你使用 `kubectl apply`
+时会保持 `last-applied-configuration` 注解内容一直是最新的。
+
+这一行为适用于使用 `kubectl` 字段管理器执行的服务器端应用。
+作为一种例外情况，你也可以选择不采用这种默认行为，而像下面例子中所展示的
+那样，设置一个不同的、非默认的字段管理器。`kubectl` 所触发的服务器端应用
+默认会将字段管理器设置为 `kubectl`。
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply --server-side --field-manager=my-manager [--dry-run=server]
+```
+
+<!--
+### API Endpoint
+
+With the Server Side Apply feature enabled, the `PATCH` endpoint accepts the
+additional `application/apply-patch+yaml` content type. Users of Server Side
+Apply can send partially specified objects as YAML to this endpoint.
+When applying a configuration, one should always include all the fields
+that they have an opinion about.
+-->
+### API 端点    {#api-endpoint}
+
+启用了服务器端应用功能特性之后，`PATCH` 操作的端点能够接受
+`application/apply-patch+yaml` 内容类型。
+服务器端应用机制的用户可以以 YAML 格式将部分设定的对象发送到该端点。
+在应用配置时，用户应该包含希望设置的所有字段在内。
+
+<!--
+### Clearing ManagedFields
+
+It is possible to strip all managedFields from an object by overwriting them
+using `MergePatch`, `StrategicMergePatch`, `JSONPatch` or `Update`, so every
+non-apply operation. This can be done by overwriting the managedFields field
+with an empty entry. Two examples are:
+-->
+### 清除 `managedFields`  {#clearing-managedfields}
+
+通过 `MergePatch`、`StrategicMergePatch`、`JSONPatch` 或 `Update` 等非 Apply
+操作是可以清除对象上的所有 `managedFields` 内容的。通过这些操作，用户可以将
+`managedFields` 字段重新设置为空的列表。
+下面是两个例子：
+
+
+```console
+PATCH /api/v1/namespaces/default/configmaps/example-cm
+Content-Type: application/merge-patch+json
+Accept: application/json
+
+Data: {"metadata":{"managedFields": [{}]}}
+```
+
+```console
+PATCH /api/v1/namespaces/default/configmaps/example-cm
+Content-Type: application/json-patch+json
+Accept: application/json
+
+Data: [{"op": "replace", "path": "/metadata/managedFields", "value": [{}]}]
+```
+
+<!--
+This will overwrite the managedFields with a list containing a single empty
+entry that then results in the managedFields being stripped entirely from the
+object. Note that just setting the managedFields to an empty list will not reset
+the field. This is on purpose, so managedFields never get stripped by clients
+not aware of the field.
+
+In cases where the reset operation is combined with changes to other fields than
+the managedFields, this will result in the managedFields being reset first and
+the other changes being processed afterwards. As a result the applier takes
+ownership of any fields updated in the same request.
+-->
+上面的操作会覆盖 `managedFields` 字段取值，使之成为一个只有一个空表项的列表，
+进而使得 `managedFields` 整个会被充对象上剥离。
+注意，仅仅将 `managedFields` 设为空列表还不足以将字段取值复位。
+这样的设计是有意为之的，目的是避免 `managedFields` 字段被不了解该字段的客户端
+意外清除。
+
+如果此复位操作和对 `managedFields` 字段之外的其它字段的变更一起提交，则
+`managedFields` 的内容会首先被重置，之后才会处理其他字段变更。因此，施加者会
+成为同一请求中被更新的字段的属主。
+
+<!--
+Server Side Apply does not correctly track ownership on
+sub-resources that don't receive the resource object type. If you are
+using Server Side Apply with such a sub-resource, the changed fields
+won't be tracked.
+-->
+{{< caution >}}
+服务器端应用机制无法正确地跟踪某些子资源的属主，如果这些子资源不能接收资源
+对象类型数据的话。如果你针对这类子资源使用服务器端应用机制，则所变更的字段
+不会被跟踪记录。
+{{< /caution >}}
+
+<!--
+### Disabling the feature
+
+Server Side Apply is a beta feature, so it is enabled by default. To turn this
+[feature gate](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates) off,
+you need to include the `-feature-gates ServerSideApply=false` flag when
+starting `kube-apiserver`. If you have multiple `kube-apiserver` replicas, all
+should have the same flag setting.
+-->
+### 禁用此功能特性    {#disabling-the-feature}
+
+服务器端应用是一种 Beta 阶段的特性，因此默认是被启用的。如要将此
+[特性门控](/zh/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates)关闭，
+你需要在启动 `kube-apiserver` 时包含 `--feature-gates ServerSideApply=false`
+标志。如果你运行了多个 `kube-apiserver`
+副本，则每个副本上都要作同样的标志设置。
+
+<!--
+## Resource Versions
+
+Resource versions are strings that identify the server's internal version of an object. Resource versions can be used by clients to determine when objects have changed, or to express data consistency requirements when getting, listing and watching resources. Resource versions must be treated as opaque by clients and passed unmodified back to the server. For example, clients must not assume resource versions are numeric, and may only compare two resource version for equality (i.e. must not compare resource versions for greater-than or less-than relationships).
+-->
+## 资源版本   {#resource-versions}
+
+资源版本采用字符串来表达，用来标示对象的服务器端内部版本。
+客户端可以使用资源版本来判定对象是否被更改，或者在读取、列举或监视资源时
+用来表达数据一致性需求。
+客户端必需将资源版本视为不透明的对象，将其原封不动地传递回服务器端。
+例如，客户端一定不能假定资源版本是某种数值标识，也不可以对两个资源版本值
+进行比较看其是否相同（也就是不可以比较两个版本值以判断其中一个比另一个
+大或小）。
+
+<!--
+### ResourceVersion in metadata
+
+Clients find resource versions in resources, including the resources in watch events, and list responses returned from the server:
+
+[v1.meta/ObjectMeta](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#objectmeta-v1-meta) - The `metadata.resourceVersion` of a resource instance identifies the resource version the instance was last modified at.
+
+[v1.meta/ListMeta](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#listmeta-v1-meta) - The `metadata.resourceVersion` of a resource collection (i.e. a list response) identifies the resource version at which the list response was constructed.
+-->
+### `metadata` 中的 `resourceVersion`
+
+客户端可以在资源中看到资源版本信息，这里的资源包括从服务器返回的 Watch 事件
+以及 list 操作响应：
+
+[v1.meta/ObjectMeta](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#objectmeta-v1-meta) - 资源
+的 `metadata.resourceVersion` 值标明该实例上次被更改时的资源版本。
+
+[v1.meta/ListMeta](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#listmeta-v1-meta) - 资源集合
+（即 list 操作的响应）的 `metadata.resourceVersion` 所标明的是 list 响应被构造
+时的资源版本。
+
+<!--
+### The ResourceVersion Parameter
+
+The get, list and watch operations support the `resourceVersion` parameter.
+
+The exact meaning of this parameter differs depending on the operation and the value of `resourceVersion`.
+
+For get and list, the semantics of resource version are:
+
+**Get:**
+-->
+### `resourceVersion` 参数   {#the-resourceversion-parameter}
+
+GET、LIST 和 WATCH 操作都支持 `resourceVersion` 参数。
+
+参数的具体含义取决于所执行的操作和所给的 `resourceVersion` 值：
+
+对于 GET 和 LIST 而言，资源版本的语义为：
+
+**GET：**
+
+<!--
+| resourceVersion unset | resourceVersion="0" | resourceVersion="{value other than 0}" |
+|------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------------|
+| Most Recent           | Any                 | Not older than                         |
+-->
+| resourceVersion 未设置 | resourceVersion="0" | resourceVersion="\<非零值\>" |
+|------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------------|
+| 最新版本               | 任何版本            | 不老于给定版本                         |
+
+
+**LIST：**
+
+<!--
+v1.19+ API servers and newer support the `resourceVersionMatch` parameter, which
+determines how resourceVersion is applied to list calls.  It is highly
+recommended that `resourceVersionMatch` be set for list calls where
+`resourceVersion` is set. If `resourceVersion` is unset, `resourceVersionMatch`
+is not allowed.  For backward compatibility, clients must tolerate the server
+ignoring `resourceVersionMatch`:
+-->
+v1.19 及以上版本的 API 服务器支持 `resourceVersionMatch` 参数，用以确定如何对
+LIST 调用应用 resourceVersion 值。
+强烈建议在为 LIST 调用设置了 `resourceVersion` 时也设置 `resourceVersionMatch`。
+如果 `resourceVersion` 未设置，则 `resourceVersionMatch` 是不允许设置的。
+为了向后兼容，客户端必须能够容忍服务器在某些场景下忽略 `resourceVersionMatch` 的行为：
+
+<!--
+- When using `resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan` and limit is set, clients must
+  handle HTTP 410 "Gone" responses. For example, the client might retry with a
+  newer `resourceVersion` or fall back to `resourceVersion=""`.
+
+- When using `resourceVersionMatch=Exact` and `limit` is unset, clients must
+  verify that the `resourceVersion` in the `ListMeta` of the response matches
+  the requested `resourceVersion`, and handle the case where it does not. For
+  example, the client might fall back to a request with `limit` set.
+-->
+- 当设置 `resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan` 且指定了 `limit` 时，客户端必须能够
+  处理 HTTP 410 "Gone" 响应。例如，客户端可以使用更新一点的 `resourceVersion`
+  来重试，或者回退到 `resourceVersion=""` （即允许返回任何版本）。
+
+- 当设置了 `resourceVersionMatch=Exact` 且未指定 `limit` 时，客户端必须验证
+  响应数据中 `ListMeta` 的 `resourceVersion` 与所请求的 `resourceVersion` 匹配，
+  并处理二者可能不匹配的情况。例如，客户端可以重试设置了 `limit` 的请求。
+
+<!--
+Unless you have strong consistency requirements, using `resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan` and
+a known `resourceVersion` is preferable since it can achieve better performance and scalability
+of your cluster than leaving `resourceVersion` and `resourceVersionMatch` unset, which requires
+quorum read to be served.
+-->
+除非你对一致性有着非常强烈的需求，使用 `resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan`
+同时为 `resourceVersion` 设定一个已知值是优选的交互方式，因为与不设置
+`resourceVersion` 和 `resourceVersionMatch` 相比，这种配置可以取得更好的
+集群性能和可扩缩性。后者需要提供带票选能力的读操作。
+
+<!--
+| resourceVersionMatch param              | paging params                  | resourceVersion unset  | resourceVersion="0"                        | resourceVersion="{value other than 0}" |
+|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------|--------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
+| resourceVersionMatch unset              | limit unset                    | Most Recent            | Any                                        | Not older than                         |
+| resourceVersionMatch unset              | limit="n", continue unset      | Most Recent            | Any                                        | Exact                                  |
+| resourceVersionMatch unset              | limit="n", continue="<token>"  | Continue Token, Exact  | Invalid, treated as Continue Token, Exact  | Invalid, HTTP `400 Bad Request`        |
+| resourceVersionMatch=Exact<sup>\*</sup> | limit unset                    | Invalid                | Invalid                                    | Exact                                  |
+| resourceVersionMatch=Exact<sup>\*</sup> | limit="n", continue unset      | Invalid                | Invalid                                    | Exact                                  |
+| resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan<sup>\*</sup> | limit unset               | Invalid              | Any                                        | Not older than                         |
+| resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan<sup>\*</sup> | limit="n", continue unset | Invalid              | Any                                        | Not older than                         |
+
+<br/>
+<small>
+
+**Footnotes:**
+
+\* If the server does not honor the `resourceVersionMatch` parameter, it is treated as if it is unset.
+</small>
+-->
+| resourceVersionMatch 参数               | 分页参数                        | resourceVersion 未设置  | resourceVersion="0"                     | resourceVersion="\<非零值\>"     |
+|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|
+| resourceVersionMatch 未设置             | limit 未设置                    | 最新版本                | 任意版本                                | 不老于指定版本                   |
+| resourceVersionMatch 未设置             | limit=n, continue 未设置        | 最新版本                | 任意版本                                | 精确匹配                         |
+| resourceVersionMatch 未设置             | limit=n, continue=\<token\>     | Continue 令牌、精确匹配 | 非法请求，视为 Continue 令牌、精确匹配  | 非法请求，HTTP `400 Bad Request` |
+| resourceVersionMatch=Exact<sup>\*</sup> | limit 未设置                    | 非法请求                | 非法请求                                | 精确匹配                         |
+| resourceVersionMatch=Exact<sup>\*</sup> | limit=n, continue 未设置        | 非法请求                | 非法请求                                | 精确匹配                         |
+| resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan<sup>\*</sup> | limit 未设置             | 非法请求                | 任意版本                                | 不老于指定版本                   |
+| resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan<sup>\*</sup> | limit=n, continue 未设置 | 非法请求                | 任意版本                                | 不老于指定版本                   |
+
+<br />
+<small>
+
+**脚注：**
+
+\* 如果服务器无法正确处理 `resourceVersionMatch` 参数，其行为与未设置该参数相同。
+</small>
+
+<!--
+The meaning of the get and list semantics are:
+
+- **Most Recent:** Return data at the most recent resource version. The returned data must be
+  consistent (i.e. served from etcd via a quorum read).
+- **Any:** Return data at any resource version. The newest available resource version is preferred,
+  but strong consistency is not required; data at any resource version may be served. It is possible
+  for the request to return data at a much older resource version that the client has previously
+  observed, particularly in high availabiliy configurations, due to partitions or stale
+  caches. Clients that cannot tolerate this should not use this semantic.
+-->
+GET 和 LIST 操作的语义含义如下：
+
+- **最新版本：** 返回资源版本为最新的数据。所返回的数据必须一致
+  （通过票选读操作从 etcd 中取出）。
+- **任意版本：** 返回任意资源版本的数据。优选最新可用的资源版本，不过不能保证
+  强一致性；返回的数据可能是任何资源版本的。请求返回的数据有可能是客户端以前
+  看到过的很老的资源版本。尤其在某些高可用配置环境中，网络分区或者高速缓存
+  未被更新等状态都可能导致这种状况。不能容忍这种不一致性的客户端不应采用此
+  语义。
+<!--
+- **Not older than:** Return data at least as new as the provided resourceVersion. The newest
+  available data is preferred, but any data not older than the provided resourceVersion may be
+  served.  For list requests to servers that honor the resourceVersionMatch parameter, this
+  guarantees that resourceVersion in the ListMeta is not older than the requested resourceVersion,
+  but does not make any guarantee about the resourceVersion in the ObjectMeta of the list items
+  since ObjectMeta.resourceVersion tracks when an object was last updated, not how up-to-date the
+  object is when served.
+- **Exact:** Return data at the exact resource version provided. If the provided resourceVersion is
+  unavailable, the server responds with HTTP 410 "Gone".  For list requests to servers that honor the
+  resourceVersionMatch parameter, this guarantees that resourceVersion in the ListMeta is the same as
+  the requested resourceVersion, but does not make any guarantee about the resourceVersion in the
+  ObjectMeta of the list items since ObjectMeta.resourceVersion tracks when an object was last
+  updated, not how up-to-date the object is when served.
+- **Continue Token, Exact:** Return data at the resource version of the initial paginated list
+  call. The returned Continue Tokens are responsible for keeping track of the initially provided
+  resource version for all paginated list calls after the initial paginated list call.
+-->
+- **不老于指定版本：** 返回至少比所提供的 `resourceVersion` 还要新的数据。
+  优选最新的可用数据，不过最终提供的可能是不老于所给 `resourceVersion` 的任何版本。
+  对于发给能够正确处理 `resourceVersionMatch` 参数的服务器的 LIST 请求，此语义
+  保证 `ListMeta` 中的 `resourceVersion` 不老于请求的 `resourceVersion`，不过
+  不对列表条目之 `ObjectMeta` 的 `resourceVersion` 提供任何保证。
+  这是因为 `ObjectMeta.resourceVersion` 所跟踪的是列表条目对象上次更新的时间，
+  而不是对象被返回时是否是最新。
+
+- **确定版本：** 返回精确匹配所给资源版本的数据。如果所指定的 resourceVersion
+  的数据不可用，服务器会响应 HTTP 410 "Gone"。
+  对于发送给能够正确处理 `resourceVersionMatch` 参数的服务器的 LIST 请求而言，
+  此语义会保证 ListMeta 中的 `resourceVersion` 与所请求的 `resourceVersion`
+  匹配， 不过不对列表条目之 `ObjectMeta` 的 `resourceVersion` 提供任何保证。
+  这是因为 `ObjectMeta.resourceVersion` 所跟踪的是列表条目对象上次更新的时间，
+  而不是对象被返回时是否是最新。
+
+- **Continue 令牌、精确匹配：** 返回原先带分页参数的 LIST 调用中指定的资源版本的数据。
+  在最初的带分页参数的 LIST 调用之后，所有分页式的 LIST 调用都使用所返回的 Continue
+  令牌来跟踪最初提供的资源版本，
+
+<!--
+For watch, the semantics of resource version are:
+-->
+对于 WATCH 操作而言，资源版本的语义如下：
+
+**WATCH：**
+
+<!--
+| resourceVersion unset               | resourceVersion="0"        | resourceVersion="{value other than 0}" |
+|-------------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------------------|
+| Get State and Start at Most Recent  | Get State and Start at Any | Start at Exact                         |
+-->
+| resourceVersion 未设置    | resourceVersion="0"      | resourceVersion="\<非零值\>" |
+|---------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------|
+| 读取状态并从最新版本开始  | 读取状态并从任意版本开始 | 从指定版本开始               |
+
+<!--
+The meaning of the watch semantics are:
+
+- **Get State and Start at Most Recent:** Start a watch at the most recent
+  resource version, which must be consistent (i.e. served from etcd via a
+  quorum read). To establish initial state, the watch begins with synthetic
+  "Added" events of all resources instances that exist at the starting resource
+  version. All following watch events are for all changes that occurred after
+  the resource version the watch started at.
+-->
+WATCH 操作语义的含义如下：
+
+- **读取状态并从最新版本开始：** 从最新的资源版本开始 WATCH 操作。这里的
+  最新版本必须是一致的（即通过票选读操作从 etcd 中取出）。为了建立初始状态，
+  WATCH 首先会处理一组合成的 "Added" 事件，这些事件涵盖在初始资源版本中存在
+  的所有资源实例。
+  所有后续的 WATCH 事件都是关于 WATCH 开始时所处资源版本之后发生的变更。
+
+<!--
+- **Get State and Start at Any:** Warning: Watches initialize this way may
+  return arbitrarily stale data! Please review this semantic before using it,
+  and favor the other semantics where possible. Start a watch at any resource
+  version, the most recent resource version available is preferred, but not
+  required; any starting resource version is allowed. It is possible for the
+  watch to start at a much older resource version that the client has previously
+  observed, particularly in high availability configurations, due to partitions
+  or stale caches. Clients that cannot tolerate this should not start a watch
+  with this semantic. To establish initial state, the watch begins with
+  synthetic "Added" events for all resources instances that exist at the
+  starting resource version. All following watch events are for all changes that
+  occurred after the resource version the watch started at.
+-->
+- **读取状态并从任意版本开始：** 警告：通过这种方式初始化的 WATCH 操作可能会
+  返回任何状态的停滞数据。请在使用此语义之前执行复核，并在可能的情况下采用其他
+  语义。此语义会从任意资源版本开始执行 WATCH 操作，优选最新的可用的资源版本，
+  不过不是必须的；采用任何资源版本作为起始版本都是被允许的。
+  WATCH 操作有可能起始于客户端已经观测到的很老的版本。在高可用配置环境中，因为
+  网络分裂或者高速缓存未及时更新的原因都会造成此现象。
+  如果客户端不能容忍这种不一致性，就不要使用此语义来启动 WATCH 操作。
+  为了建立初始状态，WATCH 首先会处理一组合成的 "Added" 事件，这些事件涵盖在
+  初始资源版本中存在的所有资源实例。
+  所有后续的 WATCH 事件都是关于 WATCH 开始时所处资源版本之后发生的变更。
+
+<!--
+- **Start at Exact:** Start a watch at an exact resource version. The watch
+  events are for all changes after the provided resource version. Unlike "Get
+  State and Start at Most Recent" and "Get State and Start at Any", the watch is
+  not started with synthetic "Added" events for the provided resource version.
+  The client is assumed to already have the initial state at the starting
+  resource version since the client provided the resource version.
+-->
+- **从指定版本开始：** 从某确切资源版本开始执行 WATCH 操作。WATCH 事件都是
+  关于 WATCH 开始时所处资源版本之后发生的变更。与前面两种语义不同，WATCH 操作
+  开始的时候不会生成或处理为所提供资源版本合成的 "Added" 事件。
+  我们假定客户端既然能够提供确切资源版本，就应该已经拥有了起始资源版本对应的初始状态。
+
+<!--
+### "410 Gone" responses
+
+Servers are not required to serve all older resource versions and may return a
+HTTP `410 (Gone)` status code if a client requests a resourceVersion older
+than the server has retained. Clients must be able to tolerate `410 (Gone)`
+responses. See [Efficient detection of
+changes](#efficient-detection-of-changes) for details on how to handle `410
+(Gone)` responses when watching resources.
+
+If you request a a resourceVersion outside the applicable limit then,
+depending on whether a request is served from cache or not, the API server may
+reply with a `410 Gone` HTTP response.
+-->
+### "410 Gone" 响应     {#410-gone-responses}
+
+服务器不需要提供所有老的资源版本，在客户端请求的是早于服务器端所保留版本的
+`resourceVersion` 时，可以返回 HTTP `410 (Gone)` 状态码。
+客户端必须能够容忍 `410 (Gone)` 响应。
+参阅[高效检测变更](#efficient-detection-of-changes)以了解如何在监测资源时
+处理 `410 (Gone)` 响应。
+
+如果所请求的 `resourceVersion` 超出了可应用的 `limit`，那么取决于请求是否
+是通过高速缓存来满足的，API 服务器可能会返回一个 `410 Gone` HTTP 响应。
+
+<!--
+### Unavailable resource versions
+
+Servers are not required to serve unrecognized resource versions. List and Get requests for unrecognized resource versions may wait briefly for the resource version to become available, should timeout with a `504 (Gateway Timeout)` if the provided resource versions does not become available in a resonable amount of time, and may respond with a `Retry-After` response header indicating how many seconds a client should wait before retrying the request. Currently the kube-apiserver also identifies these responses with a "Too large resource version" message. Watch requests for a unrecognized resource version may wait indefinitely (until the request timeout) for the resource version to become available.
+-->
+### 不可用的资源版本  {#unavailable-resource-versions}
+
+服务器不必未无法识别的资源版本提供服务。针对无法识别的资源版本的 LIST 和 GET 请求
+可能会短暂等待，以期资源版本可用。如果所给的资源版本在一定的时间段内仍未变得
+可用，服务器应该超时并返回 `504 (Gateway Timeout)`，且可在响应中添加
+`Retry-After` 响应头部字段，标明客户端在再次尝试之前应该等待多少秒钟。
+目前，`kube-apiserver` 也能使用 `Too large resource version（资源版本过高）`
+消息来标识这类响应。针对某无法识别的资源版本的 WATCH 操作可能会无限期
+（直到请求超时）地等待下去，直到资源版本可用。
+
diff --git a/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-no-replicas.yaml b/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-no-replicas.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c18bdd35c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-no-replicas.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: nginx-deployment
+  labels:
+    app: nginx
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: nginx
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: nginx
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: nginx
+        image: nginx:1.14.2
diff --git a/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-replicas-only.yaml b/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-replicas-only.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0848ba0e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment-replicas-only.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: nginx-deployment
+spec:
+  replicas: 3
diff --git a/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment.yaml b/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7797b13d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/zh/examples/application/ssa/nginx-deployment.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: nginx-deployment
+  labels:
+    app: nginx
+spec:
+  replicas: 3
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: nginx
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: nginx
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: nginx
+        image: nginx:1.14.2