Merge pull request #23159 from tengqm/zh-access-cluster
[zh] Resync access cluster services task
This commit is contained in:
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---
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title: 访问集群上运行的服务
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content_type: task
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---
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<!-- overview -->
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<!--
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This page shows how to connect to services running on the Kubernetes cluster.
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-->
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本文展示了如何连接 Kubernetes 集群上运行的服务。
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## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}}
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{{< include "task-tutorial-prereqs.md" >}} {{< version-check >}}
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<!-- steps -->
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<!--
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## Accessing services running on the cluster
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In Kubernetes, [nodes](/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes/),
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[pods](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/) and [services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/) all have
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their own IPs. In many cases, the node IPs, pod IPs, and some service IPs on a cluster will not be
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routable, so they will not be reachable from a machine outside the cluster,
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such as your desktop machine.
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-->
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## 访问集群上运行的服务
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在 Kubernetes 里, [nodes](/docs/admin/node)、[pods](/docs/user-guide/pods) 和 [services](/docs/user-guide/services) 都有它们自己的 IP。许多情况下,集群上的 node IP、pod IP 和某些 service IP 路由不可达,所以不能从一个集群之外的节点访问它们,例如从你自己的台式机。
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在 Kubernetes 里,[Node](/zh/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes/)、
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[Pod](/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/) 和
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[Service](/zh/docs/concepts/services-networking/services/) 都有自己的 IP。
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许多情况下,集群上的节点 IP、Pod IP 和某些服务 IP 是路由不可达的,
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所以不能从集群之外访问它们,例如从你自己的台式机。
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<!--
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### Ways to connect
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### 连接方式
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You have several options for connecting to nodes, pods and services from outside the cluster:
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-->
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### 连接方式 {#ways-to-connect}
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你有多种可选方式从集群外连接节点、Pod 和服务:
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你有多种从集群外连接 nodes、pods 和 services 的选项:
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- 通过公共 IP 访问 services。
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- 使用具有 `NodePort` 或 `LoadBalancer` 类型的 service,可以从外部访问它们。请查阅 [services](/docs/user-guide/services) 和 [kubectl expose](/docs/user-guide/kubectl/v1.6/#expose) 文档。
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- 取决于你的集群环境,你可以仅把 service 暴露在你的企业网络环境中,也可以将其暴露在因特网上。需要考虑暴露的 service 是否安全,它是否有自己的用户认证?
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- 将 pods 放置于 services 背后。如果要访问一个副本集合中特定的 pod,例如用于调试目的时,请给 pod 指定一个独特的标签并创建一个新 service 选择这个标签。
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- 大部分情况下,都不需要应用开发者通过节点 IP 直接访问 nodes。
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- 通过 Proxy Verb 访问 services、nodes 或者 pods。
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- 在访问 Apiserver 远程服务之前是否经过认证和授权?如果你的服务暴露到因特网中不够安全,或者需要获取 node IP 之上的端口,又或者处于调试目的时,请使用这个特性。
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- Proxies 可能给某些应用带来麻烦。
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- 仅适用于 HTTP/HTTPS。
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- 在[这里](#manually-constructing-apiserver-proxy-urls)描述
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<!--
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- Access services through public IPs.
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- Use a service with type `NodePort` or `LoadBalancer` to make the service reachable outside
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the cluster. See the [services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/) and
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[kubectl expose](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands/#expose) documentation.
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- Depending on your cluster environment, this may just expose the service to your corporate network,
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or it may expose it to the internet. Think about whether the service being exposed is secure.
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Does it do its own authentication?
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- Place pods behind services. To access one specific pod from a set of replicas, such as for debugging,
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place a unique label on the pod and create a new service which selects this label.
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- In most cases, it should not be necessary for application developer to directly access
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nodes via their nodeIPs.
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-->
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- 通过公网 IP 访问服务
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- 使用类型为 `NodePort` 或 `LoadBalancer` 的服务,可以从外部访问它们。
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请查阅[服务](/zh/docs/concepts/services-networking/services/) 和
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[kubectl expose](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands/#expose) 文档。
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- 取决于你的集群环境,你可以仅把服务暴露在你的企业网络环境中,也可以将其暴露在
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因特网上。需要考虑暴露的服务是否安全,它是否有自己的用户认证?
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- 将 Pod 放置于服务背后。如果要访问一个副本集合中特定的 Pod,例如用于调试目的,
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请给 Pod 指定一个独特的标签并创建一个新服务选择该标签。
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- 大部分情况下,都不需要应用开发者通过节点 IP 直接访问节点。
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<!--
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- Access services, nodes, or pods using the Proxy Verb.
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- Does apiserver authentication and authorization prior to accessing the remote service.
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Use this if the services are not secure enough to expose to the internet, or to gain
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access to ports on the node IP, or for debugging.
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- Proxies may cause problems for some web applications.
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- Only works for HTTP/HTTPS.
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- Described [here](#manually-constructing-apiserver-proxy-urls).
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-->
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- 通过 Proxy 动词访问服务、节点或者 Pod
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- 在访问远程服务之前,利用 API 服务器执行身份认证和鉴权。
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如果你的服务不够安全,无法暴露到因特网中,或者需要访问节点 IP 上的端口,
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又或者出于调试目的,可使用这种方式。
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- 代理可能给某些应用带来麻烦
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- 此方式仅适用于 HTTP/HTTPS
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- 进一步的描述在[这里](#manually-constructing-apiserver-proxy-urls)
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- 从集群中的 node 或者 pod 访问。
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- 运行一个 pod,然后使用 [kubectl exec](/docs/user-guide/kubectl/v1.6/#exec) 连接到它的一个shell。从那个 shell 连接其他的 nodes、pods 和 services。
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- 某些集群可能允许你 ssh 到集群中的节点。你可能可以从那儿访问集群服务。这是一个非标准的方式,可能在一些集群上能工作,但在另一些上却不能。浏览器和其他工具可能安装或可能不会安装。集群 DNS 可能不会正常工作。
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<!--
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- Access from a node or pod in the cluster.
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- Run a pod, and then connect to a shell in it using [kubectl exec](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands/#exec).
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Connect to other nodes, pods, and services from that shell.
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- Some clusters may allow you to ssh to a node in the cluster. From there you may be able to
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access cluster services. This is a non-standard method, and will work on some clusters but
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not others. Browsers and other tools may or may not be installed. Cluster DNS may not work.
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-->
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- 从集群中的一个节点或 Pod 访问
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- 运行一个 Pod,然后使用
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[kubectl exec](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands/#exec)
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连接到它的 Shell。从那个 Shell 连接其他的节点、Pod 和 服务
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- 某些集群可能允许你 SSH 到集群中的节点。你可能可以从那儿访问集群服务。
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这是一个非标准的方式,可能在一些集群上能工作,但在另一些上却不能。
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浏览器和其他工具可能已经安装也可能没有安装。集群 DNS 可能不会正常工作。
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<!--
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### Discovering builtin services
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### 发现内置服务
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Typically, there are several services which are started on a cluster by kube-system. Get a list of these
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with the `kubectl cluster-info` command:
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-->
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### 发现内置服务 {#discovering-builtin-services}
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典型情况下,kube-system 会启动集群中的几个服务。使用 `kubectl cluster-info` 命令获取它们的列表:
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典型情况下,kube-system 名字空间中会启动集群的几个服务。
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使用 `kubectl cluster-info` 命令获取这些服务的列表:
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```shell
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$ kubectl cluster-info
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Kubernetes master is running at https://104.197.5.247
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elasticsearch-logging is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy
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kibana-logging is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kibana-logging/proxy
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kube-dns is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy
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grafana is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy
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heapster is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-heapster/proxy
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kubectl cluster-info
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```
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这显示了用于访问每个服务的 proxy-verb URL。例如,这个集群启用了(使用 Elasticsearch)集群层面的日志,如果提供合适的凭据可以通过 `https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/` 访问,或通过一个 kubectl 代理地址访问,如:`http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/`。(请查看 [上文](#accessing-the-cluster-api) 关于如何传递凭据或者使用 kubectl 代理的说明。)
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<!--
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The output is similar to this:
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-->
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输出类似于:
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```
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Kubernetes master is running at https://104.197.5.247
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elasticsearch-logging is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy
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kibana-logging is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kibana-logging/proxy
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kube-dns is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy
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grafana is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy
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heapster is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-heapster/proxy
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```
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#### 手动构建 apiserver 代理 URLs
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<!--
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This shows the proxy-verb URL for accessing each service.
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For example, this cluster has cluster-level logging enabled (using Elasticsearch), which can be reached
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at `https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/` if suitable credentials are passed, or through a kubectl proxy at, for example:
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`http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/`.
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-->
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这一输出显示了用 proxy 动词访问每个服务时可用的 URL。例如,此集群
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(使用 Elasticsearch)启用了集群层面的日志。如果提供合适的凭据,可以通过
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`https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/` 访问,或通过一个 `kubectl proxy` 来访问:`http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/`。
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<!--
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See [Access Clusters Using the Kubernetes API](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/access-cluster-api/#accessing-the-cluster-api) for how to pass credentials or use kubectl proxy.
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-->
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{{< note >}}
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请参阅[使用 Kubernets API 访问集群](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/access-cluster-api/#accessing-the-cluster-api)了解如何传递凭据或如何使用 `kubectl proxy`。
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{{< /note >}}
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如同上面所提到的,你可以使用 `kubectl cluster-info` 命令取得 service 的代理 URL。为了创建包含 service endpoints、suffixes 和 parameters 的代理 URLs,你可以简单的在 service 的代理 URL中 添加:
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<!--
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#### Manually constructing apiserver proxy URLs
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As mentioned above, you use the `kubectl cluster-info` command to retrieve the service's proxy URL. To create proxy URLs that include service endpoints, suffixes, and parameters, you simply append to the service's proxy URL:
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`http://`*`kubernetes_master_address`*`/api/v1/namespaces/`*`namespace_name`*`/services/`*`[https:]service_name[:port_name]`*`/proxy`
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If you haven't specified a name for your port, you don't have to specify *port_name* in the URL.
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-->
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#### 手动构建 API 服务器代理 URLs
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如前所述,你可以使用 `kubectl cluster-info` 命令取得服务的代理 URL。
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为了创建包含服务末端、后缀和参数的代理 URLs,你可以简单地在服务的代理 URL 中添加:
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`http://`*`kubernetes_master_address`*`/api/v1/namespaces/`*`namespace_name`*`/services/`*`service_name[:port_name]`*`/proxy`
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如果还没有为你的端口指定名称,你可以不用在 URL 中指定 *port_name*。
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<!--
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##### Examples
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* To access the Elasticsearch service endpoint `_search?q=user:kimchy`, you would use:
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-->
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##### 示例
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* 如要访问 Elasticsearch 服务末端 `_search?q=user:kimchy`,你可以使用:
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* 你可以通过 `http://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_search?q=user:kimchy` 访问 Elasticsearch service endpoint `_search?q=user:kimchy`。
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* 你可以通过 `https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_cluster/health?pretty=true` 访问 Elasticsearch 集群健康信息 endpoint `_cluster/health?pretty=true`。
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```
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http://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_search?q=user:kimchy
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```
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```json
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<!--
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* To access the Elasticsearch cluster health information `_cluster/health?pretty=true`, you would use:
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-->
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* 如要访问 Elasticsearch 集群健康信息`_cluster/health?pretty=true`,你会使用:
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```
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https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_cluster/health?pretty=true`
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```
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<!--
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The health information is similar to this:
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-->
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健康信息与下面的例子类似:
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```json
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{
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"cluster_name" : "kubernetes_logging",
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"status" : "yellow",
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@ -92,18 +199,34 @@ $ kubectl cluster-info
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"initializing_shards" : 0,
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"unassigned_shards" : 5
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}
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```
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```
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<!--
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* To access the *https* Elasticsearch service health information `_cluster/health?pretty=true`, you would use:
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-->
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* 要访问 *https* Elasticsearch 服务健康信息 `_cluster/health?pretty=true`,你会使用:
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#### 通过 web 浏览器访问集群中运行的服务
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```
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https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_cluster/health?pretty=true
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```
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<!--
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#### Using web browsers to access services running on the cluster
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你或许能够将 apiserver 代理的 url 放入浏览器的地址栏,然而:
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- Web 服务器不总是能够传递令牌,所以你可能需要使用基本(密码)认证。 Apiserver 可以配置为接受基本认证,但你的集群可能并没有这样配置。
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- 某些 web 应用可能不能工作,特别是那些使用客户端侧 javascript 的应用,它们构造 url 的方式可能不能理解代理路径前缀。
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You may be able to put an apiserver proxy URL into the address bar of a browser. However:
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-->
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#### 通过 Web 浏览器访问集群中运行的服务
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你或许能够将 API 服务器代理的 URL 放入浏览器的地址栏,然而:
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<!--
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- Web browsers cannot usually pass tokens, so you may need to use basic (password) auth. Apiserver can be configured to accept basic auth,
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but your cluster may not be configured to accept basic auth.
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- Some web apps may not work, particularly those with client side javascript that construct URLs in a
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way that is unaware of the proxy path prefix.
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-->
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- Web 服务器通常不能传递令牌,所以你可能需要使用基本(密码)认证。
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API 服务器可以配置为接受基本认证,但你的集群可能并没有这样配置。
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- 某些 Web 应用可能无法工作,特别是那些使用客户端 Javascript 构造 URL 的
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应用,所构造的 URL 可能并不支持代理路径前缀。
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