[zh] Add application-security-checklist.md
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title: 应用安全检查清单
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description: >
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一份面向应用开发者的基本指南，用于确保 Kubernetes 上应用安全
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content_type: concept
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weight: 110
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---
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<!--
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title: Application Security Checklist
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description: >
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Baseline guidelines around ensuring application security on Kubernetes, aimed at application developers
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content_type: concept
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weight: 110
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-->
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<!-- overview -->
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<!--
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This checklist aims to provide basic guidelines on securing applications
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running in Kubernetes from a developer's perspective.
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This list is not meant to be exhaustive and is intended to evolve over time.
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-->
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本检查清单旨在为开发者提供在 Kubernetes 上安全地运行应用的基本指南。
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此列表并不打算详尽无遗，会随着时间的推移而不断演变。
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<!-- The following is taken from the existing checklist created for Kubernetes admins. https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/security-checklist/
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-->
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<!--
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On how to read and use this document:
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- The order of topics does not reflect an order of priority.
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- Some checklist items are detailed in the paragraph below the list of each section.
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- This checklist assumes that a `developer` is a Kubernetes cluster user who
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interacts with namespaced scope objects.
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-->
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关于如何阅读和使用本文档：
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- 主题的顺序并不代表优先级的顺序。
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- 在每章节的列表下面的段落中，都详细列举了一些检查项。
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- 本检查清单假设“开发者”是与命名空间范围对象交互的 Kubernetes 集群用户。
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{{< caution >}}
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<!--
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Checklists are **not** sufficient for attaining a good security posture on their own.
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A good security posture requires constant attention and improvement, but a checklist
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can be the first step on the never-ending journey towards security preparedness.
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Some recommendations in this checklist may be too restrictive or too lax for
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your specific security needs. Since Kubernetes security is not "one size fits all",
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each category of checklist items should be evaluated on its merits.
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-->
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单靠检查清单自身**不足以**获得良好的安全态势。
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实现良好的安全态势需要持续的关注和改进，实现安全上有备无患的目标道路漫长，清单可作为征程上的第一步。
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对于你的特定安全需求，此清单中的某些建议可能过于严格或过于宽松。
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由于 Kubernetes 的安全性并不是“一刀切”的，因此针对每一类检查清单项目都应该做价值评估。
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{{< /caution >}}
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<!-- body -->
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<!--
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## Base security hardening
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The following checklist provides base security hardening recommendations that
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would apply to most applications deploying to Kubernetes.
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-->
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## 基础安全加固 {#base-security-hardening}
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以下检查清单提供了一些适用于部署到 Kubernetes 的大多数应用的基础安全加固建议。
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<!--
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### Application design
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- [ ] Follow the right
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[security principles](https://www.cncf.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CNCF_cloud-native-security-whitepaper-May2022-v2.pdf)
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when designing applications.
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- [ ] Application configured with appropriate {{< glossary_tooltip text="QoS class" term_id="QoS-class" >}}
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through resource request and limits.
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- [ ] Memory limit is set for the workloads with a limit equal to or greater than the request.
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- [ ] CPU limit might be set on sensitive workloads.
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-->
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### 应用设计 {#application-design}
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- [ ] 在设计应用时遵循正确的[安全原则](https://www.cncf.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CNCF_cloud-native-security-whitepaper-May2022-v2.pdf)。
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- [ ] 应用通过资源请求和限制配置了适当的 {{< glossary_tooltip text="QoS 类" term_id="QoS-class" >}}。
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- [ ] 为工作负载设置一个内存限制，此限制等于或大于请求。
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- [ ] 敏感工作负载可以设置 CPU 限制。
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<!--
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### Service account
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- [ ] Avoid using the `default` ServiceAccount. Instead, create ServiceAccounts for
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each workload or microservice.
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- [ ] `automountServiceAccountToken` should be set to `false` unless the pod
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specifically requires access to the Kubernetes API to operate.
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-->
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### 服务账号 {#service-account}
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- [ ] 避免使用 `default` ServiceAccount。为每个工作负载或微服务创建 ServiceAccount。
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- [ ] 除非 Pod 特别要求访问 Kubernetes API 进行操作，否则 `automountServiceAccountToken` 应被设置为 `false`。
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<!--
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### Pod-level `securityContext` recommendations {#security-context-pod}
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- [ ] Set `runAsNonRoot: true`.
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- [ ] Configure the container to execute as a less privileged user
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(for example, using `runAsUser` and `runAsGroup`), and configure appropriate
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permissions on files or directories inside the container image.
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- [ ] Optionally add a supplementary group with `fsGroup` to access persistent volumes.
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- [ ] The application deploys into a namespace that enforces an appropriate
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[Pod security standard](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/).
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If you cannot control this enforcement for the cluster(s) where the application is
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deployed, take this into account either through documentation or additional defense in depth.
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-->
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### Pod 级别的 `securityContext` 建议 {#security-context-pod}
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- [ ] 设置 `runAsNonRoot: true`。
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- [ ] 将容器配置为以低特权用户来执行（例如，使用 `runAsUser` 和 `runAsGroup`），
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并在容器镜像内配置恰当的文件或目录权限。
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- [ ] 可以选择添加一个补充组，使用 `fsGroup` 访问持久卷。
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- [ ] 应用部署到强制执行适当
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[Pod 安全标准](/zh-cn/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/)的命名空间。
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如果你不能控制部署应用的集群以执行此类强制操作，请通过文档说明或实施额外的深度防御来避免遗漏。
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<!--
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### Container-level `securityContext` recommendations {#security-context-container}
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- [ ] Disable privilege escalations using `allowPrivilegeEscalation: false`.
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- [ ] Configure the root filesystem to be read-only with `readOnlyRootFilesystem: true`.
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- [ ] Avoid running privileged containers (set `privileged: false`).
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- [ ] Drop all capabilities from the containers and add back only specific ones
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that are needed for operation of the container.
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-->
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### 容器级别的 `securityContext` 建议 {#security-context-container}
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- [ ] 使用 `allowPrivilegeEscalation: false` 禁用特权提级。
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- [ ] 使用 `readOnlyRootFilesystem: true` 将根文件系统配置为只读。
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- [ ] 避免运行特权容器（设置 `privileged: false`）。
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- [ ] 从容器中删除所有权能，只添加容器运行所需的特定权限。
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<!--
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### Role Based Access Control (RBAC) {#rbac}
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- [ ] Permissions such as **create**, **patch**, **update** and **delete**
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should be only granted if necessary.
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- [ ] Avoid creating RBAC permissions to create or update roles which can lead to
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[privilege escalation](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/#privilege-escalation-prevention-and-bootstrapping).
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- [ ] Review bindings for the `system:unauthenticated` group and remove them where
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possible, as this gives access to anyone who can contact the API server at a network level.
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-->
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### 基于角色的访问控制 (RBAC) {#rbac}
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- [ ] 仅在必要时才授予 **create**、**patch**、**update** 和 **delete** 等权限。
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- [ ] 避免创建允许用户能够创建或更新角色的 RBAC 权限，
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创建了这类权限可能导致[特权提级](/zh-cn/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/#privilege-escalation-prevention-and-bootstrapping)。
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- [ ] 审查 `system:unauthenticated` 组的绑定，并在可能的情况下将其移除，
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因为这类绑定会为能够在网络层与 API 服务器通信的所有人提供访问权限。
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<!--
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The **create**, **update** and **delete** verbs should be permitted judiciously.
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The **patch** verb if allowed on a Namespace can
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[allow users to update labels on the namespace or deployments](/docs/concepts/security/rbac-good-practices/#namespace-modification)
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which can increase the attack surface.
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For sensitive workloads, consider providing a recommended ValidatingAdmissionPolicy
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that further restricts the permitted write actions.
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-->
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对 **create**、**update** 和 **delete** 动词的授权要非常谨慎。
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如果允许针对 Namespace 对象使用 **patch** 动词，
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可能会[允许用户更新命名空间或部署上的标签](/zh-cn/docs/concepts/security/rbac-good-practices/#namespace-modification)，
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这可能会增加攻击面。
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对于敏感工作负载，考虑提供推荐的 ValidatingAdmissionPolicy 以进一步限制允许的写入操作。
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<!--
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### Image security
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- [ ] Using an image scanning tool to scan an image before deploying containers in the Kubernetes cluster.
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- [ ] Use container signing to validate the container image signature before deploying to the Kubernetes cluster.
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-->
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### 镜像安全 {#image-security}
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- [ ] 使用镜像扫描工具在将容器部署到 Kubernetes 集群之前扫描镜像。
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- [ ] 使用容器签名在将容器部署到 Kubernetes 集群之前验证容器镜像签名。
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<!--
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### Network policies
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- [ ] Configure [NetworkPolicies](/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/)
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to only allow expected ingress and egress traffic from the pods.
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Make sure that your cluster provides and enforces NetworkPolicy.
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If you are writing an application that users will deploy to different clusters,
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consider whether you can assume that NetworkPolicy is available and enforced.
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-->
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### 网络策略 {#netowrk-policies}
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- [ ] 配置 [NetworkPolicy](/zh-cn/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/)，
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仅允许来自 Pod 的预期入站和出站流量。
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确保你的集群提供并强制执行 NetworkPolicy。
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如果你所编写的应用将被人们部署到不同集群中，请考虑你是否可以假设 NetworkPolicy 可用且被启用。
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<!--
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## Advanced security hardening {#advanced}
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This section of this guide covers some advanced security hardening points
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which might be valuable based on different Kubernetes environment setup.
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-->
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## 高级安全加固 {#advanced}
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本指南的这一节涵盖了一些高级安全加固要点，这些要点可能在不同 Kubernetes 环境设置中有用。
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<!--
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### Linux container security
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Configure {{< glossary_tooltip text="Security Context" term_id="Security-Context" >}}
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for the pod-container.
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- [ ] [Set the Seccomp Profile for a Container](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#set-the-seccomp-profile-for-a-container).
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- [ ] [Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor](/docs/tutorials/security/apparmor/).
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- [ ] [Assign SELinux Labels to a Container](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#assign-selinux-labels-to-a-container).
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-->
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### Linux 容器安全 {#linux-container-security}
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为 Pod 容器配置 {{< glossary_tooltip text="安全上下文" term_id="Security-Context" >}}。
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- [ ] [为容器设置 Seccomp 配置](/zh-cn/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#set-the-seccomp-profile-for-a-container)。
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- [ ] [使用 AppArmor 限制容器对资源的访问](/zh-cn/docs/tutorials/security/apparmor/)。
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- [ ] [为容器赋予 SELinux 标签](/zh-cn/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#assign-selinux-labels-to-a-container)。
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<!--
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### Runtime Classes
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- [ ] Configure appropriate runtime classes for containers.
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-->
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### 运行时类 {#runtime-classes}
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- [ ] 为容器配置适当的运行时类。
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{{% thirdparty-content %}}
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<!--
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Some containers may require a different isolation level from what is provided by
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the default runtime of the cluster. `runtimeClassName` can be used in a podspec
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to define a different runtime class.
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For sensitive workloads consider using kernel emulation tools like
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[gVisor](https://gvisor.dev/docs/), or virtualized isolation using a mechanism
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such as [kata-containers](https://katacontainers.io/).
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In high trust environments, consider using
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[confidential virtual machines](/blog/2023/07/06/confidential-kubernetes/)
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to improve cluster security even further.
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-->
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某些容器可能需要不同于集群默认运行时所提供的隔离级别。
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你可以在 Pod 规约中使用 `runtimeClassName` 定义不同的运行时类。
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对于敏感的工作负载，考虑使用 [gVisor](https://gvisor.dev/docs/) 这类内核仿真工具，
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或使用 [kata-containers](https://katacontainers.io/) 等机制进行虚拟化隔离。
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在高度信任的环境中，考虑使用[机密虚拟机](/zh-cn/blog/2023/07/06/confidential-kubernetes/)进一步提高集群安全性。
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