---
title: 使用配置文件对 Kubernetes 对象进行命令式管理
content_type: task
weight: 40
---
<!--
title: Imperative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using Configuration Files
content_type: task
weight: 40
-->

<!-- overview -->
<!--
Kubernetes objects can be created, updated, and deleted by using the `kubectl`
command-line tool along with an object configuration file written in YAML or JSON.
This document explains how to define and manage objects using configuration files.
-->
可以使用 `kubectl` 命令行工具以及用 YAML 或 JSON 编写的对象配置文件来创建、更新和删除 Kubernetes 对象。
本文档说明了如何使用配置文件定义和管理对象。

## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}}

<!--
Install [`kubectl`](/docs/tasks/tools/).
-->
安装 [`kubectl`](/zh/docs/tasks/tools/) 。

{{< include "task-tutorial-prereqs.md" >}} {{< version-check >}}

<!-- steps -->

<!--
## Trade-offs

The `kubectl` tool supports three kinds of object management:
-->
## 权衡

`kubectl` 工具支持三种对象管理：

<!--
* Imperative commands
* Imperative object configuration
* Declarative object configuration
-->
* 命令式命令
* 命令式对象配置
* 声明式对象配置

<!--
See [Kubernetes Object Management](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/object-management/)
for a discussion of the advantages and disadvantage of each kind of object management.
-->
参看 [Kubernetes 对象管理](/zh/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/object-management/)
中关于每种对象管理的优缺点的讨论。

<!--
## How to create objects

You can use `kubectl create -f` to create an object from a configuration file.
Refer to the [kubernetes API reference](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/)
for details.
-->
## 如何创建对象

你可以使用 `kubectl create -f` 从配置文件创建一个对象。
请参考 [kubernetes API 参考](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/) 有关详细信息。

* `kubectl create -f <filename|url>`

<!--
## How to update objects

Updating objects with the `replace` command drops all
parts of the spec not specified in the configuration file.  This
should not be used with objects whose specs are partially managed
by the cluster, such as Services of type `LoadBalancer`, where
the `externalIPs` field is managed independently from the configuration
file.  Independently managed fields must be copied to the configuration
file to prevent `replace` from dropping them.
-->
## 如何更新对象

{{< warning >}}
使用 `replace` 命令更新对象会删除所有未在配置文件中指定的规范的某些部分。
不应将其规范由集群部分管理的对象使用，比如类型为 `LoadBalancer` 的服务，
其中 `externalIPs` 字段独立于配置文件进行管理。
必须将独立管理的字段复制到配置文件中，以防止 `replace` 删除它们。
{{< /warning >}}

<!--
You can use `kubectl replace -f` to update a live object according to a
configuration file.
-->
你可以使用 `kubectl replace -f` 根据配置文件更新活动对象。 

* `kubectl replace -f <filename|url>`

<!--
## How to delete objects

You can use `kubectl delete -f` to delete an object that is described in a
configuration file.
-->
## 如何删除对象

你可以使用 `kubectl delete -f` 删除配置文件中描述的对象。

* `kubectl delete -f <filename|url>`

<!-- note
If configuration file has specified the `generateName` field in the `metadata`
section instead of the `name` field, you cannot delete the object using
`kubectl delete -f <filename|url>`.
You will have to use other flags for deleting the object. For example:

```shell
kubectl delete <type> <name>
kubectl delete <type> -l <label>
```
-->
{{< note >}}
如果配置文件在 `metadata` 节中设置了 `generateName` 字段而非 `name` 字段，
你无法使用 `kubectl delete -f <filename|url>` 来删除该对象。
你必须使用其他标志才能删除对象。例如：

```shell
kubectl delete <type> <name>
kubectl delete <type> -l <label>
```
{{< /note >}}

<!--
## How to view an object

You can use `kubectl get -f` to view information about an object that is
described in a configuration file.
-->
## 如何查看对象

你可以使用 `kubectl get -f` 查看有关配置文件中描述的对象的信息。

* `kubectl get -f <filename|url> -o yaml`

<!--
The `-o yaml` flag specifies that the full object configuration is printed.
Use `kubectl get -h` to see a list of options.
-->
`-o yaml` 标志指定打印完整的对象配置。
使用 `kubectl get -h` 查看选项列表。

<!--
## Limitations

The `create`, `replace`, and `delete` commands work well when each object's
configuration is fully defined and recorded in its configuration
file. However when a live object is updated, and the updates are not merged
into its configuration file, the updates will be lost the next time a `replace`
is executed. This can happen if a controller, such as
a HorizontalPodAutoscaler, makes updates directly to a live object. Here's
an example:
-->
## 局限性

当完全定义每个对象的配置并将其记录在其配置文件中时，`create`、 `replace` 和`delete` 命令会很好的工作。
但是，当更新一个活动对象，并且更新没有合并到其配置文件中时，下一次执行 `replace` 时，更新将丢失。
如果控制器,例如 HorizontalPodAutoscaler ,直接对活动对象进行更新，则会发生这种情况。
这有一个例子：

<!--
1. You create an object from a configuration file.
1. Another source updates the object by changing some field.
1. You replace the object from the configuration file. Changes made by
the other source in step 2 are lost.
-->
1. 从配置文件创建一个对象。
1. 另一个源通过更改某些字段来更新对象。
1. 从配置文件中替换对象。在步骤2中所做的其他源的更改将丢失。

<!--
If you need to support multiple writers to the same object, you can use
`kubectl apply` to manage the object.
-->
如果需要支持同一对象的多个编写器，则可以使用 `kubectl apply` 来管理该对象。

<!--
## Creating and editing an object from a URL without saving the configuration

Suppose you have the URL of an object configuration file. You can use
`kubectl create --edit` to make changes to the configuration before the
object is created. This is particularly useful for tutorials and tasks
that point to a configuration file that could be modified by the reader.
-->
## 从 URL 创建和编辑对象而不保存配置

假设你具有对象配置文件的 URL。
你可以在创建对象之前使用 `kubectl create --edit` 对配置进行更改。
这对于指向可以由读者修改的配置文件的教程和任务特别有用。

```shell
kubectl create -f <url> --edit
```

<!--
## Migrating from imperative commands to imperative object configuration

Migrating from imperative commands to imperative object configuration involves
several manual steps.
-->
## 从命令式命令迁移到命令式对象配置

从命令式命令迁移到命令式对象配置涉及几个手动步骤。

<!--
1. Export the live object to a local object configuration file:
-->
1. 将活动对象导出到本地对象配置文件：

   ```shell
   kubectl get <kind>/<name> -o yaml > <kind>_<name>.yaml
   ```

<!--
1. Manually remove the status field from the object configuration file.
-->
2. 从对象配置文件中手动删除状态字段。

<!--
1. For subsequent object management, use `replace` exclusively.
-->
3. 对于后续的对象管理，只能使用 `replace` 。

   ```shell
   kubectl replace -f <kind>_<name>.yaml
   ```

<!--
## Defining controller selectors and PodTemplate labels
-->
## 定义控制器选择器和 PodTemplate 标签

<!--
Updating selectors on controllers is strongly discouraged.
-->
{{< warning >}}
不建议在控制器上更新选择器。
{{< /warning >}}

<!--
The recommended approach is to define a single, immutable PodTemplate label
used only by the controller selector with no other semantic meaning.
-->
推荐的方法是定义单个不变的 PodTemplate 标签，该标签仅由控制器选择器使用，而没有其他语义。

<!-- Example label: -->
标签示例：

```yaml
selector:
  matchLabels:
      controller-selector: "apps/v1/deployment/nginx"
template:
  metadata:
    labels:
      controller-selector: "apps/v1/deployment/nginx"
```

## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}

<!--
* [Managing Kubernetes Objects Using Imperative Commands](/docs/tasks/manage-kubernetes-objects/imperative-command/)
* [Managing Kubernetes Objects Using Object Configuration (Declarative)](/docs/tasks/manage-kubernetes-objects/declarative-config/)
* [Kubectl Command Reference](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl/)
* [Kubernetes API Reference](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/)
-->
* [使用命令式命令管理 Kubernetes 对象](/zh/docs/tasks/manage-kubernetes-objects/imperative-command/)
* [使用对象配置管理 Kubernetes 对象 (声明式)](/zh/docs/tasks/manage-kubernetes-objects/declarative-config/)
* [Kubectl 命令参考](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands/)
* [Kubernetes API 参考](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/)