add column.md (#550)
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YEUNGCHIE
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column
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===
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按列格式化输出文件
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## 概要
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```shell
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column [options] [file ...]
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```
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## 主要用途
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- 将单列数据整理为多列显示，每行宽度可以指定，超出的部分自动换行。
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- 将多列数据进行快速整理，对齐每列的字符。
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## 参数
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file（可选），当没有指定文件时，默认会从标准输入读取，因此可以配合管道符使用。
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## 选项
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```shell
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-c, --columns <width> 输出宽度（以字符数表示）
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-t, --table 创建一个表格（每列字符会对齐）
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-s, --separator <string> 指定识别表格的分隔符
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-o, --output-separator <string> 输出表格的列分隔符，默认为两个空格
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-x, --fillrows 在列之前填充行
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-h, --help 显示此帮助
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-V, --version 输出版本信息
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```
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## 返回值
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格式化排列后的字符串。
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## 示例
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- 整理单列数据
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```shell
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# 生成 26 个英文字母， 每列一个
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$ for a in {a..z}; do echo $a; done > test
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# 每行最大 60 个字符
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$ cat test | column -c 60
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a e i m q u y
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b f j n r v z
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c g k o s w
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d h l p t x
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# 在上面的基础上，进一步整理，每列之间宽度默认两个空白符
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$ cat test | column -c 60 | column -t
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a e i m q u y
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b f j n r v z
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c g k o s w
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d h l p t x
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# 指定每列之间用 ', ' 拼接
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$ cat test | column -c 60 | column -t -o ', '
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a, e, i, m, q, u, y
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b, f, j, n, r, v, z
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c, g, k, o, s, w
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d, h, l, p, t, x
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```
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- 整理多列数据
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```shell
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# 现有如下内容较为凌乱的文本文件 test
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$ cat test
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Address[0] Metal3,pin 133.175:159.92
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Address[1] Metal3,pin 112.38:159.92
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Address[2] Metal3,pin 70.775:159.92
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Address[3] Metal3,pin 41.655:159.92
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DataIn[0] Metal3,pin 66.615:159.92
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DataIn[1] Metal3,pin 37.495:159.92
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DataIn[2] Metal3,pin 122.88:159.92
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DataIn[3] Metal3,pin 95.74:159.92
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DataOut[0] Metal3,pin 45.815:159.92
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DataOut[1] Metal3,pin 79.095:159.92
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DataOut[2] Metal3,pin 104.055:159.92
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DataOut[3] Metal3,pin 62.46:159.92
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MemReq Metal3,pin 108.215:159.92
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RdWrBar Metal3,pin 87.415:159.92
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clock Metal3,pin 74.935:159.92
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# 列对齐
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$ cat test | column -t
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Address[0] Metal3,pin 133.175:159.92
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Address[1] Metal3,pin 112.38:159.92
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Address[2] Metal3,pin 70.775:159.92
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Address[3] Metal3,pin 41.655:159.92
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DataIn[0] Metal3,pin 66.615:159.92
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DataIn[1] Metal3,pin 37.495:159.92
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DataIn[2] Metal3,pin 122.88:159.92
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DataIn[3] Metal3,pin 95.74:159.92
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DataOut[0] Metal3,pin 45.815:159.92
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DataOut[1] Metal3,pin 79.095:159.92
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DataOut[2] Metal3,pin 104.055:159.92
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DataOut[3] Metal3,pin 62.46:159.92
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MemReq Metal3,pin 108.215:159.92
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RdWrBar Metal3,pin 87.415:159.92
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clock Metal3,pin 74.935:159.92
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# 将 ',' 和 ':' 也识别为分隔符
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$ cat test | column -t -s ',: '
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Address[0] Metal3 pin 133.175 159.92
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Address[1] Metal3 pin 112.38 159.92
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Address[2] Metal3 pin 70.775 159.92
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Address[3] Metal3 pin 41.655 159.92
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DataIn[0] Metal3 pin 66.615 159.92
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DataIn[1] Metal3 pin 37.495 159.92
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DataIn[2] Metal3 pin 122.88 159.92
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DataIn[3] Metal3 pin 95.74 159.92
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DataOut[0] Metal3 pin 45.815 159.92
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DataOut[1] Metal3 pin 79.095 159.92
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DataOut[2] Metal3 pin 104.055 159.92
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DataOut[3] Metal3 pin 62.46 159.92
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MemReq Metal3 pin 108.215 159.92
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RdWrBar Metal3 pin 87.415 159.92
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clock Metal3 pin 74.935 159.92
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```
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